It has been highlighted that forest productivity is related both to species richness and to soil fertility; however, thus far it has not been investigated which of these agents is more important for the productivity. The goal of this study was to examine this problem with regard to Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in Central Europe. The study was conducted in 129 plots located in SW Poland. The productivity of even-aged pine stands was estimated based on site index. Plant species richness was investigated regarding the total richness as well as the richness referring to particular forest strata (overstorey, understorey, herb layer). Soil fertility was studied regarding the nutrients’ stocks, the contents of fine-textural classes, pH, the TOC content and the values of Soil Trophic Index. The importance of the variables for the site index was examined using Spearman correlations and the stepwise regression. Productivity of the studied stands was predominantly correlated stronger to species richness than to soil properties being related to its fertility. The higher importance for the productivity of soil variables than of species richness was exclusively found for the poorest plots being represented by Podzols. This study highlights the high importance of species richness occurring in particular forest strata for the forest stand productivity, which could involve consequences for forest economy as well as for CO2 sequestration. Thus, the research delivers strong argument for the conversion of pine mono-stands occurring in Central Europe for mixed forests.
{"title":"Plant species richness or soil fertility: which affects more the productivity of Scots pine in Central Europe?","authors":"P. Sewerniak","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2020.2003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2020.2003","url":null,"abstract":"It has been highlighted that forest productivity is related both to species richness and to soil fertility; however, thus far it has not been investigated which of these agents is more important for the productivity. The goal of this study was to examine this problem with regard to Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in Central Europe. The study was conducted in 129 plots located in SW Poland. The productivity of even-aged pine stands was estimated based on site index. Plant species richness was investigated regarding the total richness as well as the richness referring to particular forest strata (overstorey, understorey, herb layer). Soil fertility was studied regarding the nutrients’ stocks, the contents of fine-textural classes, pH, the TOC content and the values of Soil Trophic Index. The importance of the variables for the site index was examined using Spearman correlations and the stepwise regression. Productivity of the studied stands was predominantly correlated stronger to species richness than to soil properties being related to its fertility. The higher importance for the productivity of soil variables than of species richness was exclusively found for the poorest plots being represented by Podzols. This study highlights the high importance of species richness occurring in particular forest strata for the forest stand productivity, which could involve consequences for forest economy as well as for CO2 sequestration. Thus, the research delivers strong argument for the conversion of pine mono-stands occurring in Central Europe for mixed forests.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67151910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francis Pereira-Dias, N. Steiner, Gabriela C. Cangahaula-Inocente, A. P. Lando, Marisa Santos, M. P. Guerra
t Cell suspension culture is a useful in vitro model-system for both scaling up and conserving the Brazilian conifer Araucaria angustifolia. In the present work, cell suspension of Araucaria was subjected to proteomics, biochemical and histochemical analyses. The results revealed new insights underlying the molecular mechanism of proembryogenic masses transition in cell suspension. Embryogenic cell cultures were cultivated in a basal liquid medium modified in a Steward apparatus (orbital agitator). Cell growth dynamics was evaluated using cell volume after sedimentation, fresh weight, mitotic index, conductivity, pH, and the number of proembryogenic masses (PEMs: I, II, III). Histochemical parameters, cell viability, and cell death analyses were performed to pinpoint growth rates. Proteomics analysis was performed using two-dimensional electrophoresis, and protein identification was carried out by MALDI-TOF-TOF tandem mass spectrometry. Cell growth dynamics showed a predominance of PEM III. Maximum slope of the exponential phase growth in fresh weight occurred at exponential phase after 15 days (optimal cultivation time), after which cell viability and pH decreased, thereby allowing the identification of stressrelated proteins. Several metabolism and growth proteins were abundant, such as: cytoskeletal, WOX1, cytokinin-related, and auxin-related proteins acting on cell wall modification, suspensor cell formation, and PEM I to PEM III transition.
{"title":"Integrated proteomics and histochemical analysis of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (Araucariaceae) in embryogenic suspension culture","authors":"Francis Pereira-Dias, N. Steiner, Gabriela C. Cangahaula-Inocente, A. P. Lando, Marisa Santos, M. P. Guerra","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2020.1918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2020.1918","url":null,"abstract":"t Cell suspension culture is a useful in vitro model-system for both scaling up and conserving the Brazilian conifer Araucaria angustifolia. In the present work, cell suspension of Araucaria was subjected to proteomics, biochemical and histochemical analyses. The results revealed new insights underlying the molecular mechanism of proembryogenic masses transition in cell suspension. Embryogenic cell cultures were cultivated in a basal liquid medium modified in a Steward apparatus (orbital agitator). Cell growth dynamics was evaluated using cell volume after sedimentation, fresh weight, mitotic index, conductivity, pH, and the number of proembryogenic masses (PEMs: I, II, III). Histochemical parameters, cell viability, and cell death analyses were performed to pinpoint growth rates. Proteomics analysis was performed using two-dimensional electrophoresis, and protein identification was carried out by MALDI-TOF-TOF tandem mass spectrometry. Cell growth dynamics showed a predominance of PEM III. Maximum slope of the exponential phase growth in fresh weight occurred at exponential phase after 15 days (optimal cultivation time), after which cell viability and pH decreased, thereby allowing the identification of stressrelated proteins. Several metabolism and growth proteins were abundant, such as: cytoskeletal, WOX1, cytokinin-related, and auxin-related proteins acting on cell wall modification, suspensor cell formation, and PEM I to PEM III transition.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46584951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Pusz, A. Baturo-Cieśniewska, Agata Kaczmarek-Pieńczewska, T. Zwijacz-Kozica, Katarzyna Patejuk
The European silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) has the largest distribution area of all the European species of fir. It is the only species of this type found in the Carpathian Mts., including their highest range - the Tatras, where it constitutes one of the main components of lower montane forests. In certain sections of the Carpathian Mountains fir stands are affected by the competitive pressure of beech. This may be due to climate change, as well as biotic factors such as plant diseases. One such disease is Herpotrichia needle browning. The goal of the present research was to assess the occurrence of Herpotrichia needle browning in the Tatra National Park and determine the species composition of fungi colonizing symptomatic needles and shoots. Symptoms of the disease were observed across the entire research period, i.e., from May to mid-September 2019. They included the wilting of the needles with subsequent mycelial growth on the remains, as well as shoot deformation. The mycological analysis of the needles and shoots of A. alba resulted in the isolation of 22 fungal taxa. In the case of the needles and shoots, which showed symptoms of infection, the most frequent species of fungus was Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll., followed by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. and Rhizosphaera macrospora Gourb. & M. Morelet. Herpotrichia needle browning seems to be triggered by a complex disease resulting from synergistic interaction of several fungal pathogens
欧洲银杉(Abies alba Mill.)是所有欧洲冷杉品种中分布面积最大的。这是在喀尔巴阡山脉发现的唯一一种这种类型的物种，包括它们的最高范围-塔特拉山脉，在那里它构成了低山地森林的主要组成部分之一。在喀尔巴阡山脉的某些地区，冷杉林受到山毛榉竞争压力的影响。这可能是由于气候变化以及植物病害等生物因素造成的。一种这样的疾病是针状褐变疱疹。本研究的目的是评估塔特拉国家公园棘毛癣菌(Herpotrichia needle browning)的发生情况，并确定寄生在有症状的针叶和芽上的真菌的种类组成。在整个研究期间，即2019年5月至9月中旬，都观察到了这种疾病的症状。它们包括针的枯萎，随后菌丝在残留物上生长，以及茎的变形。通过对白杨针叶和芽叶的真菌学分析，分离出22个真菌类群。在表现出感染症状的针和芽的情况下，最常见的真菌种类是多孢子雪多利亚(Sydowia polyspora，简称雪多利亚)。&旅游(E. m .;其次是互花alternnaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl。和大孢子根孢。莫雷特先生。疣毛菌针状褐变似乎是由几种真菌病原体协同作用引起的复杂疾病引起的
{"title":"The mycobiota of needles and shoots of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) with symptoms of Herpotrichia needle browning in the Tatra Mts. (Poland)","authors":"W. Pusz, A. Baturo-Cieśniewska, Agata Kaczmarek-Pieńczewska, T. Zwijacz-Kozica, Katarzyna Patejuk","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2020.1978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2020.1978","url":null,"abstract":"The European silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) has the largest distribution area of all the European species of fir. It is the only species of this type found in the Carpathian Mts., including their highest range - the Tatras, where it constitutes one of the main components of lower montane forests. In certain sections of the Carpathian Mountains fir stands are affected by the competitive pressure of beech. This may be due to climate change, as well as biotic factors such as plant diseases. One such disease is Herpotrichia needle browning. The goal of the present research was to assess the occurrence of Herpotrichia needle browning in the Tatra National Park and determine the species composition of fungi colonizing symptomatic needles and shoots. Symptoms of the disease were observed across the entire research period, i.e., from May to mid-September 2019. They included the wilting of the needles with subsequent mycelial growth on the remains, as well as shoot deformation. The mycological analysis of the needles and shoots of A. alba resulted in the isolation of 22 fungal taxa. In the case of the needles and shoots, which showed symptoms of infection, the most frequent species of fungus was Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll., followed by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. and Rhizosphaera macrospora Gourb. & M. Morelet. Herpotrichia needle browning seems to be triggered by a complex disease resulting from synergistic interaction of several fungal pathogens","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45968092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Błońska, J. Lasota, Gilka Rocha Vasconcelos da Silva, E. Vanguelova, F. Ashwood, M. Tibbett, K. Watts, M. Lukac
Increasing carbon (C) storage in soil is a key aspect of climate change mitigation strategies and requires an understanding of the impacts of land management on soil C cycling. The primary aim of this study is to investigate how land management impacts key soil organic matter stabilization and cycling processes affecting soil C storage. Soil sampling was undertaken across seven transects crossing the boundary between agriculture and forestry. The transects covered 3 pasture (AP) and 4 arable (AA) fields combined with 3 young secondary woodlands (50-60 years old - WY) and 4 mature/ancient semi-natural woodlands (110 to >400 years old – WM). Physical fractionation of soil organic matter pools was performed, together with pH, carbon and nitrogen content, as well as activity of four enzymes associated with C transformation in the soil. Woodland soils were associated with significantly higher content of light fraction C and greater enzyme activity in comparison to agricultural soils. Enzyme activity and soil organic C decreased with soil depth regardless of land-use type. We did not, however, observe any effect of the distance from the land use boundary on either enzyme activity and soil C pools. Our results indicate that analysis of soil organic matter (SOM) fractions can act as an indicator of decomposition rates of SOM in forest and agricultural ecosystems.
{"title":"Soil organic matter stabilization and carbon-cycling enzyme activity are affected by land management","authors":"E. Błońska, J. Lasota, Gilka Rocha Vasconcelos da Silva, E. Vanguelova, F. Ashwood, M. Tibbett, K. Watts, M. Lukac","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2019.1837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2019.1837","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing carbon (C) storage in soil is a key aspect of climate change mitigation strategies and requires an understanding of the impacts of land management on soil C cycling. The primary aim of this study is to investigate how land management impacts key soil organic matter stabilization and cycling processes affecting soil C storage. Soil sampling was undertaken across seven transects crossing the boundary between agriculture and forestry. The transects covered 3 pasture (AP) and 4 arable (AA) fields combined with 3 young secondary woodlands (50-60 years old - WY) and 4 mature/ancient semi-natural woodlands (110 to >400 years old – WM). Physical fractionation of soil organic matter pools was performed, together with pH, carbon and nitrogen content, as well as activity of four enzymes associated with C transformation in the soil. Woodland soils were associated with significantly higher content of light fraction C and greater enzyme activity in comparison to agricultural soils. Enzyme activity and soil organic C decreased with soil depth regardless of land-use type. We did not, however, observe any effect of the distance from the land use boundary on either enzyme activity and soil C pools. Our results indicate that analysis of soil organic matter (SOM) fractions can act as an indicator of decomposition rates of SOM in forest and agricultural ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"63 1","pages":"71-86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43345024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Colombian Caribbean, 44 permanent sampling plots (PSPs) on teak (Tectona grandis) plantations in 20 stands ranging in age from 3 to 20 years have been measured annually for 17 years. We have developed a compatible growth and yield model using the state-space approach and Kopf’s growth equation fitted by nonlinear mixed-effects-models (NLMEMs). For each site index class, the transition function of the basal area depends on the initial basal area (G1) and the initial age (t1), projected to a future basal area (G2) and its age (t2). In the transition function, the previous thinnings were added to not underestimate the total yield. We use NLMEMs to prevent autocorrelation by modeling annual measurements in the PSPs. The transition function is inserted in allometric stand models of three key variables: volume over bark, the volume under bark, and above-ground biomass. Tree allometric models for volume over bark, the volume under bark, and biomass were parameterized, self-validated, independently validated, and recalibrated. Stand allometric models for the same three key variables, as a function of the stand basal area, were parameterized by using NLMEMs to evaluate proportional variance to the mean and variance as a potential function of the mean. In both tree and stand allometric models, the assumptions of the regression have been fulfilled. The resulting growth and yield model allows for the estimation of current growth and predicts future yields in volumes and above-ground biomass arising from thinnings treatments. The proposed model is a useful tool for teak efficient plantations management. The proposed growth models for teak in this paper may have a potential utility in newly teak planted areas, where such tools are scarce or non-existent.
{"title":"Teak growth, yield- and thinnings’ simulation in volume and biomass in Colombia","authors":"D. A. Torres, J. Valle, G. Restrepo","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2019.1722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2019.1722","url":null,"abstract":"In the Colombian Caribbean, 44 permanent sampling plots (PSPs) on teak (Tectona grandis) plantations in 20 stands ranging in age from 3 to 20 years have been measured annually for 17 years. We have developed a compatible growth and yield model using the state-space approach and Kopf’s growth equation fitted by nonlinear mixed-effects-models (NLMEMs). For each site index class, the transition function of the basal area depends on the initial basal area (G1) and the initial age (t1), projected to a future basal area (G2) and its age (t2). In the transition function, the previous thinnings were added to not underestimate the total yield. We use NLMEMs to prevent autocorrelation by modeling annual measurements in the PSPs. The transition function is inserted in allometric stand models of three key variables: volume over bark, the volume under bark, and above-ground biomass. Tree allometric models for volume over bark, the volume under bark, and biomass were parameterized, self-validated, independently validated, and recalibrated. Stand allometric models for the same three key variables, as a function of the stand basal area, were parameterized by using NLMEMs to evaluate proportional variance to the mean and variance as a potential function of the mean. In both tree and stand allometric models, the assumptions of the regression have been fulfilled. The resulting growth and yield model allows for the estimation of current growth and predicts future yields in volumes and above-ground biomass arising from thinnings treatments. The proposed model is a useful tool for teak efficient plantations management. The proposed growth models for teak in this paper may have a potential utility in newly teak planted areas, where such tools are scarce or non-existent.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"63 1","pages":"53-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43486789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. G. C. Mendes, G. A. Santos, M. Resende, S. V. Martins, G. A. Souza, A. Nunes, T. G. V. Martins
Grafting and growth retardants are commonly used in breeding programs to stimulate flower production. However, little is known about their effects on Brazilian tree species. The aim of this study was to investigate the vegetative and reproductive development of grafted tree seedlings treated with paclobutrazol (PBZ) and grown under greenhouse or outdoor conditions. Potted seedlings of Jacaranda mimosifolia , Handroanthus heptaphyllus , Swietenia macrophylla , Schinus terebinthifolius , Cariniana legalis , and Hymenaea courbaril were evaluated. Shoot number, length, and circumference as well as flower and fruit numbers were determined at 50 and 90 days after PBZ application. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by Tukey’s test (P ≤ 0.05). Growing conditions influenced the vegetative parameters of seedlings, especially after 90 days. J. mimosifolia and S. terebinthifolius responded positively to flowering induction, and their fruit and flower numbers differed between growing environments. Potted grafts of the six native tree species were successfully grown. Grafting and PBZ application induced early flowering in J. mimosifolia and S. terebinthifolius .
{"title":"Flowering acceleration in native Brazilian tree species for genetic conservation and breeding","authors":"G. G. C. Mendes, G. A. Santos, M. Resende, S. V. Martins, G. A. Souza, A. Nunes, T. G. V. Martins","doi":"10.15287/afr.2019.1751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2019.1751","url":null,"abstract":"Grafting and growth retardants are commonly used in breeding programs to stimulate flower production. However, little is known about their effects on Brazilian tree species. The aim of this study was to investigate the vegetative and reproductive development of grafted tree seedlings treated with paclobutrazol (PBZ) and grown under greenhouse or outdoor conditions. Potted seedlings of Jacaranda mimosifolia , Handroanthus heptaphyllus , Swietenia macrophylla , Schinus terebinthifolius , Cariniana legalis , and Hymenaea courbaril were evaluated. Shoot number, length, and circumference as well as flower and fruit numbers were determined at 50 and 90 days after PBZ application. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by Tukey’s test (P ≤ 0.05). Growing conditions influenced the vegetative parameters of seedlings, especially after 90 days. J. mimosifolia and S. terebinthifolius responded positively to flowering induction, and their fruit and flower numbers differed between growing environments. Potted grafts of the six native tree species were successfully grown. Grafting and PBZ application induced early flowering in J. mimosifolia and S. terebinthifolius .","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"63 1","pages":"39-52"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45081918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several methods are used to estimate the spatial pattern of seed dispersal. However, each method has specific shortcomings that limit the accuracy and reliability of the resulting dispersal models. In this study we compared seed shadows of the anemochoric species Abies alba Mill. obtained from (1) phenomenological models derived from seed trapping data and inverse modelling, (2) ballistic models based on wind speed at canopy height and an exponential wind profile and (3) empirical models parameterised from seed-tracking data. In addition, we checked whether the empirical model coupled with multiannual wind characteristics provides a dispersal pattern concordant with the gene shadow obtained from parentage assignment between seedlings and overstorey trees. The seed trap and seed-tracking experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2015 with contrasting wind conditions in five study plots located in the Krynica Forest Experimental Station in southern Poland. Genetic data originated from 16 mature stands with dominant A. alba . The study revealed that the distances reached by single seeds strongly vary at the same wind speed at canopy height. The ballistic model overestimated the flight distances of A. alba seeds. Similarly, the empirical model calibrated on data that disregarded seeds trapped in the crowns of neighbouring conifer trees predicted longer flight distances than those derived from the seed trap experiments. The gene shadow obtained from the parentage analysis suggests dispersal patterns concordant with those anticipated by the empirical model based on the seed-tracking experiments, with a possible shift towards an increased proportion of seeds landing close to the source. It was concluded that in dense canopies collisions with canopy elements during seed flight and secondary dispersion of seeds trapped in the canopy zone may considerably shorten the travel distances of A. alba seeds .
研究了种子传播的空间格局。然而，每种方法都有特定的缺点，限制了所得到的扩散模型的准确性和可靠性。在本研究中，我们比较了冷杉(Abies alba Mill)的种子影。基于种子捕获数据和反演模型的现象学模型，基于冠层高度风速和指数风廓线的弹道模型，以及基于种子跟踪数据参数化的经验模型。此外，我们还验证了与多年风特征耦合的经验模型是否提供了与幼苗和上层树木之间亲本分配获得的基因阴影一致的传播模式。2013年和2015年，在波兰南部Krynica森林实验站的5个研究地块上进行了不同风力条件下的种子诱捕器和种子跟踪实验。遗传资料来自16个成熟林分，白杨占优势。研究表明，在相同的风速和冠层高度下，单个种子到达的距离变化很大。弹道模型高估了白桦种子的飞行距离。同样，根据不考虑被困在邻近针叶树冠上的种子的数据校准的经验模型预测的飞行距离比从种子陷阱实验中得出的结果更长。亲本分析得到的基因阴影表明，种子的传播模式与基于种子跟踪实验的经验模型所预测的传播模式一致，并可能朝着更接近源头的种子降落比例增加的方向转变。结果表明，在密集的冠层中，种子在飞行过程中与冠层元素的碰撞以及被捕获在冠层区的种子的二次扩散可大大缩短白杨种子的传播距离。
{"title":"Seed dispersal of anemochoric Abies alba Mill.: lessons learned from seed tracking, seed trap experiments and genetic parentage assignment of seedlings","authors":"J. Paluch, M. Zarek","doi":"10.15287/afr.2019.1705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2019.1705","url":null,"abstract":"Several methods are used to estimate the spatial pattern of seed dispersal. However, each method has specific shortcomings that limit the accuracy and reliability of the resulting dispersal models. In this study we compared seed shadows of the anemochoric species Abies alba Mill. obtained from (1) phenomenological models derived from seed trapping data and inverse modelling, (2) ballistic models based on wind speed at canopy height and an exponential wind profile and (3) empirical models parameterised from seed-tracking data. In addition, we checked whether the empirical model coupled with multiannual wind characteristics provides a dispersal pattern concordant with the gene shadow obtained from parentage assignment between seedlings and overstorey trees. The seed trap and seed-tracking experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2015 with contrasting wind conditions in five study plots located in the Krynica Forest Experimental Station in southern Poland. Genetic data originated from 16 mature stands with dominant A. alba . The study revealed that the distances reached by single seeds strongly vary at the same wind speed at canopy height. The ballistic model overestimated the flight distances of A. alba seeds. Similarly, the empirical model calibrated on data that disregarded seeds trapped in the crowns of neighbouring conifer trees predicted longer flight distances than those derived from the seed trap experiments. The gene shadow obtained from the parentage analysis suggests dispersal patterns concordant with those anticipated by the empirical model based on the seed-tracking experiments, with a possible shift towards an increased proportion of seeds landing close to the source. It was concluded that in dense canopies collisions with canopy elements during seed flight and secondary dispersion of seeds trapped in the canopy zone may considerably shorten the travel distances of A. alba seeds .","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"63 1","pages":"19-38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49012959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Nagel, L. O. Machado, R. Lemos, Cristiane B. D. Matielo, T. Poletto, I. Poletto, V. M. Stefenon
The economically most important nut tree species in the world belong to family Juglandaceae, tribe Jungladeae. Evolutive investigations concerning species from this tribe are important for understanding the molecular basis driving the evolution and systematics of these species. In this study, we release the complete plastid genome of C. illinoinensis cv. Imperial. Using an IonTorrent NGS platform we generated 8.5 ´ 10 8 bp of raw sequences, enabling the assemblage of the complete plastid genome of this species. The plastid genome is 160,818 bp long, having a quadripartite structure with an LSC of 90,041 bp, an SSC of 18,791 bp and two IRs of 25,993 bp. A total of 78 protein-coding, 37 tRNA-coding, and 8 rRNA-coding regions were predicted. Bias in synonymous codon usage was detected in cultivar Imperial and three tRNA-coding regions were identified as hotspots of nucleotide divergence, with high estimations of dN/dS ratio. The high fraction of SSR loci prospected in non-coding regions may provide informative genetic markers, useful to a wide range of genetic researches. Despite the significant structural differences among plastid genomes, the phylogenetic relationships among species is supported by the whole plastid genome analysis, supporting the monophyly of subtribes Caryinae and Juglandinae within family Juglandaceae.
{"title":"Structural, evolutionary and phylogenomic features of the plastid genome of Carya illinoinensis cv. Imperial","authors":"J. Nagel, L. O. Machado, R. Lemos, Cristiane B. D. Matielo, T. Poletto, I. Poletto, V. M. Stefenon","doi":"10.15287/afr.2019.1413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2019.1413","url":null,"abstract":"The economically most important nut tree species in the world belong to family Juglandaceae, tribe Jungladeae. Evolutive investigations concerning species from this tribe are important for understanding the molecular basis driving the evolution and systematics of these species. In this study, we release the complete plastid genome of C. illinoinensis cv. Imperial. Using an IonTorrent NGS platform we generated 8.5 ´ 10 8 bp of raw sequences, enabling the assemblage of the complete plastid genome of this species. The plastid genome is 160,818 bp long, having a quadripartite structure with an LSC of 90,041 bp, an SSC of 18,791 bp and two IRs of 25,993 bp. A total of 78 protein-coding, 37 tRNA-coding, and 8 rRNA-coding regions were predicted. Bias in synonymous codon usage was detected in cultivar Imperial and three tRNA-coding regions were identified as hotspots of nucleotide divergence, with high estimations of dN/dS ratio. The high fraction of SSR loci prospected in non-coding regions may provide informative genetic markers, useful to a wide range of genetic researches. Despite the significant structural differences among plastid genomes, the phylogenetic relationships among species is supported by the whole plastid genome analysis, supporting the monophyly of subtribes Caryinae and Juglandinae within family Juglandaceae.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"63 1","pages":"3-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44229076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corylus colurna is considered as important tree species under climate change for dry and warm conditions in Central Europe and was overused because of its valuable wood. Therefore Turkish hazel is now present only in small isolated populations and is protected under IUCN. Genetic conservation of this tree species plays a key role in future sustainable forest development. Turkish hazel co-occurs with Common hazel (C. avellana) in its whole distribution area and may form hybrids. To differentiate between the pure species and their hybrids, cross-species amplifying markers are required. In this study we have evaluated existing simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers using altogether 128 samples of C. avellana and C. colurna. Fifteen nuclear SSRs have generated easy to-score alleles in the two species and 13 of them were highly polymorphic. For all 15 markers the mean allele number, average observed heterozygosity, genetic diversity and polymorphism information index were high. The two most polymorphic SSRs were L1.10 and CaT-B501 with 19 and 16 alleles, respectively. Structure analysis proved the differentiation of the two species C. avellana and C. colurna. No hybridization was detected in the analysed populations. Results also indicated that C. colurna from Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor belong to separate groups. Our study presents highly polymorphic, easy to score, ready to use SSR-multiplexes, which can be applied in population genetics and gene conservation studies.
{"title":"Molecular differentiation of Turkish and Common hazels (Corylus colurna L. and Corylus avellana L.) using multiplexed nuclear microsatellite markers","authors":"B. Fussi, D. Kavaliauskas, M. Šeho","doi":"10.15287/afr.2019.1709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2019.1709","url":null,"abstract":"Corylus colurna is considered as important tree species under climate change for dry and warm conditions in Central Europe and was overused because of its valuable wood. Therefore Turkish hazel is now present only in small isolated populations and is protected under IUCN. Genetic conservation of this tree species plays a key role in future sustainable forest development. Turkish hazel co-occurs with Common hazel (C. avellana) in its whole distribution area and may form hybrids. To differentiate between the pure species and their hybrids, cross-species amplifying markers are required. In this study we have evaluated existing simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers using altogether 128 samples of C. avellana and C. colurna. Fifteen nuclear SSRs have generated easy to-score alleles in the two species and 13 of them were highly polymorphic. For all 15 markers the mean allele number, average observed heterozygosity, genetic diversity and polymorphism information index were high. The two most polymorphic SSRs were L1.10 and CaT-B501 with 19 and 16 alleles, respectively. Structure analysis proved the differentiation of the two species C. avellana and C. colurna. No hybridization was detected in the analysed populations. Results also indicated that C. colurna from Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor belong to separate groups. Our study presents highly polymorphic, easy to score, ready to use SSR-multiplexes, which can be applied in population genetics and gene conservation studies.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"62 1","pages":"173-182"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41452238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. E. S. Seoane, V. Diaz, P. Kageyama, M. Moreno, E. Tambarussi, A. Aguiar, A. Sebbenn
Ilex paraguariensis is a dioecious, Neotropical tree endemic to South America with wide cultural, economic and ecological signi cance. However, due to extensive fragmentation and deforestation throughout its natural area of occurrence, studies on gene ow and genetic diversity are needed to drive genetic conservation and improvement strategies. Based on the sampling of all adult and juvenile trees in two I. paraguariensis populations, we investigate the reali ed pollen and seed ow and dispersal distance, spatial genetic structure (SGS) and genetic diversity using microsatellite markers. We found limited genetic di erentiation between populations (G’ st = 0.033), but signi cant di erences in terms of genetic diversity (R: 4.7 vs 3.9, H 0 : 0.495 vs 0.371, H e : 0.445 vs 0.375), pollen (10 vs. 23.3%) and seed immigration (0 vs. 3.3%), mating among relatives (t r : 16 vs 30%) and biparental inbreeding (F r : 0.253 vs. 0.345). Within populations, the genetic diversity was similar between adults and juveniles, but adults presented signi cantly lower xation index than juveniles, suggesting selection against inbred individuals between juvenile and adult life stages. We also found similar mean pollen (255 vs. 293 m) and seed (385 vs. 323 m) dispersal distances within populations. Our results show that the studied populations are not genetically isolated and some mating occurs among related trees due to SGS; however, the frequency of biparental inbred individuals decrease over the life course due to inbreeding depression. These results contribute directly to species management and seed collection and inform in situ and ex situ conservation programs.
巴拉圭冬青是南美洲特有的一种雌雄异株新热带乔木，具有广泛的文化、经济和生态意义。然而，由于其自然发生区域的广泛破碎化和森林砍伐，需要对基因低和遗传多样性进行研究，以推动遗传保护和改进策略。利用微卫星标记技术，对2个巴拉圭刺槐居群中所有成树和幼树的花粉和种子的分布、传播距离、空间遗传结构(SGS)和遗传多样性进行了研究。我们发现种群间遗传分化有限(G′st = 0.033)，但在遗传多样性(R: 4.7 vs 3.9, H: 0.495 vs 0.371, H: 0.445 vs 0.375)、花粉(10 vs 23.3%)和种子迁移(0 vs 3.3%)、亲缘交配(R: 16 vs 30%)和双亲本近交(F R: 0.253 vs 0.345)方面差异显著。在种群内，成虫和幼虫的遗传多样性相似，但成虫的遗传多样性指数明显低于幼虫，表明成虫和幼虫之间存在对近交个体的选择。我们还发现花粉在种群内的平均传播距离(255比293米)和种子在种群内的平均传播距离(385比323米)相似。结果表明:所研究的群体并不是遗传孤立的，一些亲缘树之间发生了交配;然而，双亲近交个体的频率在一生中由于近交抑制而减少。这些结果直接有助于物种管理和种子收集，并为原位和非原位保护计划提供信息。
{"title":"The Neotropical tree Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae): pollen and seed dispersal in a fragmented landscape","authors":"C. E. S. Seoane, V. Diaz, P. Kageyama, M. Moreno, E. Tambarussi, A. Aguiar, A. Sebbenn","doi":"10.15287/afr.2019.1427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2019.1427","url":null,"abstract":"Ilex paraguariensis is a dioecious, Neotropical tree endemic to South America with wide cultural, economic and ecological signi cance. However, due to extensive fragmentation and deforestation throughout its natural area of occurrence, studies on gene ow and genetic diversity are needed to drive genetic conservation and improvement strategies. Based on the sampling of all adult and juvenile trees in two I. paraguariensis populations, we investigate the reali ed pollen and seed ow and dispersal distance, spatial genetic structure (SGS) and genetic diversity using microsatellite markers. We found limited genetic di erentiation between populations (G’ st = 0.033), but signi cant di erences in terms of genetic diversity (R: 4.7 vs 3.9, H 0 : 0.495 vs 0.371, H e : 0.445 vs 0.375), pollen (10 vs. 23.3%) and seed immigration (0 vs. 3.3%), mating among relatives (t r : 16 vs 30%) and biparental inbreeding (F r : 0.253 vs. 0.345). Within populations, the genetic diversity was similar between adults and juveniles, but adults presented signi cantly lower xation index than juveniles, suggesting selection against inbred individuals between juvenile and adult life stages. We also found similar mean pollen (255 vs. 293 m) and seed (385 vs. 323 m) dispersal distances within populations. Our results show that the studied populations are not genetically isolated and some mating occurs among related trees due to SGS; however, the frequency of biparental inbred individuals decrease over the life course due to inbreeding depression. These results contribute directly to species management and seed collection and inform in situ and ex situ conservation programs.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"62 1","pages":"157-171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46428730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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