The current trend of grading scientists depending on the amount and quality of scientific papers led to a pressure in publishing, which now tends to be reduced by opting for high-quality publications. Experimental research, the largest part of scientific research, is by far best presented in research articles – abbreviated IMRaD – a form of presentation developed in the last 100 years and now almost standardized. Even though writing seems simple to ever scientist, its rules can be learned by practice. It is of utmost importance that a well conducted science is presented in a properly written manuscript, as there are cases when one was delayed in publication due to a bad scientific writing. As with any other type of research papers, IMRaD also requires good knowledge when its main parts are concerned, in structuring its different sections, in using the most suitable language, in conducting the final improvements before submitting to a journal, or in interacting with other scientists during the peer-review process. Authors can follow the basic rules suggested in this paper and have to pay attention to the ethics of scientific writing throughout the development of their manuscript. The final reward, the publication, will be the accompanied by the reader satisfaction, the number of citations and, if it is the case, the mentoring of a young colleague in writing research.
{"title":"Scientific writing and publishing with IMRaD","authors":"M. Teodosiu","doi":"10.15287/afr.2019.1759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2019.1759","url":null,"abstract":"The current trend of grading scientists depending on the amount and quality of scientific papers led to a pressure in publishing, which now tends to be reduced by opting for high-quality publications. Experimental research, the largest part of scientific research, is by far best presented in research articles – abbreviated IMRaD – a form of presentation developed in the last 100 years and now almost standardized. Even though writing seems simple to ever scientist, its rules can be learned by practice. It is of utmost importance that a well conducted science is presented in a properly written manuscript, as there are cases when one was delayed in publication due to a bad scientific writing. As with any other type of research papers, IMRaD also requires good knowledge when its main parts are concerned, in structuring its different sections, in using the most suitable language, in conducting the final improvements before submitting to a journal, or in interacting with other scientists during the peer-review process. Authors can follow the basic rules suggested in this paper and have to pay attention to the ethics of scientific writing throughout the development of their manuscript. The final reward, the publication, will be the accompanied by the reader satisfaction, the number of citations and, if it is the case, the mentoring of a young colleague in writing research.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"62 1","pages":"201-214"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47641272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Hrivnák, M. Slezak, K. Ujházy, Františk Máliš, D. Blanár, Mariana Ujházyová, J. Kliment
The aim of the study was to perform phytosociological revision of the scree and ravine forest vegetation in Slovakia in order to identify i) basic vegetation units of vegetation according to their floristic composition, and ii) to find out the main environmental gradients affecting their compositional variability. Releves originally assigned to broadly comprehended alliance Tilio platyphylli-Acerion (974 releves) were used for the analyses. In order to select final dataset (527 releves), formal criteria, such as tree layer cover >50%, releve area of 200–500 m 2 and presence at least two from six traditionally accepted diagnostic species of the alliance in Central Europe ( Acer platanoides , Lunaria rediviva , Phyllitis scolopendrium , Polystichum aculeatum , Tilia platyphyllos and Ulmus glabra ) were applied to the primal dataset. Altitude, aspect, slope, climatic characteristics (mean annual precipitation and air temperature), geological bedrock and Ellenberg indicator values (EIVs) were specified for each phytosociological releve. We used modified TWINSPAN algorithm for classification, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) for explanation of species composition-environmental relationships, and both ANOVA corrected using modified permutation test and Mann-Whitney U-test to test environmental differences at each step of division by numerical classification. Two alliances, Melico-Tilion platyphylli and Tilio platyphylli-Acerion were distinguished with three ( Aceri platanoidis-Tilietum platyphylli , Scolopendrio-Fraxinetum and Seslerio heufleranae-Quercetum petraeae ) and two ( Mercuriali perennis-Fraxinetum excelsioris and Lunario redivivae-Aceretum pseudoplatani ) associations, respectively. Besides the floristic composition, other important factors for differentiation of the associations were altitude and related climatic characteristics. The main environmental characteristics affecting the overall compositional variability of studied forests were EIVs for light, moisture, soil reaction and temperature. The complex syntaxonomical revision identified five floristically and ecologically clearly differentiated associations, what reduced the number to almost half of previously distinguished communities from the territory of Slovakia. Moreover, presented concept is at alliance level in accordance with recent European classification approach.
{"title":"Phytosociological approach to scree and ravine forest vegetation in Slovakia","authors":"R. Hrivnák, M. Slezak, K. Ujházy, Františk Máliš, D. Blanár, Mariana Ujházyová, J. Kliment","doi":"10.15287/afr.2019.1355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2019.1355","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to perform phytosociological revision of the scree and ravine forest vegetation in Slovakia in order to identify i) basic vegetation units of vegetation according to their floristic composition, and ii) to find out the main environmental gradients affecting their compositional variability. Releves originally assigned to broadly comprehended alliance Tilio platyphylli-Acerion (974 releves) were used for the analyses. In order to select final dataset (527 releves), formal criteria, such as tree layer cover >50%, releve area of 200–500 m 2 and presence at least two from six traditionally accepted diagnostic species of the alliance in Central Europe ( Acer platanoides , Lunaria rediviva , Phyllitis scolopendrium , Polystichum aculeatum , Tilia platyphyllos and Ulmus glabra ) were applied to the primal dataset. Altitude, aspect, slope, climatic characteristics (mean annual precipitation and air temperature), geological bedrock and Ellenberg indicator values (EIVs) were specified for each phytosociological releve. We used modified TWINSPAN algorithm for classification, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) for explanation of species composition-environmental relationships, and both ANOVA corrected using modified permutation test and Mann-Whitney U-test to test environmental differences at each step of division by numerical classification. Two alliances, Melico-Tilion platyphylli and Tilio platyphylli-Acerion were distinguished with three ( Aceri platanoidis-Tilietum platyphylli , Scolopendrio-Fraxinetum and Seslerio heufleranae-Quercetum petraeae ) and two ( Mercuriali perennis-Fraxinetum excelsioris and Lunario redivivae-Aceretum pseudoplatani ) associations, respectively. Besides the floristic composition, other important factors for differentiation of the associations were altitude and related climatic characteristics. The main environmental characteristics affecting the overall compositional variability of studied forests were EIVs for light, moisture, soil reaction and temperature. The complex syntaxonomical revision identified five floristically and ecologically clearly differentiated associations, what reduced the number to almost half of previously distinguished communities from the territory of Slovakia. Moreover, presented concept is at alliance level in accordance with recent European classification approach.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"62 1","pages":"183-200"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43792383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many non-wood forest product (NWFP) plants are shade-obligate species, but current understanding about their foliar response to understory spectrum is quite scarce. To monitor understory light condition at large scale faces significant obstacles from heavy canopy shade and high cost of sensors arrangement. Therefore, we employed a novel methodology to meter the relative light ratio between plots under canopy and in the open-air. In this study, a number of 34 plots of natural Aralia elata populations were investigated for forest structure across six types of forests at Northeast China. Light properties of relative intensity, photosynthetic photon flux rate (PPFD), spectra in red, green, and blue wavelengths, and relative ratio of red/green, red/blue, and green/blue were measured at the height of 1.3m. Leaves of A. elata were collected to determined concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), starch, and soluble sugars. We found that relative blue light ratio was different among forest-types, but it had little further effect on leaf traits in A. elata . Instead, higher ratios of relative green light and green/blue depressed leaf P concentration. Increases in PPFD and light intensity promoted leaf N and P concentrations, respectively. The red/green ratio had adverse relationships with leaf P and starch concentrations in A. elata . In conclusion, due to the variation understory light condition, sites with low canopy density would benefit leaf N concentration and those with larger canopies can promote leaf starch accumulation in A. elata .
{"title":"Foliar nutrient and carbohydrate in Aralia elata can be modified by understory light quality in forests with different structures at Northeast China","authors":"Hongxu Wei, Xin Chen, Guoshuang Chen, Hengtian Zhao","doi":"10.15287/afr.2019.1395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2019.1395","url":null,"abstract":"Many non-wood forest product (NWFP) plants are shade-obligate species, but current understanding about their foliar response to understory spectrum is quite scarce. To monitor understory light condition at large scale faces significant obstacles from heavy canopy shade and high cost of sensors arrangement. Therefore, we employed a novel methodology to meter the relative light ratio between plots under canopy and in the open-air. In this study, a number of 34 plots of natural Aralia elata populations were investigated for forest structure across six types of forests at Northeast China. Light properties of relative intensity, photosynthetic photon flux rate (PPFD), spectra in red, green, and blue wavelengths, and relative ratio of red/green, red/blue, and green/blue were measured at the height of 1.3m. Leaves of A. elata were collected to determined concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), starch, and soluble sugars. We found that relative blue light ratio was different among forest-types, but it had little further effect on leaf traits in A. elata . Instead, higher ratios of relative green light and green/blue depressed leaf P concentration. Increases in PPFD and light intensity promoted leaf N and P concentrations, respectively. The red/green ratio had adverse relationships with leaf P and starch concentrations in A. elata . In conclusion, due to the variation understory light condition, sites with low canopy density would benefit leaf N concentration and those with larger canopies can promote leaf starch accumulation in A. elata .","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"62 1","pages":"125-137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42709287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Romanian Carpathians, Silver fir covers about 5% of the forest area and is the second most important conifer species. Although there are a number of genetic studies concerning the distribution of genetic diversity of Abies alba in Europe, populations from the south-eastern limit of the distribution range have been studied less. The aim of the present study was to assess the genetic diversity and differentiation in 36 silver fir populations along the Carpathian Mountains in Romania, using seven microsatellites loci. High levels of genetic diversity (He = 0.779 to 0.834 and AR = 11.61 to 14.93) were found in all populations. Eastern Carpathians populations show higher levels of diversity, both in allelic richness and expected heterozygosity and higher degrees of genetic differentiation compared to southern populations. Bayesian clustering analysis revealed the existence of two genetically distinct groups for silver fir populations, one larger cluster which comprises the Inner Eastern Carpathians, Curvature Carpathians, South Carpathians and the Banat Mountains and the second cluster contained most of the North and Outer Eastern Carpathians population. Both AMOVA and Barrier analysis supported genetic differentiation among geographical provenance regions. The high genetic diversity of silver fir populations from the eastern limit of its distribution provide high potential to mitigate the negative effects of climate warming being valuable genetic resources in the context of global change. The distribution pattern of genetic variation at local, regional and country scale could and should be considered for the preservation of the forest genetic resources.
在罗马尼亚喀尔巴阡山脉，银杉覆盖了约5%的森林面积，是第二重要的针叶树物种。尽管对欧洲冷杉遗传多样性的分布进行了大量的遗传研究，但对其分布范围东南边界的种群研究较少。本研究利用7个微卫星位点，对罗马尼亚喀尔巴阡山脉36个银杉种群的遗传多样性和分化进行了评价。所有群体的遗传多样性均较高(He = 0.779 ~ 0.834, AR = 11.61 ~ 14.93)。与南部种群相比，东部喀尔巴阡山脉种群在等位基因丰富度和预期杂合度方面表现出更高的多样性水平，遗传分化程度也更高。贝叶斯聚类分析表明，银杉种群存在两个遗传上明显不同的类群，一个较大的类群包括内喀尔巴阡山脉、曲喀尔巴阡山脉、南喀尔巴阡山脉和巴纳特山脉，第二个类群包含大部分北喀尔巴阡山脉和外喀尔巴阡山脉种群。AMOVA和Barrier分析均支持种源区域间的遗传分化。东缘银杉种群遗传多样性高，为缓解气候变暖带来的不利影响提供了巨大潜力，是全球变化背景下宝贵的遗传资源。森林遗传资源在地方、区域和国家尺度上的遗传变异分布格局可以而且应该作为森林遗传资源保护的考虑因素。
{"title":"Genetic diversity and structure of Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) at the south-eastern limit of its distribution range","authors":"M. Teodosiu, G. Mihai, B. Fussi, E. Ciocîrlan","doi":"10.15287/afr.2019.1436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2019.1436","url":null,"abstract":"In the Romanian Carpathians, Silver fir covers about 5% of the forest area and is the second most important conifer species. Although there are a number of genetic studies concerning the distribution of genetic diversity of Abies alba in Europe, populations from the south-eastern limit of the distribution range have been studied less. The aim of the present study was to assess the genetic diversity and differentiation in 36 silver fir populations along the Carpathian Mountains in Romania, using seven microsatellites loci. High levels of genetic diversity (He = 0.779 to 0.834 and AR = 11.61 to 14.93) were found in all populations. Eastern Carpathians populations show higher levels of diversity, both in allelic richness and expected heterozygosity and higher degrees of genetic differentiation compared to southern populations. Bayesian clustering analysis revealed the existence of two genetically distinct groups for silver fir populations, one larger cluster which comprises the Inner Eastern Carpathians, Curvature Carpathians, South Carpathians and the Banat Mountains and the second cluster contained most of the North and Outer Eastern Carpathians population. Both AMOVA and Barrier analysis supported genetic differentiation among geographical provenance regions. The high genetic diversity of silver fir populations from the eastern limit of its distribution provide high potential to mitigate the negative effects of climate warming being valuable genetic resources in the context of global change. The distribution pattern of genetic variation at local, regional and country scale could and should be considered for the preservation of the forest genetic resources.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"62 1","pages":"139-156"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43455481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. B. Debastiani, C. Sanquetta, A. Corte, N. Pinto, F. Rex
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potential of C-band SAR data from the Sentinel-1/2 instruments and machine learning algorithms for the estimation of forest above ground forest biomass (AGB) in a high-biomass tropical ecosystem. This study was carried out in Jamari National Forest, located in the Brazilian Amazon. The response variable was AGB (Mg/ha) estimated from airborne laser surveys. The following treatments were considered as model predictors: 1) Sentinel-1 Sigma 0 at VV and VH polarizations; 2) (1) plus Sentinel-1 textural metrics; 3) (2) plus Sentinel-2 bands and derived vegetation indices (LAI, RVI, SAVI, NDVI).Our modeling design estimated the relative importance of SAR vs. optical variables in explaining AGB. The modeling was performed with twelve machine-learning algorithms including, neural network and regression tree. The addition of texture and optical data provided a noticeable improvement (3%) over models with SAR backscatter only. The best model performance was achieved with the Random Tree algorithm. Our results demonstrate the potential of freely-available SAR data and machine learning for mapping AGB in tropical ecosystems.
{"title":"Evaluating SAR-optical sensor fusion for aboveground biomass estimation in a Brazilian tropical forest","authors":"A. B. Debastiani, C. Sanquetta, A. Corte, N. Pinto, F. Rex","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2018.1267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2018.1267","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potential of C-band SAR data from the Sentinel-1/2 instruments and machine learning algorithms for the estimation of forest above ground forest biomass (AGB) in a high-biomass tropical ecosystem. This study was carried out in Jamari National Forest, located in the Brazilian Amazon. The response variable was AGB (Mg/ha) estimated from airborne laser surveys. The following treatments were considered as model predictors: 1) Sentinel-1 Sigma 0 at VV and VH polarizations; 2) (1) plus Sentinel-1 textural metrics; 3) (2) plus Sentinel-2 bands and derived vegetation indices (LAI, RVI, SAVI, NDVI).Our modeling design estimated the relative importance of SAR vs. optical variables in explaining AGB. The modeling was performed with twelve machine-learning algorithms including, neural network and regression tree. The addition of texture and optical data provided a noticeable improvement (3%) over models with SAR backscatter only. The best model performance was achieved with the Random Tree algorithm. Our results demonstrate the potential of freely-available SAR data and machine learning for mapping AGB in tropical ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46979883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bonifasius Maturbongs, M. Wing, Bogdan M. Strimbu, Jonathan D. Burnett
Frequent and accurate estimation of forest structure parameters, such as number of trees per hectare or total height, are mandatory for sustainable forest management. Unmanned aircraft system (UAS) equipped with inexpensive sensors can be used to monitor and measure forest structure. The detailed information provided by the UAS allows tree level forest inventory. However, tree identification depends on a variety of parameters defining the image processing and tree segmentation algorithms. The objective of our study was to identify parameter combinations that accurately delineated trees and their heights. We evaluated the impact of different tree segmentation and point cloud generation algorithms on forest inventory from imagery collected with a UAS over a mature Douglas-fir plantation forest. We processed the images with two commonly used commercial software packages, Agisoft PhotoScan and Pix4Dmapper, both implementing image processing algorithms called Structure from Motion. For each software we generated photogrammetric point clouds by varying the parameters defining the implementation. We segmented individual trees and heights using three tree algorithms: Variable Window Filter, Graph-Theoretical, and Watershed Segmentation. We assessed the impact of image processing algorithms on forest inventory by comparing the estimated trees with trees manually identified from the point clouds. We found that the type of tree segmentation and image processing algorithms have a significant effect in accurately identifying trees. For tree height estimation, we found strong evidence that image processing algorithms had significant effects, whereas tree segmentation algorithms did not significantly affect tree height estimation.These findings may be of interest to others that are using high-resolution spatial imagery to estimate forest inventory parameters.
{"title":"Forest inventory sensivity to UAS-based image processing algorithms","authors":"Bonifasius Maturbongs, M. Wing, Bogdan M. Strimbu, Jonathan D. Burnett","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2018.1282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2018.1282","url":null,"abstract":"Frequent and accurate estimation of forest structure parameters, such as number of trees per hectare or total height, are mandatory for sustainable forest management. Unmanned aircraft system (UAS) equipped with inexpensive sensors can be used to monitor and measure forest structure. The detailed information provided by the UAS allows tree level forest inventory. However, tree identification depends on a variety of parameters defining the image processing and tree segmentation algorithms. The objective of our study was to identify parameter combinations that accurately delineated trees and their heights. We evaluated the impact of different tree segmentation and point cloud generation algorithms on forest inventory from imagery collected with a UAS over a mature Douglas-fir plantation forest. We processed the images with two commonly used commercial software packages, Agisoft PhotoScan and Pix4Dmapper, both implementing image processing algorithms called Structure from Motion. For each software we generated photogrammetric point clouds by varying the parameters defining the implementation. We segmented individual trees and heights using three tree algorithms: Variable Window Filter, Graph-Theoretical, and Watershed Segmentation. We assessed the impact of image processing algorithms on forest inventory by comparing the estimated trees with trees manually identified from the point clouds. We found that the type of tree segmentation and image processing algorithms have a significant effect in accurately identifying trees. For tree height estimation, we found strong evidence that image processing algorithms had significant effects, whereas tree segmentation algorithms did not significantly affect tree height estimation.These findings may be of interest to others that are using high-resolution spatial imagery to estimate forest inventory parameters.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41405883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the largest component of the terrestrial biosphere carbon pool. Afforestation is an effective solution to mitigate Carbon (C) emission and sequester C into soils. However, how and to which extent afforestation influences SOC stock changes are not well understood. This study conducts a quantitative review that synthesizes 544 data points from 261 sites from 90 papers, to examine the impact of afforestation on SOC changes in three soil layers (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm). 212 data points are obtained by standardization and/or extrapolationwith high reliability. The results indicate that stand age has significant effects on the SOC stock dynamics under different conditions of previous land use types, plant functional types, temperature or precipitation. The effect is greatest at the topsoil layer of 0-20 cm. Previous land use types significantly influence SOC accumulations, but these effects are not significant in the first 10 years or after 30 years of afforestation. Besides, afforestation on grassland seems to sequester more SOC than that of cropland in the long term. Plant functional types also significantly affect SOC dynamics, with deciduous hardwood reporting a continuous increase of SOC contents at soil depth of 0-60 cm during the whole afforestation period. On the other hand, the accumulation of SOC in evergreen hardwood and evergreen softwood start from the third decades. Higher SOC accumulation rates are observed under evergreen hardwood but no significant differences were found between deciduous hardwood and evergreen softwood for the longer period after afforestation (>20 years). Mean annual temperature and precipitation negatively affect SOC accumulation in the first two decades of afforestation, however, the effects become positive in the later years.We also found that initial SOC stocks did not play a major role in SOC sequestration. In other words, lower SOC soils could also sequestrate a significant amount of SOC after reforestation.
{"title":"Soil organic carbon storage varies with stand ages and soil depths following afforestation","authors":"Guolong Hou, C. O. Delang, Xixi Lu, Lei Gao","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2018.1294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2018.1294","url":null,"abstract":"Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the largest component of the terrestrial biosphere carbon pool. Afforestation is an effective solution to mitigate Carbon (C) emission and sequester C into soils. However, how and to which extent afforestation influences SOC stock changes are not well understood. This study conducts a quantitative review that synthesizes 544 data points from 261 sites from 90 papers, to examine the impact of afforestation on SOC changes in three soil layers (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm). 212 data points are obtained by standardization and/or extrapolationwith high reliability. The results indicate that stand age has significant effects on the SOC stock dynamics under different conditions of previous land use types, plant functional types, temperature or precipitation. The effect is greatest at the topsoil layer of 0-20 cm. Previous land use types significantly influence SOC accumulations, but these effects are not significant in the first 10 years or after 30 years of afforestation. Besides, afforestation on grassland seems to sequester more SOC than that of cropland in the long term. Plant functional types also significantly affect SOC dynamics, with deciduous hardwood reporting a continuous increase of SOC contents at soil depth of 0-60 cm during the whole afforestation period. On the other hand, the accumulation of SOC in evergreen hardwood and evergreen softwood start from the third decades. Higher SOC accumulation rates are observed under evergreen hardwood but no significant differences were found between deciduous hardwood and evergreen softwood for the longer period after afforestation (>20 years). Mean annual temperature and precipitation negatively affect SOC accumulation in the first two decades of afforestation, however, the effects become positive in the later years.We also found that initial SOC stocks did not play a major role in SOC sequestration. In other words, lower SOC soils could also sequestrate a significant amount of SOC after reforestation.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46518199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Pieratti, A. Paletto, I. Meo, C. Fagarazzi, Matteo Giovanni Rillo Migliorini
In the last years, the circular bioeconomy has been recognized as key approach to increase the competitiveness of enterprises and economic growth in the European Union (EU) member countries. In the circular bioeconomy context, forest-based sector can play a key role. The aim of the present study is to analyze the forest-wood chain at local level following the circular bioeconomy approach. In this study, a set of indicators to quantify the 4R ("Reduce", "Reuse", "Recycle", "Recover") of circular economy has been defined and tested in a study area in Italy (Monte Morello forest, Tuscany region). The indicators that have been identified are: improving production process efficiency; reuse and life-span of wood products; optimization of potential wood assortments and energy recover from the wood products. By means of the indicators and a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), the current forest management strategy applied in the study area has been compared with other possible forest management scenarios, to evaluate the optimum solution. The results showed that, up to now, current forest management strategy did not optimize the commercial wood assortments because the timber harvested is wholly allocated for bioenergy production. The economic side can be improved, and the life-span of wood products increased by means of the valorization of the timber collected. Anyway, the results showed a favorable balance with regard to the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission – considering the fossil fuel substitution effect – and for the energy enhancement of deadwood stock of the study area.
{"title":"Assessing the forest-wood chain at local level: A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) based on the circular bioeconomy principles","authors":"E. Pieratti, A. Paletto, I. Meo, C. Fagarazzi, Matteo Giovanni Rillo Migliorini","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2018.1238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2018.1238","url":null,"abstract":"In the last years, the circular bioeconomy has been recognized as key approach to increase the competitiveness of enterprises and economic growth in the European Union (EU) member countries. In the circular bioeconomy context, forest-based sector can play a key role. The aim of the present study is to analyze the forest-wood chain at local level following the circular bioeconomy approach. In this study, a set of indicators to quantify the 4R (\"Reduce\", \"Reuse\", \"Recycle\", \"Recover\") of circular economy has been defined and tested in a study area in Italy (Monte Morello forest, Tuscany region). The indicators that have been identified are: improving production process efficiency; reuse and life-span of wood products; optimization of potential wood assortments and energy recover from the wood products. By means of the indicators and a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), the current forest management strategy applied in the study area has been compared with other possible forest management scenarios, to evaluate the optimum solution. The results showed that, up to now, current forest management strategy did not optimize the commercial wood assortments because the timber harvested is wholly allocated for bioenergy production. The economic side can be improved, and the life-span of wood products increased by means of the valorization of the timber collected. Anyway, the results showed a favorable balance with regard to the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission – considering the fossil fuel substitution effect – and for the energy enhancement of deadwood stock of the study area.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42934579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yawen Wu, Markus Müller, Tian Bai, S. Yao, O. Gailing, Zhen Liu
Camellia japonica var. decumbens is a naturally occurring highly cold resistant variety of Camellia japonica which is suitable for snowy and cold regions. However, the underlying cold-adaptive mechanisms associated with gene regulation have been poorly investigated. We analyzed the transcriptomic changes caused by cold stress in a cold-tolerant accession. Samples were collected at the end of each temperature treatment (T1, T3, T5, T7 and T9 represent the temperatures 25°C, 0°C, -4°C, -8°C and -12°C, respectively). Sample T1 at 25°C was used as control. Based on transcriptome analysis, 2828, 2384, 3099 and 3075 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated, and 3184, 2592, 2373 and 2615 DEGs were down-regulated by analyzing T3/T1, T5/T1, T7/T1 and T9/T1, respectively. A gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed an enrichment of GO terms such as response to stimulus, metabolic process, catalytic activity or binding. Out of the larger number of DEGs, 67 functional and regulatory DEGs stood out, since they were functionally characterized in other models. These genes are cold-responsive transcription factors (26) or involved in cold sensor or signal transduction (17) and in the stabilization of the plasma membrane and osmosensing response (24). These results suggest rapid and multiple molecular mechanisms of perception, transduction and responses to cold stress in cold acclimation of Camellia japonica var. decumbens. They could also serve as a valuable resource for relevant research on cold-tolerance and help to explore cold-related genes to foster the understanding of low-temperature tolerance and plant-environment interactions.
日本茶花(Camellia japonica var. decumbens)是一种自然产生的高度耐寒的日本茶花品种，适用于多雪和寒冷地区。然而，与基因调控相关的潜在冷适应机制尚未得到充分研究。我们分析了一个耐寒品种在冷胁迫下的转录组变化。在每个温度处理结束时采集样品(T1、T3、T5、T7和T9分别代表温度25℃、0℃、-4℃、-8℃和-12℃)。样品T1在25°C时作为对照。转录组分析结果显示，T3/T1、T5/T1、T7/T1和T9/T1的差异表达基因(deg)分别上调2828、2384、3099和3075个，下调3184、2592、2373和2615个。基因本体论(GO)分析显示，对刺激的反应、代谢过程、催化活性或结合等GO术语丰富。在大量的deg中，67个功能性和调节性deg脱颖而出，因为它们在其他模型中具有功能特征。这些基因是冷响应转录因子(26)或参与冷传感器或信号转导(17)，并参与质膜和渗透感应反应的稳定(24)。这些结果提示，在茶树冷驯化过程中，对冷胁迫的感知、转导和响应具有快速而多样的分子机制。它们也可以为相关的耐寒性研究提供宝贵的资源，并有助于探索与冷相关的基因，以促进对低温耐受性和植物与环境相互作用的认识。
{"title":"Transcriptome profiling in Camellia japonica var. decumbens for the discovery of genes involved in chilling tolerance under cold stress","authors":"Yawen Wu, Markus Müller, Tian Bai, S. Yao, O. Gailing, Zhen Liu","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2018.1311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2018.1311","url":null,"abstract":"Camellia japonica var. decumbens is a naturally occurring highly cold resistant variety of Camellia japonica which is suitable for snowy and cold regions. However, the underlying cold-adaptive mechanisms associated with gene regulation have been poorly investigated. We analyzed the transcriptomic changes caused by cold stress in a cold-tolerant accession. Samples were collected at the end of each temperature treatment (T1, T3, T5, T7 and T9 represent the temperatures 25°C, 0°C, -4°C, -8°C and -12°C, respectively). Sample T1 at 25°C was used as control. Based on transcriptome analysis, 2828, 2384, 3099 and 3075 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated, and 3184, 2592, 2373 and 2615 DEGs were down-regulated by analyzing T3/T1, T5/T1, T7/T1 and T9/T1, respectively. A gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed an enrichment of GO terms such as response to stimulus, metabolic process, catalytic activity or binding. Out of the larger number of DEGs, 67 functional and regulatory DEGs stood out, since they were functionally characterized in other models. These genes are cold-responsive transcription factors (26) or involved in cold sensor or signal transduction (17) and in the stabilization of the plasma membrane and osmosensing response (24). These results suggest rapid and multiple molecular mechanisms of perception, transduction and responses to cold stress in cold acclimation of Camellia japonica var. decumbens. They could also serve as a valuable resource for relevant research on cold-tolerance and help to explore cold-related genes to foster the understanding of low-temperature tolerance and plant-environment interactions.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45736401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ilek, M. Szostek, J. Kucza, J. Stanek-Tarkowska, Wojciech Witek
The organic horizons of forest soils are characterised by double capillarity: between particles and inside them. It has been hypothesized that the time required to fill the internal capillarity of organic particles depends on their botanical origin and the degree of their decomposition. The aim of the present study is to determine the time of water absorption by organic matter that is part of the Ol and Ofh horizons of selected beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) and fir ( Abies alba Mill.) stands. The present research on water absorbability lasted for 14 days and consisted in measuring the absorption time in organic particles from the moment of immersion of an air-dry sample in water until the particles soaked in water exceeded the density of 1.0 g·cm -3 . It was found that in fir organic matter the time of water absorption decreases with the advancement of decomposition. In beech stands, progressing decomposition processes result in a longer water absorption time. The dynamics of water absorption of organic matter indicates that no single rainfall is able to entirely fill the internal capillarity of organic particles, whereby the organic horizons of forest soils can maintain the ability to retain water even in long-term rainfall.
森林土壤的有机层具有双重毛细现象：颗粒之间和颗粒内部。据推测，填充有机颗粒内部毛细现象所需的时间取决于其植物来源和分解程度。本研究的目的是确定所选山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica L.）和冷杉（Abies alba Mill.）的Ol和Ofh层中有机物的吸水时间。本研究对有机颗粒的吸水性进行了为期14天的研究，测量了从空气干燥样品浸入水中到浸泡在水中的颗粒密度超过1.0g·cm-3的吸收时间。研究发现，杉木有机质的吸水时间随着分解的进行而缩短。在山毛榉林中，不断进行的分解过程会导致更长的吸水时间。有机物的吸水动态表明，没有一次降雨能够完全填补有机颗粒的内部毛细现象，因此，即使在长期降雨中，森林土壤的有机层也能保持蓄水能力。
{"title":"The water absorbability of beech (Fagus sylvatica l.) and fir (Abies alba mill.) organic matter in the forest floor","authors":"A. Ilek, M. Szostek, J. Kucza, J. Stanek-Tarkowska, Wojciech Witek","doi":"10.15287/AFR.2018.1161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15287/AFR.2018.1161","url":null,"abstract":"The organic horizons of forest soils are characterised by double capillarity: between particles and inside them. It has been hypothesized that the time required to fill the internal capillarity of organic particles depends on their botanical origin and the degree of their decomposition. The aim of the present study is to determine the time of water absorption by organic matter that is part of the Ol and Ofh horizons of selected beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) and fir ( Abies alba Mill.) stands. The present research on water absorbability lasted for 14 days and consisted in measuring the absorption time in organic particles from the moment of immersion of an air-dry sample in water until the particles soaked in water exceeded the density of 1.0 g·cm -3 . It was found that in fir organic matter the time of water absorption decreases with the advancement of decomposition. In beech stands, progressing decomposition processes result in a longer water absorption time. The dynamics of water absorption of organic matter indicates that no single rainfall is able to entirely fill the internal capillarity of organic particles, whereby the organic horizons of forest soils can maintain the ability to retain water even in long-term rainfall.","PeriodicalId":48954,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Forest Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43353616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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