The aim of the paper is to compare nitrate concentrations in samples of supply water as well as water from deep and dug wells located in the eastern region of Poland. Additionally, samples of bottled water (spring and natural mineral), certifi ed by the Institute of Mother and Child and the Children’s Memorial Health Institute, were subjected to analyses. On the basis of the obtained results, health risks related to the occurrence of methemoglobinemia in neonates and infants were evaluated. The risk analysis was performed according to the procedure recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Nitrate concentrations in the examined samples ranged from: 0.153–161.1 mg/l. The lowest concentration of nitrates was determined in the samples of bottled water, the highest being detected in the water from dug wells. It was found that nitrate concentration in samples of bottled and supply water did not pose any risk to the health of neonates and infants. The highest health risk related to methemoglobinemia occurs for neonates consuming water originating from dug wells. The risk decreases along with the age of an infant.
{"title":"Nitrate concentration-related safety of drinking water from various sources intended for consumption by neonates and infants","authors":"E. Królak, J. Raczuk","doi":"10.24425/118176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/118176","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the paper is to compare nitrate concentrations in samples of supply water as well as water from deep and dug wells located in the eastern region of Poland. Additionally, samples of bottled water (spring and natural mineral), certifi ed by the Institute of Mother and Child and the Children’s Memorial Health Institute, were subjected to analyses. On the basis of the obtained results, health risks related to the occurrence of methemoglobinemia in neonates and infants were evaluated. The risk analysis was performed according to the procedure recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Nitrate concentrations in the examined samples ranged from: 0.153–161.1 mg/l. The lowest concentration of nitrates was determined in the samples of bottled water, the highest being detected in the water from dug wells. It was found that nitrate concentration in samples of bottled and supply water did not pose any risk to the health of neonates and infants. The highest health risk related to methemoglobinemia occurs for neonates consuming water originating from dug wells. The risk decreases along with the age of an infant.","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82396376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/aep.2019.126421
I. Zawieja
The essence of the methane fermentation course is the phase nature of changes taking place during the process. The biodegradation degree of sewage sludge is determined by the effectiveness of the hydrolysis phase. Excess sludge, in the form of a fl occulent suspension of microorganisms, subjected to the methane fermentation process show limited susceptibility to the biodegradation. Excess sludge is characterized by a signifi cant content of volatile suspended solids equal about 65 ÷ 75%. Promising technological solution in terms of increasing the effi ciency of fermentation process is the application of thermal modifi cation of sludge with the use of dry ice. As a result of excess sludge disintegration by dry ice, denaturation of microbial cells with a mechanical support occurs. The crystallization process takes place and microorganisms of excess sludge undergo the so-called “thermal shock”. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of dry ice disintegration on the course of the methane fermentation process of the modifi ed excess sludge. In the case of dry ice modifi cation reagent in a granular form with a grain diameter of 0.6 mm was used. Dry ice was mixed with excess sludge in a volume ratio of 0.15/1, 0.25/1, 0.35/1, 0.45/1, 0.55/1, 0.65/1, 0.75/1, respectively. The methane fermentation process lasting for 8 and 28 days, respectively, was carried out in mesophilic conditions at 37°C. In the fi rst series untreated sludge was used, and for the second and third series the following treatment parameters were applied: the dose of dry ice in a volume ratio to excess sludge equal 0.55/1, pretreatment time 12 hours. The increase of the excess sludge disintegration degree, as well as the increase of the digestion degree and biogas yield, was a confi rmation of the supporting operation of the applied modifi cation. The mixture of reactant and excess sludge in a volume ratio of 0.55/1 was considered the most favorable combination. In relation to not prepared sludge for the selected most favorable conditions of excess sludge modifi cation, about 2.7 and 3-fold increase of TOC and SCOD values and a 2.8-fold increase in VFAs concentration were obtained respectively. In relation to the effects of the methane fermentation of non-prepared sludge, for modifi ed sludge, about 33 percentage increase of the sludge digestion degree and about 31percentage increase of the biogas yield was noticed. The course of the methane fermentation process of dry ice modifi ed excess sludge 51 It should be emphasized that the pre-treatment increases the amount of biogas produced, which can be used in the cogeneration process for the production of heat and power generation, which amortizes part of the costs incurred to carry out the process of disintegration of sludge (Vinay Kumar Tyagi, Shang-Lien Lo 2011). Commonly used parameter to evaluate the effectiveness of disintegration is soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) (Neumann et al. 2016). As reported by Bougrier et a
甲烷发酵过程的本质是发酵过程中所发生变化的相性质。污泥的生物降解程度取决于水解阶段的有效性。多余的污泥，以微生物的絮凝悬浮液的形式，受到甲烷发酵过程显示出有限的生物降解敏感性。剩余污泥的特点是挥发性悬浮固体含量显著，约为65% / 75%。在提高发酵过程效率方面，有前途的技术解决方案是利用干冰对污泥进行热改性。由于多余的污泥被干冰分解，在机械支持下发生微生物细胞的变性。结晶过程发生，剩余污泥中的微生物经历所谓的“热冲击”。研究了干冰崩解对改性剩余污泥甲烷发酵过程的影响。在干冰改性剂的情况下，在颗粒形式与粒径0.6毫米的使用。干冰与剩余污泥的体积比分别为0.15/1、0.25/1、0.35/1、0.45/1、0.55/1、0.65/1、0.75/1。在37℃的中温条件下进行甲烷发酵，发酵时间分别为8天和28天。第一个系列采用未经处理的污泥，第二个和第三个系列采用以下处理参数:干冰用量与剩余污泥体积比为0.55/1，预处理时间为12小时。剩余污泥分解程度的提高，消化程度和沼气产量的提高，证实了应用改性的配套操作。反应物与剩余污泥以0.55/1的体积比混合，被认为是最有利的组合。相对于未制备的污泥，选择最有利的剩余污泥改性条件，TOC和SCOD值分别增加约2.7倍和3倍，VFAs浓度分别增加2.8倍。对于未制备污泥的甲烷发酵效果，改性污泥的污泥消化度提高了约33%，沼气产量提高了约31%。需要强调的是，预处理增加了沼气的产生量，这些沼气可用于热电联产过程，用于生产热能和发电，从而摊销了进行污泥分解过程所产生的部分成本(Vinay Kumar Tyagi, shanglien Lo 2011)。评价崩解效果的常用参数是可溶性化学需氧量(SCOD) (Neumann et al. 2016)。据Bougrier等人(Bougrier et al. 2006)报道，COD增溶与生物降解之间存在一定的关系。此外，SCOD值的增加与VFAs浓度之间存在一定的关系。然而，根据Nazari等人和Sapkaite等人(Nazari et al. 2016, Sapkaite et al. 2017)的报道，由于溶解有机物电荷的过度增加，较高的SCOD值并没有导致更高的沼气产量。冷冻/解冻技术被认为是一种有助于细胞外聚合物释放和污泥细胞破坏的方法(Gao 2011)。冷冻/解冻(F/T)处理可以促进质量从固相转移到水相(Kai Hu et al. 2011)。据胡凯等人(Kai Hu et al. 2011)报道，冷冻/解冻(F/T)处理是一种有效的剩余污泥预处理方法，可以提高其生物降解性。根据Parker和Collins (Parker and Collins 1997)的说法，固化是冷冻污泥在低于冰点温度下的储存过程。在冻结过程中，术语“固化阶段”被称为大块污泥冻结和冰基质中微小的未冻结状态被周围的冰锋不断脱水的过程。因此，F/T处理可以增强污泥的有机质增溶作用。固化过程有助于限制SCOD的增长和铵态氮的释放。聚集物的结晶是破坏细胞膜和将细胞内物质释放到污泥液中的原因(Parker and Collins 1997)。在冷冻/解冻法的情况下，细胞内和细胞外冰晶的形成负责裂解过程。微生物破坏细胞壁和细胞内物质释放的持续过程具有机械基础，是所谓热冲击的结果(Gao 2011, El-Kest et al. 1992)。
{"title":"The course of the methane fermentation process of dry ice modified excess sludge","authors":"I. Zawieja","doi":"10.24425/aep.2019.126421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/aep.2019.126421","url":null,"abstract":"The essence of the methane fermentation course is the phase nature of changes taking place during the process. The biodegradation degree of sewage sludge is determined by the effectiveness of the hydrolysis phase. Excess sludge, in the form of a fl occulent suspension of microorganisms, subjected to the methane fermentation process show limited susceptibility to the biodegradation. Excess sludge is characterized by a signifi cant content of volatile suspended solids equal about 65 ÷ 75%. Promising technological solution in terms of increasing the effi ciency of fermentation process is the application of thermal modifi cation of sludge with the use of dry ice. As a result of excess sludge disintegration by dry ice, denaturation of microbial cells with a mechanical support occurs. The crystallization process takes place and microorganisms of excess sludge undergo the so-called “thermal shock”. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of dry ice disintegration on the course of the methane fermentation process of the modifi ed excess sludge. In the case of dry ice modifi cation reagent in a granular form with a grain diameter of 0.6 mm was used. Dry ice was mixed with excess sludge in a volume ratio of 0.15/1, 0.25/1, 0.35/1, 0.45/1, 0.55/1, 0.65/1, 0.75/1, respectively. The methane fermentation process lasting for 8 and 28 days, respectively, was carried out in mesophilic conditions at 37°C. In the fi rst series untreated sludge was used, and for the second and third series the following treatment parameters were applied: the dose of dry ice in a volume ratio to excess sludge equal 0.55/1, pretreatment time 12 hours. The increase of the excess sludge disintegration degree, as well as the increase of the digestion degree and biogas yield, was a confi rmation of the supporting operation of the applied modifi cation. The mixture of reactant and excess sludge in a volume ratio of 0.55/1 was considered the most favorable combination. In relation to not prepared sludge for the selected most favorable conditions of excess sludge modifi cation, about 2.7 and 3-fold increase of TOC and SCOD values and a 2.8-fold increase in VFAs concentration were obtained respectively. In relation to the effects of the methane fermentation of non-prepared sludge, for modifi ed sludge, about 33 percentage increase of the sludge digestion degree and about 31percentage increase of the biogas yield was noticed. The course of the methane fermentation process of dry ice modifi ed excess sludge 51 It should be emphasized that the pre-treatment increases the amount of biogas produced, which can be used in the cogeneration process for the production of heat and power generation, which amortizes part of the costs incurred to carry out the process of disintegration of sludge (Vinay Kumar Tyagi, Shang-Lien Lo 2011). Commonly used parameter to evaluate the effectiveness of disintegration is soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) (Neumann et al. 2016). As reported by Bougrier et a","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81208364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/aep.2022.140762
Mohammed Aouf, Salah Dounit
showing the efficiency of the treatment, an important parameter was not taken into account, namely the aging effect (the contamination was processed 2 minutes before washing). In fact, weathering results in greater binding strength of crude oil to the soil as well as higher contaminants’ average molecular weight, viscosity, and density. Therefore, weathered contaminants are more difficult to remediate than recently contaminated soil (Urum et al. 2005). Several other studies had used fluidization as washing technique for soil remediation. Including but not limited to, thermal treatment using Nitrogen gas fluidization (Lee et al. 1999) or for enhancing the aeration for the biodegradation of diesel-oil contamination (Arrar et al. 2007).
为了显示处理的效率，没有考虑一个重要的参数，即老化效应(污染在洗涤前2分钟处理)。事实上，风化作用会导致原油与土壤的结合强度增大，同时污染物的平均分子量、粘度和密度也会增大。因此，风化污染物比最近污染的土壤更难修复(Urum et al. 2005)。其他一些研究使用流态化作为土壤修复的洗涤技术。包括但不限于使用氮气流态化的热处理(Lee et al. 1999)或用于增强曝气以生物降解柴油污染(Arrar et al. 2007)。
{"title":"Remediation of aged hydrocarbon contaminated soil by washing in fluidized bed column","authors":"Mohammed Aouf, Salah Dounit","doi":"10.24425/aep.2022.140762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/aep.2022.140762","url":null,"abstract":"showing the efficiency of the treatment, an important parameter was not taken into account, namely the aging effect (the contamination was processed 2 minutes before washing). In fact, weathering results in greater binding strength of crude oil to the soil as well as higher contaminants’ average molecular weight, viscosity, and density. Therefore, weathered contaminants are more difficult to remediate than recently contaminated soil (Urum et al. 2005). Several other studies had used fluidization as washing technique for soil remediation. Including but not limited to, thermal treatment using Nitrogen gas fluidization (Lee et al. 1999) or for enhancing the aeration for the biodegradation of diesel-oil contamination (Arrar et al. 2007).","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81397510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contamination of soil with heavy metals has become a worldwide environmental problem, and receives great attention. In this study, we aim to investigate soil pollution level affected by an industrial district nearby. The total amount of typical heavy metals in the soils (Hengyang Songmu Industrial Park, Hunan Province, China) was analyzed. In addition, the fraction analysis and laboratory simulation leaching via different pH rainwater was carried out to study the migration and transformation of heavy metals. The main results show that the contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in the samples were higher than the soil background values in Hunan Province. The heavy metals forms, analyzed by sequential extraction method, show that the proportion of the unstable form of Cd, Zn and Pb was more than 50%. Igeo values indicate that the heavy metal pollution degree of soil sample #5 at the investigated area is recorded in the order of Cd(6.42), Zn(2.28), Cu(1.82), Pb(1.63), and Cr(0.37). Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in this area could pose a potential leaching risk to the environment which may affect the food chain and constitute a threat to human health. It would be necessary to take steps to stabilize and monitor the heavy metals in soil. 92 W. Tan, Y. Li, L. Ding, Y. Wang, J. Li, Q. Deng, F. Guo, X. Xiao the Department of Defense sites, and 55% of the Department of Energy sites. In Europe, heavy metal contaminated soils encompass several million hectares, accounting for about 34.8% of the total contaminated soil (Panagos et al. 2013). Acid rain may enhance the release of heavy metal from soils due to the cation exchange in soil with major cations (e.g., H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) accompanied by acid deposition (Huang et al. 2005, Wen et al. 2013). With the extension of leaching time in acid rain, metals were leached, hence contaminating the groundwater and deteriorating the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Ding et al. 2011). Previous studies primarily focused on the assessment of soil environment pollution with heavy metals content by means of chemical analysis, or analysis of heavy metals’ behaviors from different carriers, including heavy metal adsorption by different types of materials. However, chemical monitoring alone does not always reveal the real threat connected with the presence of heavy metals in the soil environment, and the effects of acid rain on the mobility and potential risks of heavy metals based on naturally contaminated soil around IP still need further study (Baran et al. 2015). In this study, the overall novel objective lies in the following: i) batch column experiments conducted under simulated acid rain scenarios to evaluate desorption and potential risks of widely concerned heavy metals in naturally contaminated soil, and ii) using heavy metals digestion methods combined with geochemical indicators analysis, and fraction analysis methods combined with leaching experiments to reflect a more believable pollution situation of the heavy metals in
{"title":"Characteristics and metal leachability of natural contaminated soil under acid rain scenarios","authors":"Wen-fa Tan, Yuan Li, L. Ding, Yachin Wang, Jiangxia Li, Qin-wen Deng, Feng Guo, Xue Xiao","doi":"10.24425/AEP.2019.126698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/AEP.2019.126698","url":null,"abstract":"Contamination of soil with heavy metals has become a worldwide environmental problem, and receives great attention. In this study, we aim to investigate soil pollution level affected by an industrial district nearby. The total amount of typical heavy metals in the soils (Hengyang Songmu Industrial Park, Hunan Province, China) was analyzed. In addition, the fraction analysis and laboratory simulation leaching via different pH rainwater was carried out to study the migration and transformation of heavy metals. The main results show that the contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in the samples were higher than the soil background values in Hunan Province. The heavy metals forms, analyzed by sequential extraction method, show that the proportion of the unstable form of Cd, Zn and Pb was more than 50%. Igeo values indicate that the heavy metal pollution degree of soil sample #5 at the investigated area is recorded in the order of Cd(6.42), Zn(2.28), Cu(1.82), Pb(1.63), and Cr(0.37). Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in this area could pose a potential leaching risk to the environment which may affect the food chain and constitute a threat to human health. It would be necessary to take steps to stabilize and monitor the heavy metals in soil. 92 W. Tan, Y. Li, L. Ding, Y. Wang, J. Li, Q. Deng, F. Guo, X. Xiao the Department of Defense sites, and 55% of the Department of Energy sites. In Europe, heavy metal contaminated soils encompass several million hectares, accounting for about 34.8% of the total contaminated soil (Panagos et al. 2013). Acid rain may enhance the release of heavy metal from soils due to the cation exchange in soil with major cations (e.g., H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) accompanied by acid deposition (Huang et al. 2005, Wen et al. 2013). With the extension of leaching time in acid rain, metals were leached, hence contaminating the groundwater and deteriorating the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Ding et al. 2011). Previous studies primarily focused on the assessment of soil environment pollution with heavy metals content by means of chemical analysis, or analysis of heavy metals’ behaviors from different carriers, including heavy metal adsorption by different types of materials. However, chemical monitoring alone does not always reveal the real threat connected with the presence of heavy metals in the soil environment, and the effects of acid rain on the mobility and potential risks of heavy metals based on naturally contaminated soil around IP still need further study (Baran et al. 2015). In this study, the overall novel objective lies in the following: i) batch column experiments conducted under simulated acid rain scenarios to evaluate desorption and potential risks of widely concerned heavy metals in naturally contaminated soil, and ii) using heavy metals digestion methods combined with geochemical indicators analysis, and fraction analysis methods combined with leaching experiments to reflect a more believable pollution situation of the heavy metals in","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89024930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/AEP.2020.132524
E. Słupek, E. Słupek, P. Makoś, P. Makoś, Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska, J. Gębicki, J. Gebicki
The paper presents new non-ionic deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of natural and non-toxic components i.e. guaiacol, camphor and levulinic acid in 1:1:3 molar ratio as a promising absorbent for removal of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including dichloromethane, toluene, hexamethyldisiloxane and propionaldehyde from model biogas. The affi nity of DES for VOCs was determined as vapour-liquid coeffi cients and the results were compared with several well-known DESs based on quaternary ammonium salt as well as n-hexadecane and water. For new DES, the absorption process was carried out under dynamic conditions. The results indicate that non-ionic DES has high affi nity and capacity for VOCs being comparable to n-hexadecane. In addition, absorbed VOCs could be easily desorbed from DES using activated carbon and absorbent could be re-use minimum five times without signifi cant loss of absorption capacity
{"title":"Deodorization of model biogas by meansof novel non-ionic deep eutectic solvent","authors":"E. Słupek, E. Słupek, P. Makoś, P. Makoś, Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska, J. Gębicki, J. Gebicki","doi":"10.24425/AEP.2020.132524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/AEP.2020.132524","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents new non-ionic deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of natural and non-toxic\u0000components i.e. guaiacol, camphor and levulinic acid in 1:1:3 molar ratio as a promising absorbent for removal\u0000of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including dichloromethane, toluene, hexamethyldisiloxane and\u0000propionaldehyde from model biogas.\u0000The affi nity of DES for VOCs was determined as vapour-liquid coeffi cients and the results were compared\u0000with several well-known DESs based on quaternary ammonium salt as well as n-hexadecane and water. For new\u0000DES, the absorption process was carried out under dynamic conditions.\u0000The results indicate that non-ionic DES has high affi nity and capacity for VOCs being comparable to\u0000n-hexadecane. In addition, absorbed VOCs could be easily desorbed from DES using activated carbon and\u0000absorbent could be re-use minimum five times without signifi cant loss of absorption capacity","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90401703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/AEP.2019.126427
E. Sitarz-Palczak, J. Kalembkiewicz, D. Galas
Geopolymers are a new class of materials that can be synthesized using natural minerals, and waste materials. Among these substrates, the use of fl y ash is desirable as it involves the conversion of a copious waste material into a useful product. The aim of the research was geopolymers synthesis from coal fl y ash and biomass ash. Concentrated sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions were used as activators in geopolymerisation reaction. The results show that both coal fl y ash and biomass ash can be utilized as source materials for the production of geopolymers. The surface morphology and chemical composition analysis were examined for the obtained geopolymers and ashes from coal and biomass combustion by SEM-EDS methods. It was found almost total disappearance of spherical forms of grains and reduction the porosity of structure for geopolymer based on fl y ash from coal combustion. While the structure of the geopolymer based ash from biomass combustion is more porous. The UV-VIS-NIR spectra were performed on the coal fl y ash, biomass ash and geopolymers. They showed that the obtained geopolymers possess optical and photocatalytic properties. The similarity of the geopolymer network and the zeolite framework in relation to ion exchange and accommodation of metal ions open questions on possibilities for the application of geopolymer materials as amorphous analogues of zeolite. The FT-IR spectra analyses were used on the geopolymers before and after metals sorption. It was found that geopolymer based on ash from biomass combustion has better sorption properties compared to geopolymer based on ash from coal combustion. Comparative study on the characteristics of coal fl y ash and biomass ash geopolymers 127 geopolymers, respectively: bases, e.g. sodium or potassium hydroxide (Romisuhani 2015), sodium or potassium water glass or acids, however phosphoric acid is most often used for the activation of metakaolin. Acid-activated geopolymers constitute a relatively new group of materials with higher porosity, which suggests the possibility of using this group of geopolymers as adsorbents in the process of water purifi cation. In contrast, alkali-activated geopolymers have been studied in many scientifi c papers due to their higher mechanical properties comparable to Portland cement (Zivica et al. 2014). It should be emphasized that the specifi c properties of a geopolymer are mostly determined by the aluminosilicate matrix, e.g. the structure of disiloxosialate is resistant to fi re and corrosion, which results from the greater number of siloxane bonds compared to sialate (Khale and Chaudhary 2007). The aim of the presented research was to demonstrate the synthesis of a geopolymer on the basis of coal fl y ash and biomass ash and the indication of the possibility of their application. Concentrated NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions were used as activators in the geopolymerization reaction. Surface morphology research and the analysis of chemical composi
地聚合物是一类可以利用天然矿物和废料合成的新型材料。在这些基质中，粉煤灰的使用是可取的，因为它涉及到将丰富的废物转化为有用的产品。以煤粉煤灰和生物质灰为原料合成地聚合物。用浓氢氧化钠和硅酸钠溶液作为地聚合反应的活化剂。结果表明，煤粉煤灰和生物质粉煤灰均可作为生产地聚合物的原料。用SEM-EDS方法对煤和生物质燃烧所得的地聚合物和灰分进行了表面形貌和化学成分分析。结果表明，以燃煤粉煤灰为基料的地聚合物的球形颗粒几乎完全消失，结构孔隙率降低。而由生物质燃烧产生的地聚合物基灰分结构更多孔。对粉煤灰、生物质灰分和地聚合物进行了紫外-可见-近红外光谱分析。结果表明，所制备的地聚合物具有光学和光催化性能。在离子交换和金属离子的容纳方面，地聚合物网络和沸石框架的相似性对地聚合物材料作为沸石的无定形类似物的应用可能性提出了疑问。对金属吸附前后的地聚合物进行了FT-IR光谱分析。结果表明，生物质燃烧灰基地聚合物的吸附性能优于燃煤燃烧灰基地聚合物。127种地聚合物分别为碱，如氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾(Romisuhani 2015)，水玻璃钠或钾或酸，但磷酸最常用于偏高岭土的活化。酸活化地聚合物是一类孔隙率较高的新型材料，具有较好的吸附剂性能，在水净化过程中具有广泛的应用前景。相比之下，由于碱活化地聚合物具有比波特兰水泥更高的机械性能，因此许多科学论文都对其进行了研究(Zivica et al. 2014)。需要强调的是，地聚合物的特殊性质主要是由铝硅酸盐基质决定的，例如，二硅氧烷酸盐的结构是耐火和耐腐蚀的，这是由于与硅酸盐相比硅氧烷键的数量更多(Khale和Chaudhary 2007)。提出的研究的目的是证明在煤粉煤灰和生物质灰的基础上合成一种地聚合物，并指出其应用的可能性。用浓NaOH和Na2SiO3溶液作为活化剂进行地聚合反应。采用SEM-EDS方法对所得地聚合物进行了表面形貌研究和化学成分分析。作为研究的一部分，还比较了以煤粉煤灰和生物质粉煤灰为基础的地聚合物的吸附和催化性能。为此，对所选重金属(Cu, Mn, Pb和Zn)进行了吸附实验，并利用FT-IR方法对吸附实验前后所得地聚合物的分子结构进行了光谱研究。同时记录了紫外-可见-近红外光谱。此外，对所得地聚合物进行了比表面积测量(BET等温线和Langmuir等温线)，并对多孔固体进行了等温线分析(t-Plot法和BJH法)。
{"title":"Comparative study on the characteristics of coal fly ash and biomass ash geopolymers","authors":"E. Sitarz-Palczak, J. Kalembkiewicz, D. Galas","doi":"10.24425/AEP.2019.126427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/AEP.2019.126427","url":null,"abstract":"Geopolymers are a new class of materials that can be synthesized using natural minerals, and waste materials. Among these substrates, the use of fl y ash is desirable as it involves the conversion of a copious waste material into a useful product. The aim of the research was geopolymers synthesis from coal fl y ash and biomass ash. Concentrated sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions were used as activators in geopolymerisation reaction. The results show that both coal fl y ash and biomass ash can be utilized as source materials for the production of geopolymers. The surface morphology and chemical composition analysis were examined for the obtained geopolymers and ashes from coal and biomass combustion by SEM-EDS methods. It was found almost total disappearance of spherical forms of grains and reduction the porosity of structure for geopolymer based on fl y ash from coal combustion. While the structure of the geopolymer based ash from biomass combustion is more porous. The UV-VIS-NIR spectra were performed on the coal fl y ash, biomass ash and geopolymers. They showed that the obtained geopolymers possess optical and photocatalytic properties. The similarity of the geopolymer network and the zeolite framework in relation to ion exchange and accommodation of metal ions open questions on possibilities for the application of geopolymer materials as amorphous analogues of zeolite. The FT-IR spectra analyses were used on the geopolymers before and after metals sorption. It was found that geopolymer based on ash from biomass combustion has better sorption properties compared to geopolymer based on ash from coal combustion. Comparative study on the characteristics of coal fl y ash and biomass ash geopolymers 127 geopolymers, respectively: bases, e.g. sodium or potassium hydroxide (Romisuhani 2015), sodium or potassium water glass or acids, however phosphoric acid is most often used for the activation of metakaolin. Acid-activated geopolymers constitute a relatively new group of materials with higher porosity, which suggests the possibility of using this group of geopolymers as adsorbents in the process of water purifi cation. In contrast, alkali-activated geopolymers have been studied in many scientifi c papers due to their higher mechanical properties comparable to Portland cement (Zivica et al. 2014). It should be emphasized that the specifi c properties of a geopolymer are mostly determined by the aluminosilicate matrix, e.g. the structure of disiloxosialate is resistant to fi re and corrosion, which results from the greater number of siloxane bonds compared to sialate (Khale and Chaudhary 2007). The aim of the presented research was to demonstrate the synthesis of a geopolymer on the basis of coal fl y ash and biomass ash and the indication of the possibility of their application. Concentrated NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions were used as activators in the geopolymerization reaction. Surface morphology research and the analysis of chemical composi","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85040420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/AEP.2020.132526
Xun-Lei Liu, Ning Ding, Hong Liu, Chen Houwang
{"title":"Assessment of PCB-contaminated soil pretreatment remediation by hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD)","authors":"Xun-Lei Liu, Ning Ding, Hong Liu, Chen Houwang","doi":"10.24425/AEP.2020.132526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/AEP.2020.132526","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83054505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/AEP.2019.130247
Paulina Mielcarek-Bocheńska, W. Rzeźnik
{"title":"Ammonia emission from livestock productionin Poland and its regional diversity,in the years 2005–2017","authors":"Paulina Mielcarek-Bocheńska, W. Rzeźnik","doi":"10.24425/AEP.2019.130247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/AEP.2019.130247","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83842037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
German chamomile (Matricaria recutita (L.) Rauschert) belongs to the plants with a high tolerance to toxic elements. The ability of chamomile to accumulate risk elements was tested in a pot experiment in which four soils contaminated by different levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), differing in their physicochemical parameters, were used. The element mobility in the soils was affected predominantly by the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils. Whereas As, Pb, and Zn were retained in roots, Cd showed good ability to translocate to the shoots, including anthodia, even in extremely Cd-contaminated soil without symptoms of phytotoxicity. The bioaccumulation factor for Cd calculated as the ratio of element content in the plant and the soil was the highest among the investigated elements. Between 5.5 and 35% of the total Cd was released to infusion, and its extractability decreased with increasing Cd content in anthodia. The essential oil composition suggested an alteration of the abundance of the individual compounds. However, no detectable contents of risk elements were found in the oil. Chamomile can be recommended as a suitable alternative crop for risk element-contaminated soils tested within this experiment, but only for production of essential oil. The risk element uptake by chamomile (Matricaria recutita (L.) Rauschert) growing in four different soils 13 that risk elements stimulate an increase in ROS (reactive oxygen species) formation, being affected especially by the given metal and exposure concentration (Petö et al. 2011). The plant-availability of elements in soil is affected by the physicochemical parameters of the soils, climatic conditions, plant genotype, and plant management (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias 2001, Tokalıoğlu et al. 2003). Thus, the element content in plants is not directly related to the total element content in the soil (Schwartz et al. 2001). Among the physicochemical and biological parameters affecting the plant-availability of risk elements, soil pH, redox potential, cation exchange capacity (CEC), content of carbonates, hydroxides and oxides of Fe and Mn, clay minerals, organic matter, plant species, vegetation cover and the activity of soil organisms and microorganisms should be mentioned (Alloway 1990, Ross 1994, Cheng and Mulla 1999, Adriano 2001, Kabata-Pendias and Pendias 2001). The effects of nutrient content on the growth and yield of German chamomile have already been reported (Mosleh et al. 2013). The connections between the nutrient supplement of the chamomile plants and the content of essential oil was published as well. Nasiri et al. (2010) proved the benefi cial effect of foliar application of Fe and Zn on both plant yield and essential oil content. In our experiment, the ability of German chamomile to accumulate potential risk elements was tested in a pot experiment in which four soils contaminated by different levels of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn and characterized by different
德国洋甘菊(L.)Rauschert)属于对有毒元素具有高耐受性的植物。以不同理化参数的砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)污染的4种土壤为研究对象，通过盆栽试验研究了洋甘菊积累危险元素的能力。土壤中的元素迁移率主要受土壤阳离子交换容量(CEC)的影响。虽然砷、铅和锌在根中保留，但即使在镉严重污染的土壤中，镉也表现出良好的向芽(包括茎叶)转运的能力，即使没有植物毒性症状。以植物与土壤中元素含量之比计算的Cd生物积累因子在所研究的元素中最高。总Cd的5.5% ~ 35%被释放到输注中，其可提取性随肺泡中Cd含量的增加而降低。精油成分表明单个化合物的丰度发生了变化。然而，在油中没有发现可检测到的危险元素含量。可以推荐洋甘菊作为本试验中测试的风险元素污染土壤的合适替代作物，但仅用于生产精油。洋甘菊(Matricaria recutta, L.)对危险因子的吸收Rauschert)在四种不同土壤中生长13，风险元素刺激ROS(活性氧)形成的增加，特别是受到给定金属和暴露浓度的影响(Petö等人，2011)。土壤中元素的植物有效性受到土壤理化参数、气候条件、植物基因型和植物管理的影响(Kabata-Pendias and Pendias 2001, Tokalıoğlu et al. 2003)。因此，植物中的元素含量与土壤中的总元素含量没有直接关系(Schwartz et al. 2001)。在影响风险元素植物有效性的物理化学和生物参数中，应提到土壤pH值、氧化还原电位、阳离子交换容量(CEC)、碳酸盐、铁和锰的氢氧化物和氧化物含量、粘土矿物、有机质、植物种类、植被覆盖以及土壤生物和微生物的活性(Alloway 1990, Ross 1994, Cheng和Mulla 1999, Adriano 2001, Kabata-Pendias和Pendias 2001)。营养成分对德国洋甘菊生长和产量的影响已经有报道(Mosleh et al. 2013)。对洋甘菊植物的营养补充与挥发油含量之间的关系也进行了研究。Nasiri等(2010)证明了叶面施用Fe和Zn对植株产量和精油含量都有有益的影响。本试验采用盆栽试验方法，采用不同理化参数、不同砷、镉、铅、锌污染程度的4种土壤，研究了德国洋甘菊积累潜在危险元素的能力。此外，还评估了与必需元素(如Cu、Fe和Mn)的潜在相互作用，以及输液中风险元素和必需元素的可提取性。同时，评估了精油的成分和风险因素进入精油的可及性。本试验的主要目的是:1)验证不同土壤性质和风险元素污染程度影响下，洋甘菊植物对土壤中风险元素含量增加的耐受性;2)评估作为药用植物洋甘菊生产中元素含量增加的潜在风险，以及在受风险元素污染的可耕地土壤中种植洋甘菊的可能性。植物在四种土壤中盆栽，其主要物理化学特征和假总(即王水可溶性)风险元素含量不同(表1)。在实验中，受工业活动(有色金属采矿和冶炼，化学工业)影响的土壤-黑钙土2(50.69°N, 13.72°E)，氟维索(50.52°N, 14.07°E)， Cambisol(49.69°N, 14.01°E)，在Chernozem 1(50.12°N, 14.54°E)的情况下，使用了污水污泥的土地应用。所有土壤都已调查过，对土壤和/或地点的更详细描述已在其他地方发表(Száková et al. 1999,2000)。在每个采样点从0-25 cm的深度收集土壤，风干，通过5毫米塑料筛过筛，并均质。用于测定元素总浓度和流动浓度的实验室土壤样品在20°C下风干，在砂浆中研磨，并通过2毫米塑料筛。在捷克共和国广泛种植的二二体波西米亚(Bohemia)品种中栽培6升塑料盆，5公斤风干土壤，每个处理6个重复。 捷克二倍体品种波希米亚于1952年获得许可，被归类为双abololoxid基因型。波希米亚品种的洋甘菊有认证商标号。CZ/00411/PDO - " Chamomilla Bohemica. "波希米亚通常含有1.2%的精油。播前施无机肥料NPK(每罐0.5 g N、0.16 g P、0.4 g K作为无机盐溶液，每公顷分别约300 kg N、96 kg P和240 kg K)。试验于2008年4月开始，每罐播种5株。定期控制土壤水分，保持在最大持水量(MWHC)的60%。花盆被放置在室外气候控制的植被大厅中，以保护花盆免受降雨。定期人工清除杂草;其他栽培条件如光照和温度没有得到控制。实验于2008年7月终止。收获的生物量分为茎、芽和根。植物材料在去离子水中仔细洗涤，在干燥箱中60°C干燥，均质并分析。土壤理化参数的测定以0.01 M CaCl2萃取物1/10 (w/v = 5 g + 50 ml, Novozamsky et al. 1993)测定pH值。阳离子交换容量(CEC)计算为Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn和Al在0.1 M BaCl2 (w/v = 1 g + 20 ml, 2小时)中可提取的总和(ISO 1994)。用K2Cr2O7氧化有机物后分光光度法测定总有机碳(TOC) (Sims and Haby 1971)。为了确定土壤中主要养分的潜在可利用部分，采用Mehlich III提取程序(0.2 M CH3COOH + 0.25 M NH4NO3 + 0.013 M HNO3 + 0.015 M NH4F + 0.001 M)。实验土壤土壤类型的主要特征纹理考克斯pH Ca # P K # # #毫克CEC¶Cd Cr美元美元铜镍铅锌%美元美元毫克/公斤毫克/公斤毫克/公斤毫克/公斤更易毫克/公斤/公斤毫克/公斤毫克/公斤毫克/公斤毫克/公斤3.45毫克/公斤1毫克/公斤黑钙土壤土7.3 5828 146 199 82 69.2 20.7 14.6 34.0 34.8 82.1 68.2 b c黑钙土2壤土3.95 6.8 133 2668 156 192 128 b 224 c 362 c 1.0 19.5 24.4 13.0 99.6 b 112冲积土砂壤土5.93 b 4.4 b 1026 c 35 b 120公元前248 c 176 100 1.6 27.6 46.0 48.6 21.3 b 207 b始成土壤土3.88a 6.3a 2420b 108a 363b 81a 165b 124b 4.8b 27.7a 23.6a 17.8b 1276c 190b #植物有效元素含量测定(Mehlich III萃取法)(Mehlich 1984);¶信息交换能力;$土壤中所研究元素的假总(王水可溶性)浓度;单列内用相同上标标记的平均值无显著差异(p<0.05);n=6 14 J. Száková， M. dziakov<e:1>， a . Kozáková， P. tulustov乙二胺乙酸(EDTA)，固液比为1/10 [3 g + 30 ml]，作用10分钟(Mehlich 1984)。植物样品采用干灰化程序分解如下:将等分(~ 1g)干燥和粉状植物材料称重到硼硅酸盐玻璃试管中，在Apion干式矿化器(Tessek，捷克共和国)的氧化气体(O2+O3+NOx)混合物中在400°
{"title":"The risk element uptake by chamomile (Matricaria recutita (L.) Rauschert) growing in four different soils","authors":"J. Száková, M. Dziaková, A. Kozakova, P. Tlustoš","doi":"10.24425/122298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/122298","url":null,"abstract":"German chamomile (Matricaria recutita (L.) Rauschert) belongs to the plants with a high tolerance to toxic elements. The ability of chamomile to accumulate risk elements was tested in a pot experiment in which four soils contaminated by different levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), differing in their physicochemical parameters, were used. The element mobility in the soils was affected predominantly by the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils. Whereas As, Pb, and Zn were retained in roots, Cd showed good ability to translocate to the shoots, including anthodia, even in extremely Cd-contaminated soil without symptoms of phytotoxicity. The bioaccumulation factor for Cd calculated as the ratio of element content in the plant and the soil was the highest among the investigated elements. Between 5.5 and 35% of the total Cd was released to infusion, and its extractability decreased with increasing Cd content in anthodia. The essential oil composition suggested an alteration of the abundance of the individual compounds. However, no detectable contents of risk elements were found in the oil. Chamomile can be recommended as a suitable alternative crop for risk element-contaminated soils tested within this experiment, but only for production of essential oil. The risk element uptake by chamomile (Matricaria recutita (L.) Rauschert) growing in four different soils 13 that risk elements stimulate an increase in ROS (reactive oxygen species) formation, being affected especially by the given metal and exposure concentration (Petö et al. 2011). The plant-availability of elements in soil is affected by the physicochemical parameters of the soils, climatic conditions, plant genotype, and plant management (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias 2001, Tokalıoğlu et al. 2003). Thus, the element content in plants is not directly related to the total element content in the soil (Schwartz et al. 2001). Among the physicochemical and biological parameters affecting the plant-availability of risk elements, soil pH, redox potential, cation exchange capacity (CEC), content of carbonates, hydroxides and oxides of Fe and Mn, clay minerals, organic matter, plant species, vegetation cover and the activity of soil organisms and microorganisms should be mentioned (Alloway 1990, Ross 1994, Cheng and Mulla 1999, Adriano 2001, Kabata-Pendias and Pendias 2001). The effects of nutrient content on the growth and yield of German chamomile have already been reported (Mosleh et al. 2013). The connections between the nutrient supplement of the chamomile plants and the content of essential oil was published as well. Nasiri et al. (2010) proved the benefi cial effect of foliar application of Fe and Zn on both plant yield and essential oil content. In our experiment, the ability of German chamomile to accumulate potential risk elements was tested in a pot experiment in which four soils contaminated by different levels of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn and characterized by different ","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84279913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/AEP.2019.130243
D. Burchart-Korol, Paweł Zawartka
Results of life cycle inventory (LCI) and life cycle assessment (LCA) for septic tanks collecting domestic sewage were presented. The study included the whole life cycle: construction, use and end-of-life stages of septic tanks. The analyses were conducted basing on actual data concerning performance of 793 septic tanks in Żory. Environmental impact assessment of the life cycle of septic tanks was conducted with TRACi and ReCiPe methods. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, eutrophication, fossil fuel depletion and metal depletion indicators were calculated and determinants of LCA of septic tanks were analysed. The system boundary was from cradle to grave. It was concluded that at the construction stage, GHG emission and fossil fuel depletion indicators are determined by the amount of concrete, steel, polyester resin, polyethylene, cast iron and PCV. At the use stage, GHG emission is determined by the amount and type of electricity used to treat sewage in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Untreated wastewater, introduced into the environment (leaking tanks and users discharging sewage), is a determinant of infl uence on eutrophication. Life cycle inventory and environmental assessment of septic tanks with life cycle perspective are presented in the literature for the fi rst time. The results highlight the importance of including each stage in the environmental assessment of elements of the urban wastewater system. Archives vol 45 no 4 a4 srodki_kor 1.indd 68 2019-11-14 11:06:44 Environmental life cycle assessment of septic tanks in urban wastewater system – a case study for Poland 69 showed that hitherto works have concerned the issue of soil pollution, and resulting groundwater pollution, caused by leaks or wrong use of septic tanks (Meile et al. 2010, Richards et al. 2016, Schaider et al. 2016, Swartz et al. 2006, Wilcox et al. 2009, 2010). Existing sanitation practices in the majority of developing countries rely mainly on on-site waste treatment approaches (Wang et al. 2014), including fl ush and waterless latrines connected to pit or septic tanks as a basic treatment of the waste (Anastasopoulou et al. 2018). According to Somlai et al. (2019) septic systems used for on-site wastewater treatment are potential sources of groundwater and atmospheric pollution. The study (Somlai et al. 2019) demonstrated that there are distinct spatiotemporal patterns for both CO2 and CH4 fl uxes observed over a septic tank soakaway driven by both environmental factors and subsurface effl uent dispersal. Onsite wastewater treatment is a potential source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Considering the large number of onsite septic tank systems in use internationally, potentially constituting a signifi cant source of GHG emissions, there has been a surprising lack of direct fi eld measurements of these fl uxes to the atmosphere. Most of the existing septic system emission models rely on load-based calculations or estimated emission factors. The IPCC provides guide
介绍了化粪池收集生活污水的生命周期调查(LCI)和生命周期评估(LCA)结果。该研究包括整个生命周期:化粪池的建造，使用和寿命结束阶段。根据Żory 793个化粪池的实际性能数据进行分析。采用TRACi和ReCiPe方法对化粪池生命周期进行环境影响评价。计算了化粪池温室气体排放、富营养化、化石燃料消耗和金属消耗指标，分析了化粪池LCA的决定因素。系统的边界是从摇篮到坟墓。在施工阶段，温室气体排放和化石燃料消耗指标由混凝土、钢材、聚酯树脂、聚乙烯、铸铁和PCV的用量决定。在使用阶段，温室气体排放量取决于污水处理厂(WWTP)用于处理污水的电量和类型。进入环境的未经处理的废水(泄漏的水箱和用户排放的污水)是影响富营养化的一个决定因素。本文首次从生命周期的角度对化粪池进行了生命周期调查和环境评价。结果强调了将每个阶段纳入城市污水系统要素环境评价的重要性。档案第45卷第4期a4。城市污水系统中化粪池的环境生命周期评估——以波兰为例69表明，迄今为止的工作涉及到由于泄漏或错误使用化粪池而导致的土壤污染问题，以及由此导致的地下水污染(Meile等人，2010,Richards等人，2016,Schaider等人，2016,Swartz等人，2006,Wilcox等人，2009,2010)。大多数发展中国家现有的卫生做法主要依赖于现场废物处理方法(Wang等人，2014年)，包括与坑或化粪池相连的抽水和无水厕所作为废物的基本处理方法(Anastasopoulou等人，2018年)。Somlai等人(2019)认为，用于现场废水处理的化粪池系统是地下水和大气污染的潜在来源。该研究(Somlai et al. 2019)表明，在环境因素和地下流出物扩散的驱动下，化粪池渗水中观察到的CO2和CH4通量存在明显的时空模式。现场废水处理是温室气体(GHG)排放的潜在来源。考虑到国际上使用的大量现场化粪池系统可能构成温室气体排放的重要来源，令人惊讶的是，缺乏对这些流入大气的通量的直接现场测量。大多数现有的化粪池系统排放模型依赖于基于负荷的计算或估计的排放因子。IPCC提供了国家温室气体清单指南，采用基于有机负荷的方法来估计化粪池系统的排放量。这些指南只考虑化粪池厌氧降解产生的甲烷排放。化粪池系统的直接二氧化碳排放在温室气体清单中被省略，因为它们是生物源的。最近许多关于化粪池系统的研究主要集中在化学和生物污染物的衰减以及化粪池系统污染地下水(Keegan et al. 2014)，水井或地表水(Dubber and Gill 2017, Ockenden et al. 2014, Withers et al. 2012)的风险。然而，对化粪池系统气体排放进行量化的研究数量有限。Burchart-Korol和Zawartka(2019)从生命周期的角度提出了波兰单个污水处理厂环境评估的决定因素。BurchartKorol等人(2017a)给出了波兰条件下污水处理厂的环境生命周期评估。然而，仍然只有少数研究提出化粪池生命周期的环境分析结果，化粪池是波兰水和污水管理的重要因素，特别是在分散的现场住房地区(Burchart-Korol等人，2017b, Zawartka 2017)。本研究的目的是用生命周期的观点评估化粪池的建造、使用和报废阶段对环境的影响。本文首次提出了城市污水系统化粪池在整个生命周期内对环境的潜在影响。材料和方法分析的目标和范围本文的目的是考虑化粪池作为水和污水管理系统要素之一的波兰情况，对化粪池从施工阶段到使用阶段到报废阶段进行LCA。
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