Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/AEP.2018.122293
M. Kryłów, J. Kwaśny, W. Balcerzak
The goal of this article was to review the literature which discusses the problem of oily wastewater purifi cation by membrane fi ltration. The authors focused on membranes containing zirconium compounds, mainly ZrO2, used in pressure driven membrane processes. The effi ciency of the oil removal processes for various membranes (ceramic and composite), usually above 95% for the oil contaminated sewage, was compared. The infl uence of zirconium compounds on the properties of ceramic membranes was also discussed. The methods of producing ceramic membranes have been briefl y characterized as well. Ceramic membranes are usually obtained by sol-gel technique but also by isostatic compression, reverse phase technique, or hydrothermal crystallization. Ceramic membranes are formed with zirconia, which cause an increase in fi ltration effi ciency by improvement of hydrophilic properties of the membrane. Moreover, the addition of ZrO2 results in increased chemical and hydrothermal membrane stability. The effi ciency of the fi ltration processes using the presented membranes was high, suggesting that membrane fi ltration processes are highly effective purifi cation methods.
{"title":"Oily wastewater treatment using a zirconia ceramic membrane – a literature review","authors":"M. Kryłów, J. Kwaśny, W. Balcerzak","doi":"10.24425/AEP.2018.122293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/AEP.2018.122293","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this article was to review the literature which discusses the problem of oily wastewater purifi cation by membrane fi ltration. The authors focused on membranes containing zirconium compounds, mainly ZrO2, used in pressure driven membrane processes. The effi ciency of the oil removal processes for various membranes (ceramic and composite), usually above 95% for the oil contaminated sewage, was compared. The infl uence of zirconium compounds on the properties of ceramic membranes was also discussed. The methods of producing ceramic membranes have been briefl y characterized as well. Ceramic membranes are usually obtained by sol-gel technique but also by isostatic compression, reverse phase technique, or hydrothermal crystallization. Ceramic membranes are formed with zirconia, which cause an increase in fi ltration effi ciency by improvement of hydrophilic properties of the membrane. Moreover, the addition of ZrO2 results in increased chemical and hydrothermal membrane stability. The effi ciency of the fi ltration processes using the presented membranes was high, suggesting that membrane fi ltration processes are highly effective purifi cation methods.","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78510020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/aep.2020.134531
{"title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: problematic emerging pollutants of aquatic environment","authors":"","doi":"10.24425/aep.2020.134531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/aep.2020.134531","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75544128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/aep.2022.140769
selected
选择
{"title":"Odors and ammonia emission from a mechanically ventilated fattening piggery on deep litter in Poland","authors":"","doi":"10.24425/aep.2022.140769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/aep.2022.140769","url":null,"abstract":"selected","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79580848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/aep.2019.126420
Anna Bojarczuk, Ewelina Jelonkiewicz, Ł. Jelonkiewicz, A. Lenart-Boroń
: The aim of this study was to examine the changes in the chemical composition of shallow groundwater and its quality that have occurred in the last decade in an agriculturally used, heavily populated and characterized by a complex geological structure, catchment of the Stara Rzeka river, located in the fl ysch part of the Outer Carpathians. Water samples were collected during 2013 from 19 still operating wells. Analyses of pH, electrolytic conductivity and chemical composition by ion chromatography were conducted. The obtained results were compared with the results of studies conducted in 2003 for the same wells. The quality of groundwater and its suitability for consumption was assessed based on the regulations currently existing in Poland. 21% of the wells still do not meet the requirements for drinking water in terms of at least one component. However, there was a decrease in the concentration of mineral forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in most of the wells and their mean concentration as compared to 2003 was reduced. In terms of physical and chemical characteristics groundwater of this region is typical of the hypergenic zone of the temperate climate. The highest concentrations were observed for Ca 2+ and HCO 3- ions, while K + and Cl - were characterized by the largest variability. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the factors determining the quality and chemical composition of the analyzed waters include the composition of bedrock (mineralogy of the rock environment) and human economic activity, and that they have not been signi fi cantly changed over the past decade.
{"title":"Changes in the quality of shallow groundwater in agriculturally used catchment in the Wiśnickie Foothills (Southern Poland)","authors":"Anna Bojarczuk, Ewelina Jelonkiewicz, Ł. Jelonkiewicz, A. Lenart-Boroń","doi":"10.24425/aep.2019.126420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/aep.2019.126420","url":null,"abstract":": The aim of this study was to examine the changes in the chemical composition of shallow groundwater and its quality that have occurred in the last decade in an agriculturally used, heavily populated and characterized by a complex geological structure, catchment of the Stara Rzeka river, located in the fl ysch part of the Outer Carpathians. Water samples were collected during 2013 from 19 still operating wells. Analyses of pH, electrolytic conductivity and chemical composition by ion chromatography were conducted. The obtained results were compared with the results of studies conducted in 2003 for the same wells. The quality of groundwater and its suitability for consumption was assessed based on the regulations currently existing in Poland. 21% of the wells still do not meet the requirements for drinking water in terms of at least one component. However, there was a decrease in the concentration of mineral forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in most of the wells and their mean concentration as compared to 2003 was reduced. In terms of physical and chemical characteristics groundwater of this region is typical of the hypergenic zone of the temperate climate. The highest concentrations were observed for Ca 2+ and HCO 3- ions, while K + and Cl - were characterized by the largest variability. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the factors determining the quality and chemical composition of the analyzed waters include the composition of bedrock (mineralogy of the rock environment) and human economic activity, and that they have not been signi fi cantly changed over the past decade.","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84386900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/aep.2019.127982
J. Diatta, W. Grzebisz, Z. Bzowski, W. Spychalski, M. Biber
{"title":"Ameliorative effect of phyto-ash and biogas digestate improvers on soil contaminated with heavy metals","authors":"J. Diatta, W. Grzebisz, Z. Bzowski, W. Spychalski, M. Biber","doi":"10.24425/aep.2019.127982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/aep.2019.127982","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81824451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/AEP.2019.128644
A. Koszelnik-Leszek, H. Szajsner, M. Podlaska
The aim of the paper is to improve the phytoremediation features of the metallophyte Silene vulgaris through photo-stimulation of seeds using a semi-conductive laser. Seeds of two Silene vulgaris ecotypes were used in the experiment. One type of seeds – “Wiry” ecotype – originated from a site contaminated with heavy metals (a serpentinite waste heap), and the other ecotype – “Gajków” – was collected on a site with naturally low heavy metal content. The seeds of both types were preconditioned with laser light with previously fi xed doses: C(D0), D1, D3, D5, D7, D9. The basic radiation dose was 2.5·10-1 J∙cm-2. The soil for the experiment was serpentinite weathering waste. The seeds and plants were cultivated in the controlled conditions of a climatic chamber. Laser light indeed stimulated seed germinative capacity but better effects were obtained in “Wiry” ecotype, originating from a location contaminated with heavy metals. In the case of morphological features, a signifi cant differentiation of stem length was found for different ecotypes, dosages and the interactions of these factors. The study showed a strong infl uence of laser radiation on selected element concentrations in above-ground parts of Silene vulgaris, though “Wiry” ecotype clearly accumulated more heavy metals and magnesium than the “Gajków” ecotype. 80 A. Koszelnik-Leszek, H. Szajsner, M. Podlaska General characteristics of selected Silene vulgaris ecotypes and their habitats The “Gajków” (non metallicolous) ecotype originates from a natural habitat in the village Gajków located to the south-east of Wrocław (51°3′25.021 ̋N, 17°11′9.415 ̋E). The “Wiry” (serpentine) ecotype grows on a small post-mining serpentinite heap near a village called Wiry located close to the western slopes of Mount Ślęża (50°50′12.773 ̋N, 16°37′3.724 ̋E). Serpentinites are peculiar rocks whose occurrence in Poland is limited to Lower Silesia (Żołnierz 2007). The particular chemistry of serpentinites, formed through transformed ultra-alkali intrusive rocks, results in unique soil rich in magnesium and low in calcium (low Ca:Mg ratio), and additionally rich in Ni, Cr and Co in values exceeding noted values from other Lower Silesian soils (Żołnierz 2007). Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke is a perennial plant from the Caryophyllaceae family. The species is commonly found in Europe, northern Africa, Asia and both Americas (Koszelnik-Leszek and Bielecki 2013). In Poland the species occurs on grasslands, fi elds and in forests, but it can also be found in synanthropic plant communities as an element of ruderal habitats such as serpentinite or calamine heaps or other post-mining areas (Koszelnik-Leszek and Bielecki 2013). Silene vulgaris is a bioindicator of heavy metal contamination and its presence has been recorded in areas both naturally rich in heavy metals and contaminated by human activity (Bratteler et al. 2002, Kazakou et al. 2010, Koszelnik-Leszek and Bielecki 2013, Nadgórska-Socha et al. 2011, Rostański e
本文的目的是利用半导电激光光刺激金属植物Silene vulgaris种子，改善其植物修复特性。以两种不同生态型的水仙种子为试验材料。一种类型的种子——“Wiry”生态型——来自重金属污染的地点(蛇纹石废物堆)，另一种生态型——“Gajków”——来自重金属含量自然较低的地点。两种种子均用预先确定剂量的激光进行预处理:C(D0)、D1、D3、D5、D7、D9。基本辐射剂量为2.5·10-1 J∙cm-2。试验用的土壤是蛇纹石风化废土。种子和植物是在一个气候室的受控条件下培育的。激光确实刺激了种子的萌发能力，但在重金属污染地区的“Wiry”生态型中效果更好。在形态特征方面，不同生态型、剂量及其相互作用对茎长有显著的影响。研究表明，激光辐射对“Wiry”生态型硅树脂地上部分元素浓度的影响较大，但“Wiry”生态型的重金属和镁含量明显高于“Gajków”生态型。80 A。“Gajków”(非金属色)生态型起源于位于Wrocław(51°3′25.021 <e:1> N, 17°11′9.415 <e:1> E)东南的村庄Gajków的一个自然栖息地。“Wiry”(蛇纹岩)生态型生长在靠近Ślęża山西坡(50°50 ' 12.773ºN, 16°37 ' 3.724ºE)的一个名为Wiry的村庄附近的一个小的开采后蛇纹岩堆上。蛇纹岩是一种特殊的岩石，其在波兰的分布仅限于下西里西亚(Żołnierz 2007)。由转化的超碱侵入岩形成的蛇尾岩的特殊化学性质导致了独特的富镁低钙土壤(低Ca:Mg比)，另外还富含Ni, Cr和Co，其值超过了其他下西里西亚土壤的值(Żołnierz 2007)。石楠是石楠科的多年生植物。该物种常见于欧洲、北非、亚洲和美洲(Koszelnik-Leszek and Bielecki 2013)。在波兰，该物种出现在草原、农田和森林中，但也可以在共生植物群落中发现，作为蛇尾岩或炉甘石堆或其他采矿后地区等原始栖息地的组成部分(Koszelnik-Leszek和Bielecki 2013)。Silene vulgaris是重金属污染的生物指标，在天然富含重金属和人类活动污染的地区都有记录(Bratteler等人2002年，Kazakou等人2010年，Koszelnik-Leszek和Bielecki 2013年，Nadgórska-Socha等人2011年，Rostański等人2015年，Wierzbicka和Panufnik 1998年)。文献提供了物种独特适应能力的例子，导致形成适应极端栖息地条件的单独生态型。除了对铅和锌免疫的Silene vulgaris生态型外，还有一些生态型能够耐受大量的铜和镍(Koszelnik-Leszek和Bielecki 2013)。室内实验采用功率为200 mW、波长为670 nm的CTL-1106MX型半导电激光器，对选定的普通硅烯生态型种子进行播前辐照，并预先确定辐照剂量。剂量为单倍(D1)、三倍(D3)、五倍(D5)、七倍(D7)、九倍(D9)基本剂量2.5·10-1 J∙cm-2。个体暴露时间为4.1 min。对照组C (D0)为不给药的种子。然后将两种硅烯生态型的辐照种子与来自Wiry蛇纹岩堆的1公斤风化废物一起种植在花盆中(每盆20片)。每种生态型和剂量组合进行3次重复。植物在三洋MLR-351型气候室的控制条件下栽培。测定每个剂量和生态型的发芽率和发芽率(ISTA 2008)。实验6周后计算叶片的高度和宽度，8周后收集叶片进行进一步分析，确定辐射剂量对金属积累和生长刺激的影响。采集的样品(地上植物部分)进行干矿化处理。采用原子吸收光谱法(AAS)测定了样品中Ni、Cr、Co、Zn、Mg的含量。实验中使用的土壤是蛇纹石堆的风化废物。实验前对材料进行了参数分析。 在1 mol KCl·dm-3下测定土壤pH值。磷、钾用Egner-Riehm法测定，镁用Schachtschabel法测定。采用原子吸收分光光度法测定总重金属和有效重金属含量，并使用spectra220快速序贯设备。统计分析。采用双向方差分析方法(Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research 2012)，以因子I为选择的两种麝香生态型，因子II为辐射剂量，对所得结果进行统计学分析。Fisher-Snedecor分布用于确定所研究方差源的相关性。采用Duncan新多元检验范围确定同质群体。利用Statistica ver对植物材料的化学成分进行了统计分析。12 .软件(StatSoft Inc. 2014)。采用Kruskal-Wallis检验检验正态分布。采用方差分析和Fisher精确检验确定了不同生态型中元素浓度的差异。方差齐性采用Levene检验。对未获得正态分布或方差齐性的数据采用Kruskal-Wallis检验进行分析。盆栽试验中使用的蛇纹岩土壤重金属含量较高(表1)。波兰和中欧地区的Ni、Cr、Co和Zn(总含量和有效含量)浓度超过了这些元素的平均值(Kabata-Pendias 2011)。然而，这些值是典型的波兰蛇纹岩产状(Żołnierz 2007)。分析表明，挖掘堆中材料的特点是磷和钾的浓度特别低(波兰)，同时镁的浓度特别高，甚至有毒(波兰)。记录的pH值(KCl)为7.8是下西里西亚蛇纹岩栖息地的典型值(Żołnierz 2007)。激光辐射作为一种物理因素，可以改变植物的生化和生理过程，并影响酶系统，从而改善植物的发芽、生长和作物性能(Dobrowolski et al. 1987, Hernandez et al. 2010, Szajsner 2009)。在盆栽试验中，“Wiry”生态型的发芽量和发芽率都明显较高(图1a)。经过5倍和9倍的半导体激光照射后，种子发芽率与对照种子相比分别提高了13.3%和14.2%(图1b)。生态型与所提供的辐射剂量的相互作用得出结论，对于“Gajków”生态型，D9剂量提供了16%的容量增加。“Wiry”生态型在D5剂量的影响下表现出刺激作用，比对照组提高了16%。激光刺激对选定的麝香草生态型81的植物修复能力的改善作用(图2)。激光照射下发芽率没有显著变化(图1b)，但生态型与剂量之间存在交互作用。“Gajków”生态型在D3、D7和D9种子辐照后表现出10%至13%以上的刺激，而“Wiry”生态型对D3和D5的反应为13%至15%(图3)。在形态特征方面，不同生态型的茎长、剂量和因子相互作用之间存在显著差异。“Gajków”生态型的地上部分(1.91 cm)比“Wiry”生态型(2.43 cm)短(图4a)。从辐射剂量来看，D5显示茎部明显延长(图4b)。与“Wiry”生态型对照茎相比，D5和D9剂量的苗床辐照具有较强的刺激效应。对于“Gajków”生态型，激光辐照对叶片宽度没有显著影响(图5)。播前辐照种子后，两生态型叶片宽度均无变化(图6)。元素流动形态(总形态)[mg·kg-1]元素流动形态[mg·100g-1] Ni 273.4 (1765.9) mg 80.3 Cr 6.4 (373.1) P 0.8 Co 24.9 (153
{"title":"The improving influence of laser stimulation on phytoremediation capabilities of selected Silene vulgaris ecotypes","authors":"A. Koszelnik-Leszek, H. Szajsner, M. Podlaska","doi":"10.24425/AEP.2019.128644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/AEP.2019.128644","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the paper is to improve the phytoremediation features of the metallophyte Silene vulgaris through photo-stimulation of seeds using a semi-conductive laser. Seeds of two Silene vulgaris ecotypes were used in the experiment. One type of seeds – “Wiry” ecotype – originated from a site contaminated with heavy metals (a serpentinite waste heap), and the other ecotype – “Gajków” – was collected on a site with naturally low heavy metal content. The seeds of both types were preconditioned with laser light with previously fi xed doses: C(D0), D1, D3, D5, D7, D9. The basic radiation dose was 2.5·10-1 J∙cm-2. The soil for the experiment was serpentinite weathering waste. The seeds and plants were cultivated in the controlled conditions of a climatic chamber. Laser light indeed stimulated seed germinative capacity but better effects were obtained in “Wiry” ecotype, originating from a location contaminated with heavy metals. In the case of morphological features, a signifi cant differentiation of stem length was found for different ecotypes, dosages and the interactions of these factors. The study showed a strong infl uence of laser radiation on selected element concentrations in above-ground parts of Silene vulgaris, though “Wiry” ecotype clearly accumulated more heavy metals and magnesium than the “Gajków” ecotype. 80 A. Koszelnik-Leszek, H. Szajsner, M. Podlaska General characteristics of selected Silene vulgaris ecotypes and their habitats The “Gajków” (non metallicolous) ecotype originates from a natural habitat in the village Gajków located to the south-east of Wrocław (51°3′25.021 ̋N, 17°11′9.415 ̋E). The “Wiry” (serpentine) ecotype grows on a small post-mining serpentinite heap near a village called Wiry located close to the western slopes of Mount Ślęża (50°50′12.773 ̋N, 16°37′3.724 ̋E). Serpentinites are peculiar rocks whose occurrence in Poland is limited to Lower Silesia (Żołnierz 2007). The particular chemistry of serpentinites, formed through transformed ultra-alkali intrusive rocks, results in unique soil rich in magnesium and low in calcium (low Ca:Mg ratio), and additionally rich in Ni, Cr and Co in values exceeding noted values from other Lower Silesian soils (Żołnierz 2007). Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke is a perennial plant from the Caryophyllaceae family. The species is commonly found in Europe, northern Africa, Asia and both Americas (Koszelnik-Leszek and Bielecki 2013). In Poland the species occurs on grasslands, fi elds and in forests, but it can also be found in synanthropic plant communities as an element of ruderal habitats such as serpentinite or calamine heaps or other post-mining areas (Koszelnik-Leszek and Bielecki 2013). Silene vulgaris is a bioindicator of heavy metal contamination and its presence has been recorded in areas both naturally rich in heavy metals and contaminated by human activity (Bratteler et al. 2002, Kazakou et al. 2010, Koszelnik-Leszek and Bielecki 2013, Nadgórska-Socha et al. 2011, Rostański e","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77808613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/AEP.2020.134534
M. Markowska, M. Ochowiak, S. Włodarczak, M. Matuszak
This paper discusses design, evaluation, and application for the use of swirl/vortex technologies as liquid purifi cation system. A study was performed using modifi ed swirl sedimentation tanks. The vortex separators containing baffl e have been studied under laboratory conditions at hydraulic load from 21 to 64 [m3/(m2·h)]. Analyzed disperser phases were municipal water and glycerol solutions of varying concentration. The pressure drop and the effi ciency of purifi cation of liquid stream were analyzed. The suspended particles of diff erent diameters were successfully removed from liquid with the application of swirl chambers of proposed constructions. It was found that damming of liquid in the tank increases alongside liquid stream at the inlet and depends on the tank construction. The effi ciency of the sedimentation tanks increases alongside the diameters of solid particles and decrease in the liquid fl ow rate. The best construction proved to be the one where baffl e is located in the middle of inand outlet due to the highest effi ciency of the purifi cation liquid stream for solid particles of the smallest diameter. The proposed solution is an alternative to the constructions of heavy fraction separators. The Modifi ed Primary Swirl Sedimentation Tanks in Waste Liquids Treatment Plant: Liquid Viscosity Effect 43 petroleum derivatives. Oil and water dividing is proceed due to the phenomenon of gravitational separation, which is enhanced by the phenomenon of coalescence (Ecol-Unicon 2018, Szulc 2018). Hydrodynamic settling tanks are used at small gross covered area with wastewater fl ow containing a lot amount of sand. Their construction uses drainage catch pit, usually made of polyethylene that eff ects on blocking out smaller particles inside the vertical part (EcoBlue 2013, Wavin 2015). Horizontal tanks are simple constructed devices made of modular reinforced concrete retention tanks or can be installed as separate chambers with pre-treatment system. Liquid purifi cation occurs as the eff ect of holding the sewers conditions of slower fl ow rate. They can operate as a single device or be a part of pre-treatment system. Horizontal settling tanks can be used in overrun areas, like roads or car parkings (Ecol-Unicon 2016, Nixor 2018, Pur Aqua System 2018). Relatively new type of separator is swirl settling tank, where despite of gravity force presence, there is also a centrifugal force. They are characterized by high effi ciency of suspension separation at high hydraulic load. In addition, they have smaller sizes than other types of settling tank, and with circular, narrow body comes gross covered area arrangement, which is an advantage. Directional defl ector or tangential placement of inlet port aff ects the rotary movement of liquid inside the device. The purpose of swirling fl ow is to gain longer way for particles to precipitate with relatively small tank construction need (Ecol-Unicon 2016, Ecol-Unicon 2018, Pur Aqua System 2018). As w
本文讨论了旋流/旋涡技术作为液体净化系统的设计、评价和应用。采用改进型旋流沉淀池进行了研究。在实验室条件下，对含挡板的涡流分离器在21 ~ 64 [m3/(m2·h)]的水力负荷下进行了研究。分析分散剂相为不同浓度的市政用水和甘油溶液。分析了压降和液流净化效率。应用所提出的结构的旋流腔成功地从液体中去除了不同直径的悬浮颗粒。研究发现，随着入口液流的增加，罐内液流的淤积也随罐体结构的变化而增大。沉降池的效率随固体颗粒直径的增大而增大，随液体流速的增大而减小。由于对粒径较小的固体颗粒，净化液流的效率最高，因此挡板位于进出口中间的结构是最佳的。所提出的解决方案是重馏分分离器结构的替代方案。废液处理厂一级旋流沉淀池的改进:43种石油衍生物的液体粘度效应。由于重力分离现象导致油水分离，并通过聚结现象加强油水分离(Ecol-Unicon 2018, Szulc 2018)。水动力沉淀池用于总覆盖面积小、含砂量大的污水。他们的建筑使用排水集水池，通常由聚乙烯制成，可以阻挡垂直部分内较小的颗粒(EcoBlue 2013, Wavin 2015)。卧式储罐是由模块化钢筋混凝土储罐组成的结构简单的装置，也可以作为带有预处理系统的独立室安装。液体净化发生在保持下水道流速较慢的条件下。它们可以作为单个设备运行，也可以作为预处理系统的一部分。卧式沉淀池可用于泛滥区域，如道路或停车场(Ecol-Unicon 2016, Nixor 2018, Pur Aqua System 2018)。相对新型的分离机是旋流沉降槽，它除了存在重力外，还存在离心力。它们的特点是在高液压负荷下悬浮液分离效率高。此外，它们比其他类型的沉降池具有更小的尺寸，并且具有圆形，窄体的总覆盖面积布置，这是一个优点。定向导流器或进气口的切向放置都会影响装置内液体的旋转运动。旋流的目的是在相对较小的水箱建造需求下，为颗粒沉淀获得更长的距离(Ecol-Unicon 2016, Ecol-Unicon 2018, Pur Aqua System 2018)。正如我们所看到的，有一种趋势是发展现有的结构，并获得新的结构，以提供更高的水净化效率。在文献中，有许多文章描述了在水-固体颗粒和水污染液体系统中工作的沉淀池，但关于高粘度液体流净化的文献很少(Wang et al. 2014)。这项工作的目的是构建和分析选定的改进设计的旋流沉淀池，以净化牛顿流体的固体污染，密度大于液体，也与液体的粘度有关。对沉降槽的改进涉及装置内应用挡板的可变位置和进水管的两个不同位置。研究包括分析分离器效率和液坝对水力负荷的依赖关系。通过对所获得和分析的旋流沉淀池以及市场上现有的常规旋流沉淀池的比较，区分出两种结构具有最高的分离效率、重污染和可能最低的液阻水平。
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Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/aep.2022.140548
A. Borgulat, A. Zgórska, M. Głodniok
in them. However, as they have impurities in their composition, they should be pre-tested toxicologically. The aim of this study was the ecotoxicological evaluation of experimental fertilizer products and a reclamation blend. These products were studied for the first time, so there is lack of international literature on the subject. The effect of applied fertilizer products on the improvement of soil fertilizing properties was assessed based on national standards using higher plants indicated as target bioindicators in European guidelines (OECD/ OCDE 208). The bioassays planned for this study include phytotoxicity tests to assess soil quality following the application of fertilizers made from sewage sludge, based on modified procedures described in PN-EN ISO 11269-2:2013 and PN-EN ISO 11269-1:2013-06, used to assess the potentially toxic effects of chemical compounds on root growth, and emergence, early growth and development stages of various land plants. White mustard ( Sinapis alba L.) was used in the ecotoxicological assessment – a plant with a wide range of applications in the feed, chemical, cosmetic,
在他们。然而，由于它们的成分中含有杂质，因此应预先进行毒理学测试。本研究的目的是对试验肥料产品和复垦混合肥料进行生态毒理学评价。这些产品是第一次研究，因此缺乏国际上关于这一主题的文献。以欧盟指南(OECD/ OCDE 208)中以高等植物为目标生物指标的国家标准为依据，评价了施用肥料产品对土壤肥力特性的改善效果。本研究计划的生物测定包括植物毒性试验，以评估使用由污水污泥制成的肥料后的土壤质量，基于PN-EN ISO 11269-2:2013和PN-EN ISO 11269-1:2013-06中描述的修改程序，用于评估化学化合物对各种陆地植物根系生长、出芽、早期生长和发育阶段的潜在毒性影响。白芥菜(Sinapis alba L.)是一种在饲料、化工、化妆品、食品、食品等领域具有广泛应用的植物。
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{"title":"Assessment of the average rate of changes in atmospheric CO emissions in OECD countries","authors":"K. Adamowicz","doi":"10.24425/118186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/118186","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73570896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contamination of soil with heavy metals has become a worldwide environmental problem, and receives great attention. In this study, we aim to investigate soil pollution level affected by an industrial district nearby. The total amount of typical heavy metals in the soils (Hengyang Songmu Industrial Park, Hunan Province, China) was analyzed. In addition, the fraction analysis and laboratory simulation leaching via different pH rainwater was carried out to study the migration and transformation of heavy metals. The main results show that the contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in the samples were higher than the soil background values in Hunan Province. The heavy metals forms, analyzed by sequential extraction method, show that the proportion of the unstable form of Cd, Zn and Pb was more than 50%. Igeo values indicate that the heavy metal pollution degree of soil sample #5 at the investigated area is recorded in the order of Cd(6.42), Zn(2.28), Cu(1.82), Pb(1.63), and Cr(0.37). Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in this area could pose a potential leaching risk to the environment which may affect the food chain and constitute a threat to human health. It would be necessary to take steps to stabilize and monitor the heavy metals in soil. 92 W. Tan, Y. Li, L. Ding, Y. Wang, J. Li, Q. Deng, F. Guo, X. Xiao the Department of Defense sites, and 55% of the Department of Energy sites. In Europe, heavy metal contaminated soils encompass several million hectares, accounting for about 34.8% of the total contaminated soil (Panagos et al. 2013). Acid rain may enhance the release of heavy metal from soils due to the cation exchange in soil with major cations (e.g., H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) accompanied by acid deposition (Huang et al. 2005, Wen et al. 2013). With the extension of leaching time in acid rain, metals were leached, hence contaminating the groundwater and deteriorating the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Ding et al. 2011). Previous studies primarily focused on the assessment of soil environment pollution with heavy metals content by means of chemical analysis, or analysis of heavy metals’ behaviors from different carriers, including heavy metal adsorption by different types of materials. However, chemical monitoring alone does not always reveal the real threat connected with the presence of heavy metals in the soil environment, and the effects of acid rain on the mobility and potential risks of heavy metals based on naturally contaminated soil around IP still need further study (Baran et al. 2015). In this study, the overall novel objective lies in the following: i) batch column experiments conducted under simulated acid rain scenarios to evaluate desorption and potential risks of widely concerned heavy metals in naturally contaminated soil, and ii) using heavy metals digestion methods combined with geochemical indicators analysis, and fraction analysis methods combined with leaching experiments to reflect a more believable pollution situation of the heavy metals in
{"title":"Characteristics and metal leachability of natural contaminated soil under acid rain scenarios","authors":"Wen-fa Tan, Yuan Li, L. Ding, Yachin Wang, Jiangxia Li, Qin-wen Deng, Feng Guo, Xue Xiao","doi":"10.24425/AEP.2019.126698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/AEP.2019.126698","url":null,"abstract":"Contamination of soil with heavy metals has become a worldwide environmental problem, and receives great attention. In this study, we aim to investigate soil pollution level affected by an industrial district nearby. The total amount of typical heavy metals in the soils (Hengyang Songmu Industrial Park, Hunan Province, China) was analyzed. In addition, the fraction analysis and laboratory simulation leaching via different pH rainwater was carried out to study the migration and transformation of heavy metals. The main results show that the contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in the samples were higher than the soil background values in Hunan Province. The heavy metals forms, analyzed by sequential extraction method, show that the proportion of the unstable form of Cd, Zn and Pb was more than 50%. Igeo values indicate that the heavy metal pollution degree of soil sample #5 at the investigated area is recorded in the order of Cd(6.42), Zn(2.28), Cu(1.82), Pb(1.63), and Cr(0.37). Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in this area could pose a potential leaching risk to the environment which may affect the food chain and constitute a threat to human health. It would be necessary to take steps to stabilize and monitor the heavy metals in soil. 92 W. Tan, Y. Li, L. Ding, Y. Wang, J. Li, Q. Deng, F. Guo, X. Xiao the Department of Defense sites, and 55% of the Department of Energy sites. In Europe, heavy metal contaminated soils encompass several million hectares, accounting for about 34.8% of the total contaminated soil (Panagos et al. 2013). Acid rain may enhance the release of heavy metal from soils due to the cation exchange in soil with major cations (e.g., H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) accompanied by acid deposition (Huang et al. 2005, Wen et al. 2013). With the extension of leaching time in acid rain, metals were leached, hence contaminating the groundwater and deteriorating the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Ding et al. 2011). Previous studies primarily focused on the assessment of soil environment pollution with heavy metals content by means of chemical analysis, or analysis of heavy metals’ behaviors from different carriers, including heavy metal adsorption by different types of materials. However, chemical monitoring alone does not always reveal the real threat connected with the presence of heavy metals in the soil environment, and the effects of acid rain on the mobility and potential risks of heavy metals based on naturally contaminated soil around IP still need further study (Baran et al. 2015). In this study, the overall novel objective lies in the following: i) batch column experiments conducted under simulated acid rain scenarios to evaluate desorption and potential risks of widely concerned heavy metals in naturally contaminated soil, and ii) using heavy metals digestion methods combined with geochemical indicators analysis, and fraction analysis methods combined with leaching experiments to reflect a more believable pollution situation of the heavy metals in","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89024930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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