Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/AEP.2020.132524
E. Słupek, E. Słupek, P. Makoś, P. Makoś, Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska, J. Gębicki, J. Gebicki
The paper presents new non-ionic deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of natural and non-toxic components i.e. guaiacol, camphor and levulinic acid in 1:1:3 molar ratio as a promising absorbent for removal of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including dichloromethane, toluene, hexamethyldisiloxane and propionaldehyde from model biogas. The affi nity of DES for VOCs was determined as vapour-liquid coeffi cients and the results were compared with several well-known DESs based on quaternary ammonium salt as well as n-hexadecane and water. For new DES, the absorption process was carried out under dynamic conditions. The results indicate that non-ionic DES has high affi nity and capacity for VOCs being comparable to n-hexadecane. In addition, absorbed VOCs could be easily desorbed from DES using activated carbon and absorbent could be re-use minimum five times without signifi cant loss of absorption capacity
{"title":"Deodorization of model biogas by meansof novel non-ionic deep eutectic solvent","authors":"E. Słupek, E. Słupek, P. Makoś, P. Makoś, Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska, J. Gębicki, J. Gebicki","doi":"10.24425/AEP.2020.132524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/AEP.2020.132524","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents new non-ionic deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of natural and non-toxic\u0000components i.e. guaiacol, camphor and levulinic acid in 1:1:3 molar ratio as a promising absorbent for removal\u0000of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including dichloromethane, toluene, hexamethyldisiloxane and\u0000propionaldehyde from model biogas.\u0000The affi nity of DES for VOCs was determined as vapour-liquid coeffi cients and the results were compared\u0000with several well-known DESs based on quaternary ammonium salt as well as n-hexadecane and water. For new\u0000DES, the absorption process was carried out under dynamic conditions.\u0000The results indicate that non-ionic DES has high affi nity and capacity for VOCs being comparable to\u0000n-hexadecane. In addition, absorbed VOCs could be easily desorbed from DES using activated carbon and\u0000absorbent could be re-use minimum five times without signifi cant loss of absorption capacity","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90401703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/aep.2022.140765
M. Jabłońska-Czapla, Katarzyna Grygoyć, M. Rachwał
compounds accumulate in plasma. The symptoms of poisoning caused by antimony are similar to those caused by arsenic. Headaches, weakness, breathing disorders, vomiting, and diarrhea are observed. Antimony and its salts are toxic mainly to the central nervous system and blood. They also cause conjunctivitis and skin inflammation, and damage the heart muscle and liver. Antimony compounds show mutagenic and carcinogenic effects (
{"title":"Antimony speciation in soils in areas subjected to industrial anthropopressure","authors":"M. Jabłońska-Czapla, Katarzyna Grygoyć, M. Rachwał","doi":"10.24425/aep.2022.140765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/aep.2022.140765","url":null,"abstract":"compounds accumulate in plasma. The symptoms of poisoning caused by antimony are similar to those caused by arsenic. Headaches, weakness, breathing disorders, vomiting, and diarrhea are observed. Antimony and its salts are toxic mainly to the central nervous system and blood. They also cause conjunctivitis and skin inflammation, and damage the heart muscle and liver. Antimony compounds show mutagenic and carcinogenic effects (","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90499036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/AEP.2019.130243
D. Burchart-Korol, Paweł Zawartka
Results of life cycle inventory (LCI) and life cycle assessment (LCA) for septic tanks collecting domestic sewage were presented. The study included the whole life cycle: construction, use and end-of-life stages of septic tanks. The analyses were conducted basing on actual data concerning performance of 793 septic tanks in Żory. Environmental impact assessment of the life cycle of septic tanks was conducted with TRACi and ReCiPe methods. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, eutrophication, fossil fuel depletion and metal depletion indicators were calculated and determinants of LCA of septic tanks were analysed. The system boundary was from cradle to grave. It was concluded that at the construction stage, GHG emission and fossil fuel depletion indicators are determined by the amount of concrete, steel, polyester resin, polyethylene, cast iron and PCV. At the use stage, GHG emission is determined by the amount and type of electricity used to treat sewage in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Untreated wastewater, introduced into the environment (leaking tanks and users discharging sewage), is a determinant of infl uence on eutrophication. Life cycle inventory and environmental assessment of septic tanks with life cycle perspective are presented in the literature for the fi rst time. The results highlight the importance of including each stage in the environmental assessment of elements of the urban wastewater system. Archives vol 45 no 4 a4 srodki_kor 1.indd 68 2019-11-14 11:06:44 Environmental life cycle assessment of septic tanks in urban wastewater system – a case study for Poland 69 showed that hitherto works have concerned the issue of soil pollution, and resulting groundwater pollution, caused by leaks or wrong use of septic tanks (Meile et al. 2010, Richards et al. 2016, Schaider et al. 2016, Swartz et al. 2006, Wilcox et al. 2009, 2010). Existing sanitation practices in the majority of developing countries rely mainly on on-site waste treatment approaches (Wang et al. 2014), including fl ush and waterless latrines connected to pit or septic tanks as a basic treatment of the waste (Anastasopoulou et al. 2018). According to Somlai et al. (2019) septic systems used for on-site wastewater treatment are potential sources of groundwater and atmospheric pollution. The study (Somlai et al. 2019) demonstrated that there are distinct spatiotemporal patterns for both CO2 and CH4 fl uxes observed over a septic tank soakaway driven by both environmental factors and subsurface effl uent dispersal. Onsite wastewater treatment is a potential source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Considering the large number of onsite septic tank systems in use internationally, potentially constituting a signifi cant source of GHG emissions, there has been a surprising lack of direct fi eld measurements of these fl uxes to the atmosphere. Most of the existing septic system emission models rely on load-based calculations or estimated emission factors. The IPCC provides guide
介绍了化粪池收集生活污水的生命周期调查(LCI)和生命周期评估(LCA)结果。该研究包括整个生命周期:化粪池的建造，使用和寿命结束阶段。根据Żory 793个化粪池的实际性能数据进行分析。采用TRACi和ReCiPe方法对化粪池生命周期进行环境影响评价。计算了化粪池温室气体排放、富营养化、化石燃料消耗和金属消耗指标，分析了化粪池LCA的决定因素。系统的边界是从摇篮到坟墓。在施工阶段，温室气体排放和化石燃料消耗指标由混凝土、钢材、聚酯树脂、聚乙烯、铸铁和PCV的用量决定。在使用阶段，温室气体排放量取决于污水处理厂(WWTP)用于处理污水的电量和类型。进入环境的未经处理的废水(泄漏的水箱和用户排放的污水)是影响富营养化的一个决定因素。本文首次从生命周期的角度对化粪池进行了生命周期调查和环境评价。结果强调了将每个阶段纳入城市污水系统要素环境评价的重要性。档案第45卷第4期a4。城市污水系统中化粪池的环境生命周期评估——以波兰为例69表明，迄今为止的工作涉及到由于泄漏或错误使用化粪池而导致的土壤污染问题，以及由此导致的地下水污染(Meile等人，2010,Richards等人，2016,Schaider等人，2016,Swartz等人，2006,Wilcox等人，2009,2010)。大多数发展中国家现有的卫生做法主要依赖于现场废物处理方法(Wang等人，2014年)，包括与坑或化粪池相连的抽水和无水厕所作为废物的基本处理方法(Anastasopoulou等人，2018年)。Somlai等人(2019)认为，用于现场废水处理的化粪池系统是地下水和大气污染的潜在来源。该研究(Somlai et al. 2019)表明，在环境因素和地下流出物扩散的驱动下，化粪池渗水中观察到的CO2和CH4通量存在明显的时空模式。现场废水处理是温室气体(GHG)排放的潜在来源。考虑到国际上使用的大量现场化粪池系统可能构成温室气体排放的重要来源，令人惊讶的是，缺乏对这些流入大气的通量的直接现场测量。大多数现有的化粪池系统排放模型依赖于基于负荷的计算或估计的排放因子。IPCC提供了国家温室气体清单指南，采用基于有机负荷的方法来估计化粪池系统的排放量。这些指南只考虑化粪池厌氧降解产生的甲烷排放。化粪池系统的直接二氧化碳排放在温室气体清单中被省略，因为它们是生物源的。最近许多关于化粪池系统的研究主要集中在化学和生物污染物的衰减以及化粪池系统污染地下水(Keegan et al. 2014)，水井或地表水(Dubber and Gill 2017, Ockenden et al. 2014, Withers et al. 2012)的风险。然而，对化粪池系统气体排放进行量化的研究数量有限。Burchart-Korol和Zawartka(2019)从生命周期的角度提出了波兰单个污水处理厂环境评估的决定因素。BurchartKorol等人(2017a)给出了波兰条件下污水处理厂的环境生命周期评估。然而，仍然只有少数研究提出化粪池生命周期的环境分析结果，化粪池是波兰水和污水管理的重要因素，特别是在分散的现场住房地区(Burchart-Korol等人，2017b, Zawartka 2017)。本研究的目的是用生命周期的观点评估化粪池的建造、使用和报废阶段对环境的影响。本文首次提出了城市污水系统化粪池在整个生命周期内对环境的潜在影响。材料和方法分析的目标和范围本文的目的是考虑化粪池作为水和污水管理系统要素之一的波兰情况，对化粪池从施工阶段到使用阶段到报废阶段进行LCA。
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Contamination of soil with heavy metals has become a worldwide environmental problem, and receives great attention. In this study, we aim to investigate soil pollution level affected by an industrial district nearby. The total amount of typical heavy metals in the soils (Hengyang Songmu Industrial Park, Hunan Province, China) was analyzed. In addition, the fraction analysis and laboratory simulation leaching via different pH rainwater was carried out to study the migration and transformation of heavy metals. The main results show that the contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in the samples were higher than the soil background values in Hunan Province. The heavy metals forms, analyzed by sequential extraction method, show that the proportion of the unstable form of Cd, Zn and Pb was more than 50%. Igeo values indicate that the heavy metal pollution degree of soil sample #5 at the investigated area is recorded in the order of Cd(6.42), Zn(2.28), Cu(1.82), Pb(1.63), and Cr(0.37). Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in this area could pose a potential leaching risk to the environment which may affect the food chain and constitute a threat to human health. It would be necessary to take steps to stabilize and monitor the heavy metals in soil. 92 W. Tan, Y. Li, L. Ding, Y. Wang, J. Li, Q. Deng, F. Guo, X. Xiao the Department of Defense sites, and 55% of the Department of Energy sites. In Europe, heavy metal contaminated soils encompass several million hectares, accounting for about 34.8% of the total contaminated soil (Panagos et al. 2013). Acid rain may enhance the release of heavy metal from soils due to the cation exchange in soil with major cations (e.g., H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) accompanied by acid deposition (Huang et al. 2005, Wen et al. 2013). With the extension of leaching time in acid rain, metals were leached, hence contaminating the groundwater and deteriorating the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Ding et al. 2011). Previous studies primarily focused on the assessment of soil environment pollution with heavy metals content by means of chemical analysis, or analysis of heavy metals’ behaviors from different carriers, including heavy metal adsorption by different types of materials. However, chemical monitoring alone does not always reveal the real threat connected with the presence of heavy metals in the soil environment, and the effects of acid rain on the mobility and potential risks of heavy metals based on naturally contaminated soil around IP still need further study (Baran et al. 2015). In this study, the overall novel objective lies in the following: i) batch column experiments conducted under simulated acid rain scenarios to evaluate desorption and potential risks of widely concerned heavy metals in naturally contaminated soil, and ii) using heavy metals digestion methods combined with geochemical indicators analysis, and fraction analysis methods combined with leaching experiments to reflect a more believable pollution situation of the heavy metals in
{"title":"Characteristics and metal leachability of natural contaminated soil under acid rain scenarios","authors":"Wen-fa Tan, Yuan Li, L. Ding, Yachin Wang, Jiangxia Li, Qin-wen Deng, Feng Guo, Xue Xiao","doi":"10.24425/AEP.2019.126698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/AEP.2019.126698","url":null,"abstract":"Contamination of soil with heavy metals has become a worldwide environmental problem, and receives great attention. In this study, we aim to investigate soil pollution level affected by an industrial district nearby. The total amount of typical heavy metals in the soils (Hengyang Songmu Industrial Park, Hunan Province, China) was analyzed. In addition, the fraction analysis and laboratory simulation leaching via different pH rainwater was carried out to study the migration and transformation of heavy metals. The main results show that the contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in the samples were higher than the soil background values in Hunan Province. The heavy metals forms, analyzed by sequential extraction method, show that the proportion of the unstable form of Cd, Zn and Pb was more than 50%. Igeo values indicate that the heavy metal pollution degree of soil sample #5 at the investigated area is recorded in the order of Cd(6.42), Zn(2.28), Cu(1.82), Pb(1.63), and Cr(0.37). Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in this area could pose a potential leaching risk to the environment which may affect the food chain and constitute a threat to human health. It would be necessary to take steps to stabilize and monitor the heavy metals in soil. 92 W. Tan, Y. Li, L. Ding, Y. Wang, J. Li, Q. Deng, F. Guo, X. Xiao the Department of Defense sites, and 55% of the Department of Energy sites. In Europe, heavy metal contaminated soils encompass several million hectares, accounting for about 34.8% of the total contaminated soil (Panagos et al. 2013). Acid rain may enhance the release of heavy metal from soils due to the cation exchange in soil with major cations (e.g., H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) accompanied by acid deposition (Huang et al. 2005, Wen et al. 2013). With the extension of leaching time in acid rain, metals were leached, hence contaminating the groundwater and deteriorating the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Ding et al. 2011). Previous studies primarily focused on the assessment of soil environment pollution with heavy metals content by means of chemical analysis, or analysis of heavy metals’ behaviors from different carriers, including heavy metal adsorption by different types of materials. However, chemical monitoring alone does not always reveal the real threat connected with the presence of heavy metals in the soil environment, and the effects of acid rain on the mobility and potential risks of heavy metals based on naturally contaminated soil around IP still need further study (Baran et al. 2015). In this study, the overall novel objective lies in the following: i) batch column experiments conducted under simulated acid rain scenarios to evaluate desorption and potential risks of widely concerned heavy metals in naturally contaminated soil, and ii) using heavy metals digestion methods combined with geochemical indicators analysis, and fraction analysis methods combined with leaching experiments to reflect a more believable pollution situation of the heavy metals in","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89024930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/aep.2022.142691
{"title":"Application of response surface methodology to improve methane production from jerusalem artichoke straw","authors":"","doi":"10.24425/aep.2022.142691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/aep.2022.142691","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77164713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/AEP.2019.126427
E. Sitarz-Palczak, J. Kalembkiewicz, D. Galas
Geopolymers are a new class of materials that can be synthesized using natural minerals, and waste materials. Among these substrates, the use of fl y ash is desirable as it involves the conversion of a copious waste material into a useful product. The aim of the research was geopolymers synthesis from coal fl y ash and biomass ash. Concentrated sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions were used as activators in geopolymerisation reaction. The results show that both coal fl y ash and biomass ash can be utilized as source materials for the production of geopolymers. The surface morphology and chemical composition analysis were examined for the obtained geopolymers and ashes from coal and biomass combustion by SEM-EDS methods. It was found almost total disappearance of spherical forms of grains and reduction the porosity of structure for geopolymer based on fl y ash from coal combustion. While the structure of the geopolymer based ash from biomass combustion is more porous. The UV-VIS-NIR spectra were performed on the coal fl y ash, biomass ash and geopolymers. They showed that the obtained geopolymers possess optical and photocatalytic properties. The similarity of the geopolymer network and the zeolite framework in relation to ion exchange and accommodation of metal ions open questions on possibilities for the application of geopolymer materials as amorphous analogues of zeolite. The FT-IR spectra analyses were used on the geopolymers before and after metals sorption. It was found that geopolymer based on ash from biomass combustion has better sorption properties compared to geopolymer based on ash from coal combustion. Comparative study on the characteristics of coal fl y ash and biomass ash geopolymers 127 geopolymers, respectively: bases, e.g. sodium or potassium hydroxide (Romisuhani 2015), sodium or potassium water glass or acids, however phosphoric acid is most often used for the activation of metakaolin. Acid-activated geopolymers constitute a relatively new group of materials with higher porosity, which suggests the possibility of using this group of geopolymers as adsorbents in the process of water purifi cation. In contrast, alkali-activated geopolymers have been studied in many scientifi c papers due to their higher mechanical properties comparable to Portland cement (Zivica et al. 2014). It should be emphasized that the specifi c properties of a geopolymer are mostly determined by the aluminosilicate matrix, e.g. the structure of disiloxosialate is resistant to fi re and corrosion, which results from the greater number of siloxane bonds compared to sialate (Khale and Chaudhary 2007). The aim of the presented research was to demonstrate the synthesis of a geopolymer on the basis of coal fl y ash and biomass ash and the indication of the possibility of their application. Concentrated NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions were used as activators in the geopolymerization reaction. Surface morphology research and the analysis of chemical composi
地聚合物是一类可以利用天然矿物和废料合成的新型材料。在这些基质中，粉煤灰的使用是可取的，因为它涉及到将丰富的废物转化为有用的产品。以煤粉煤灰和生物质灰为原料合成地聚合物。用浓氢氧化钠和硅酸钠溶液作为地聚合反应的活化剂。结果表明，煤粉煤灰和生物质粉煤灰均可作为生产地聚合物的原料。用SEM-EDS方法对煤和生物质燃烧所得的地聚合物和灰分进行了表面形貌和化学成分分析。结果表明，以燃煤粉煤灰为基料的地聚合物的球形颗粒几乎完全消失，结构孔隙率降低。而由生物质燃烧产生的地聚合物基灰分结构更多孔。对粉煤灰、生物质灰分和地聚合物进行了紫外-可见-近红外光谱分析。结果表明，所制备的地聚合物具有光学和光催化性能。在离子交换和金属离子的容纳方面，地聚合物网络和沸石框架的相似性对地聚合物材料作为沸石的无定形类似物的应用可能性提出了疑问。对金属吸附前后的地聚合物进行了FT-IR光谱分析。结果表明，生物质燃烧灰基地聚合物的吸附性能优于燃煤燃烧灰基地聚合物。127种地聚合物分别为碱，如氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾(Romisuhani 2015)，水玻璃钠或钾或酸，但磷酸最常用于偏高岭土的活化。酸活化地聚合物是一类孔隙率较高的新型材料，具有较好的吸附剂性能，在水净化过程中具有广泛的应用前景。相比之下，由于碱活化地聚合物具有比波特兰水泥更高的机械性能，因此许多科学论文都对其进行了研究(Zivica et al. 2014)。需要强调的是，地聚合物的特殊性质主要是由铝硅酸盐基质决定的，例如，二硅氧烷酸盐的结构是耐火和耐腐蚀的，这是由于与硅酸盐相比硅氧烷键的数量更多(Khale和Chaudhary 2007)。提出的研究的目的是证明在煤粉煤灰和生物质灰的基础上合成一种地聚合物，并指出其应用的可能性。用浓NaOH和Na2SiO3溶液作为活化剂进行地聚合反应。采用SEM-EDS方法对所得地聚合物进行了表面形貌研究和化学成分分析。作为研究的一部分，还比较了以煤粉煤灰和生物质粉煤灰为基础的地聚合物的吸附和催化性能。为此，对所选重金属(Cu, Mn, Pb和Zn)进行了吸附实验，并利用FT-IR方法对吸附实验前后所得地聚合物的分子结构进行了光谱研究。同时记录了紫外-可见-近红外光谱。此外，对所得地聚合物进行了比表面积测量(BET等温线和Langmuir等温线)，并对多孔固体进行了等温线分析(t-Plot法和BJH法)。
{"title":"Comparative study on the characteristics of coal fly ash and biomass ash geopolymers","authors":"E. Sitarz-Palczak, J. Kalembkiewicz, D. Galas","doi":"10.24425/AEP.2019.126427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/AEP.2019.126427","url":null,"abstract":"Geopolymers are a new class of materials that can be synthesized using natural minerals, and waste materials. Among these substrates, the use of fl y ash is desirable as it involves the conversion of a copious waste material into a useful product. The aim of the research was geopolymers synthesis from coal fl y ash and biomass ash. Concentrated sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions were used as activators in geopolymerisation reaction. The results show that both coal fl y ash and biomass ash can be utilized as source materials for the production of geopolymers. The surface morphology and chemical composition analysis were examined for the obtained geopolymers and ashes from coal and biomass combustion by SEM-EDS methods. It was found almost total disappearance of spherical forms of grains and reduction the porosity of structure for geopolymer based on fl y ash from coal combustion. While the structure of the geopolymer based ash from biomass combustion is more porous. The UV-VIS-NIR spectra were performed on the coal fl y ash, biomass ash and geopolymers. They showed that the obtained geopolymers possess optical and photocatalytic properties. The similarity of the geopolymer network and the zeolite framework in relation to ion exchange and accommodation of metal ions open questions on possibilities for the application of geopolymer materials as amorphous analogues of zeolite. The FT-IR spectra analyses were used on the geopolymers before and after metals sorption. It was found that geopolymer based on ash from biomass combustion has better sorption properties compared to geopolymer based on ash from coal combustion. Comparative study on the characteristics of coal fl y ash and biomass ash geopolymers 127 geopolymers, respectively: bases, e.g. sodium or potassium hydroxide (Romisuhani 2015), sodium or potassium water glass or acids, however phosphoric acid is most often used for the activation of metakaolin. Acid-activated geopolymers constitute a relatively new group of materials with higher porosity, which suggests the possibility of using this group of geopolymers as adsorbents in the process of water purifi cation. In contrast, alkali-activated geopolymers have been studied in many scientifi c papers due to their higher mechanical properties comparable to Portland cement (Zivica et al. 2014). It should be emphasized that the specifi c properties of a geopolymer are mostly determined by the aluminosilicate matrix, e.g. the structure of disiloxosialate is resistant to fi re and corrosion, which results from the greater number of siloxane bonds compared to sialate (Khale and Chaudhary 2007). The aim of the presented research was to demonstrate the synthesis of a geopolymer on the basis of coal fl y ash and biomass ash and the indication of the possibility of their application. Concentrated NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions were used as activators in the geopolymerization reaction. Surface morphology research and the analysis of chemical composi","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85040420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/aep.2022.140762
Mohammed Aouf, Salah Dounit
showing the efficiency of the treatment, an important parameter was not taken into account, namely the aging effect (the contamination was processed 2 minutes before washing). In fact, weathering results in greater binding strength of crude oil to the soil as well as higher contaminants’ average molecular weight, viscosity, and density. Therefore, weathered contaminants are more difficult to remediate than recently contaminated soil (Urum et al. 2005). Several other studies had used fluidization as washing technique for soil remediation. Including but not limited to, thermal treatment using Nitrogen gas fluidization (Lee et al. 1999) or for enhancing the aeration for the biodegradation of diesel-oil contamination (Arrar et al. 2007).
为了显示处理的效率，没有考虑一个重要的参数，即老化效应(污染在洗涤前2分钟处理)。事实上，风化作用会导致原油与土壤的结合强度增大，同时污染物的平均分子量、粘度和密度也会增大。因此，风化污染物比最近污染的土壤更难修复(Urum et al. 2005)。其他一些研究使用流态化作为土壤修复的洗涤技术。包括但不限于使用氮气流态化的热处理(Lee et al. 1999)或用于增强曝气以生物降解柴油污染(Arrar et al. 2007)。
{"title":"Remediation of aged hydrocarbon contaminated soil by washing in fluidized bed column","authors":"Mohammed Aouf, Salah Dounit","doi":"10.24425/aep.2022.140762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/aep.2022.140762","url":null,"abstract":"showing the efficiency of the treatment, an important parameter was not taken into account, namely the aging effect (the contamination was processed 2 minutes before washing). In fact, weathering results in greater binding strength of crude oil to the soil as well as higher contaminants’ average molecular weight, viscosity, and density. Therefore, weathered contaminants are more difficult to remediate than recently contaminated soil (Urum et al. 2005). Several other studies had used fluidization as washing technique for soil remediation. Including but not limited to, thermal treatment using Nitrogen gas fluidization (Lee et al. 1999) or for enhancing the aeration for the biodegradation of diesel-oil contamination (Arrar et al. 2007).","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81397510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/aep.2022.142695
J. Godłowska, Kamil Kaszowski, W. Kaszowski
: The aim of the study is to present the FAPPS (Forecasting of Air Pollution Propagation System) based on the CALPUFF puff dispersion model, used for short-term air quality forecasting in Krakow and Lesser Poland. The article presents two methods of operational air quality forecasting in Krakow. The quality of forecasts was assessed on the basis of PM 10 concentrations measured at eight air quality monitoring stations in 2019 in Krakow. Apart from the standard quantitative forecast, a qualitative forecast was presented, specifying the percentage shares of the city area with PM 10 concentrations in six concentration classes. For both methods, it was shown how the adjustment of the emissions in the FAPPS system to changes in emissions related to the systemic elimination of coal furnaces in Krakow influenced the quality of forecasts. For standard forecasts, after the emission change on June 7, 2019, the average RMSE value decreased from 23.9 μg/m 3 to 14.9 μg/m 3 , the average FB value changed from -0.200 to -0.063, and the share of correct forecasts increased from 0.74 to 0.91. For qualitative forecasts, for the entire year 2019 and separately for the periods from January to March and October to December, Hit Rate values of 5.43, 2.18 and 3.48 were obtained, the False Alarm Ratios were 0.28, 0.24 and 0,26, and the Probability of Detection values were 0.66, 0.75, and 0.74. The presented results show that the FAPPS system is a useful tool for modelling air pollution in urbanized and industrialized areas with complex terrain.
{"title":"Application of the FAPPS system based on the CALPUFF model in short-term air pollution forecasting in Krakow and Lesser Poland","authors":"J. Godłowska, Kamil Kaszowski, W. Kaszowski","doi":"10.24425/aep.2022.142695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/aep.2022.142695","url":null,"abstract":": The aim of the study is to present the FAPPS (Forecasting of Air Pollution Propagation System) based on the CALPUFF puff dispersion model, used for short-term air quality forecasting in Krakow and Lesser Poland. The article presents two methods of operational air quality forecasting in Krakow. The quality of forecasts was assessed on the basis of PM 10 concentrations measured at eight air quality monitoring stations in 2019 in Krakow. Apart from the standard quantitative forecast, a qualitative forecast was presented, specifying the percentage shares of the city area with PM 10 concentrations in six concentration classes. For both methods, it was shown how the adjustment of the emissions in the FAPPS system to changes in emissions related to the systemic elimination of coal furnaces in Krakow influenced the quality of forecasts. For standard forecasts, after the emission change on June 7, 2019, the average RMSE value decreased from 23.9 μg/m 3 to 14.9 μg/m 3 , the average FB value changed from -0.200 to -0.063, and the share of correct forecasts increased from 0.74 to 0.91. For qualitative forecasts, for the entire year 2019 and separately for the periods from January to March and October to December, Hit Rate values of 5.43, 2.18 and 3.48 were obtained, the False Alarm Ratios were 0.28, 0.24 and 0,26, and the Probability of Detection values were 0.66, 0.75, and 0.74. The presented results show that the FAPPS system is a useful tool for modelling air pollution in urbanized and industrialized areas with complex terrain.","PeriodicalId":48950,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Protection","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81466079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.24425/aep.2019.126421
I. Zawieja
The essence of the methane fermentation course is the phase nature of changes taking place during the process. The biodegradation degree of sewage sludge is determined by the effectiveness of the hydrolysis phase. Excess sludge, in the form of a fl occulent suspension of microorganisms, subjected to the methane fermentation process show limited susceptibility to the biodegradation. Excess sludge is characterized by a signifi cant content of volatile suspended solids equal about 65 ÷ 75%. Promising technological solution in terms of increasing the effi ciency of fermentation process is the application of thermal modifi cation of sludge with the use of dry ice. As a result of excess sludge disintegration by dry ice, denaturation of microbial cells with a mechanical support occurs. The crystallization process takes place and microorganisms of excess sludge undergo the so-called “thermal shock”. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of dry ice disintegration on the course of the methane fermentation process of the modifi ed excess sludge. In the case of dry ice modifi cation reagent in a granular form with a grain diameter of 0.6 mm was used. Dry ice was mixed with excess sludge in a volume ratio of 0.15/1, 0.25/1, 0.35/1, 0.45/1, 0.55/1, 0.65/1, 0.75/1, respectively. The methane fermentation process lasting for 8 and 28 days, respectively, was carried out in mesophilic conditions at 37°C. In the fi rst series untreated sludge was used, and for the second and third series the following treatment parameters were applied: the dose of dry ice in a volume ratio to excess sludge equal 0.55/1, pretreatment time 12 hours. The increase of the excess sludge disintegration degree, as well as the increase of the digestion degree and biogas yield, was a confi rmation of the supporting operation of the applied modifi cation. The mixture of reactant and excess sludge in a volume ratio of 0.55/1 was considered the most favorable combination. In relation to not prepared sludge for the selected most favorable conditions of excess sludge modifi cation, about 2.7 and 3-fold increase of TOC and SCOD values and a 2.8-fold increase in VFAs concentration were obtained respectively. In relation to the effects of the methane fermentation of non-prepared sludge, for modifi ed sludge, about 33 percentage increase of the sludge digestion degree and about 31percentage increase of the biogas yield was noticed. The course of the methane fermentation process of dry ice modifi ed excess sludge 51 It should be emphasized that the pre-treatment increases the amount of biogas produced, which can be used in the cogeneration process for the production of heat and power generation, which amortizes part of the costs incurred to carry out the process of disintegration of sludge (Vinay Kumar Tyagi, Shang-Lien Lo 2011). Commonly used parameter to evaluate the effectiveness of disintegration is soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) (Neumann et al. 2016). As reported by Bougrier et a
甲烷发酵过程的本质是发酵过程中所发生变化的相性质。污泥的生物降解程度取决于水解阶段的有效性。多余的污泥，以微生物的絮凝悬浮液的形式，受到甲烷发酵过程显示出有限的生物降解敏感性。剩余污泥的特点是挥发性悬浮固体含量显著，约为65% / 75%。在提高发酵过程效率方面，有前途的技术解决方案是利用干冰对污泥进行热改性。由于多余的污泥被干冰分解，在机械支持下发生微生物细胞的变性。结晶过程发生，剩余污泥中的微生物经历所谓的“热冲击”。研究了干冰崩解对改性剩余污泥甲烷发酵过程的影响。在干冰改性剂的情况下，在颗粒形式与粒径0.6毫米的使用。干冰与剩余污泥的体积比分别为0.15/1、0.25/1、0.35/1、0.45/1、0.55/1、0.65/1、0.75/1。在37℃的中温条件下进行甲烷发酵，发酵时间分别为8天和28天。第一个系列采用未经处理的污泥，第二个和第三个系列采用以下处理参数:干冰用量与剩余污泥体积比为0.55/1，预处理时间为12小时。剩余污泥分解程度的提高，消化程度和沼气产量的提高，证实了应用改性的配套操作。反应物与剩余污泥以0.55/1的体积比混合，被认为是最有利的组合。相对于未制备的污泥，选择最有利的剩余污泥改性条件，TOC和SCOD值分别增加约2.7倍和3倍，VFAs浓度分别增加2.8倍。对于未制备污泥的甲烷发酵效果，改性污泥的污泥消化度提高了约33%，沼气产量提高了约31%。需要强调的是，预处理增加了沼气的产生量，这些沼气可用于热电联产过程，用于生产热能和发电，从而摊销了进行污泥分解过程所产生的部分成本(Vinay Kumar Tyagi, shanglien Lo 2011)。评价崩解效果的常用参数是可溶性化学需氧量(SCOD) (Neumann et al. 2016)。据Bougrier等人(Bougrier et al. 2006)报道，COD增溶与生物降解之间存在一定的关系。此外，SCOD值的增加与VFAs浓度之间存在一定的关系。然而，根据Nazari等人和Sapkaite等人(Nazari et al. 2016, Sapkaite et al. 2017)的报道，由于溶解有机物电荷的过度增加，较高的SCOD值并没有导致更高的沼气产量。冷冻/解冻技术被认为是一种有助于细胞外聚合物释放和污泥细胞破坏的方法(Gao 2011)。冷冻/解冻(F/T)处理可以促进质量从固相转移到水相(Kai Hu et al. 2011)。据胡凯等人(Kai Hu et al. 2011)报道，冷冻/解冻(F/T)处理是一种有效的剩余污泥预处理方法，可以提高其生物降解性。根据Parker和Collins (Parker and Collins 1997)的说法，固化是冷冻污泥在低于冰点温度下的储存过程。在冻结过程中，术语“固化阶段”被称为大块污泥冻结和冰基质中微小的未冻结状态被周围的冰锋不断脱水的过程。因此，F/T处理可以增强污泥的有机质增溶作用。固化过程有助于限制SCOD的增长和铵态氮的释放。聚集物的结晶是破坏细胞膜和将细胞内物质释放到污泥液中的原因(Parker and Collins 1997)。在冷冻/解冻法的情况下，细胞内和细胞外冰晶的形成负责裂解过程。微生物破坏细胞壁和细胞内物质释放的持续过程具有机械基础，是所谓热冲击的结果(Gao 2011, El-Kest et al. 1992)。
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