Ting Zhao, Sadia Khatoon, Muhammad Matloob Javed, Abdel-Halim Ghazy, Abdullah A Al-Doss, Muhammad Rauf, Taimoor Khalid, Chuanbo Ding, Zahid Hussain Shah
The plant growth regulator 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) is an important component of plant nutrient medium with tendency to accelerate physiological, biochemical and molecular processes in woody plants such as olive. To date, limited knowledge is available on the role of BAP in mediating physiological, biochemical, and genetic activities in olives under in vitro conditions. To cover this research gap, the current study was conducted with the objective of studying the role of BAP in regulating physiological traits (chlorophyll, CO2 assimilation), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase), metabolic contents (starch, sucrose, and flavonoids) and gene expression (OeRbcl, OePOD10, OeSOD10, OeCAT7, OeSS4, OeSuSY7, OeF3GT, and OeChlH) under varying concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mg L-1) within the provided in vitro conditions. The explants obtained from different olive cultivars (‘Leccino’, ‘Gemlik’, ‘Moraiolo’, ‘Arbosana’) were cultured on olive medium (OM) provided with different BAP concentrations using a two-factorial design, and data were analyzed statistically. All traits increased significantly under in vitro conditions due to increasing concentrations of BAP; however, this increase was more dramatic at 2.5 mg L−1 and the least dramatic at 0.5 mg L−1. Moreover correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap cluster analysis confirmed significant changes in the paired association and expression of traits with changing BAP concentration and type of olive cultivars. Likewise, the expression of all genes varied due to changes in BAP concentration in all cultivars, corresponding to variation in physiological and biochemical traits. Moreover, the spectrographs generated via scanning electron microscopy further indicated the variations in the distribution of elements in olive leaf samples due to varying BAP concentrations. Although all cultivars showed a significant response to in vitro varying concentrations of BAP, the response of Arbosana was statistically more significant. In conclusion, the current study proved the dynamic impact of the varying BAP concentrations on regulating the physiological, biochemical, and molecular attributes of olive cultivars.
{"title":"Delineation of the impacts of varying BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) concentrations on physiological, biochemical and genetic traits of different olive cultivars under in vitro conditions","authors":"Ting Zhao, Sadia Khatoon, Muhammad Matloob Javed, Abdel-Halim Ghazy, Abdullah A Al-Doss, Muhammad Rauf, Taimoor Khalid, Chuanbo Ding, Zahid Hussain Shah","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae038","url":null,"abstract":"The plant growth regulator 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) is an important component of plant nutrient medium with tendency to accelerate physiological, biochemical and molecular processes in woody plants such as olive. To date, limited knowledge is available on the role of BAP in mediating physiological, biochemical, and genetic activities in olives under in vitro conditions. To cover this research gap, the current study was conducted with the objective of studying the role of BAP in regulating physiological traits (chlorophyll, CO2 assimilation), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase), metabolic contents (starch, sucrose, and flavonoids) and gene expression (OeRbcl, OePOD10, OeSOD10, OeCAT7, OeSS4, OeSuSY7, OeF3GT, and OeChlH) under varying concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mg L-1) within the provided in vitro conditions. The explants obtained from different olive cultivars (‘Leccino’, ‘Gemlik’, ‘Moraiolo’, ‘Arbosana’) were cultured on olive medium (OM) provided with different BAP concentrations using a two-factorial design, and data were analyzed statistically. All traits increased significantly under in vitro conditions due to increasing concentrations of BAP; however, this increase was more dramatic at 2.5 mg L−1 and the least dramatic at 0.5 mg L−1. Moreover correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap cluster analysis confirmed significant changes in the paired association and expression of traits with changing BAP concentration and type of olive cultivars. Likewise, the expression of all genes varied due to changes in BAP concentration in all cultivars, corresponding to variation in physiological and biochemical traits. Moreover, the spectrographs generated via scanning electron microscopy further indicated the variations in the distribution of elements in olive leaf samples due to varying BAP concentrations. Although all cultivars showed a significant response to in vitro varying concentrations of BAP, the response of Arbosana was statistically more significant. In conclusion, the current study proved the dynamic impact of the varying BAP concentrations on regulating the physiological, biochemical, and molecular attributes of olive cultivars.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nhu Q Truong, Larry M York, Allyssa Decker, Margaret R Douglas
Climate change models predict increasing precipitation variability in the mid-latitude regions of Earth, generating a need to reduce negative impacts of these changes on crop production. Despite considerable research on how cover crops support agriculture in a changing climate, understanding is limited of how climate change influences the growth of cover crops. We investigated the early development of two common cover crop species – crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) – and hypothesized that growing them in mixture would ameliorate stress from drought or waterlogging. This hypothesis was tested in a 25-day greenhouse experiment, where the two factors (species number, water stress) were fully crossed in randomized blocks, and plant responses were quantified through survival, growth rate, biomass production, and root morphology. Water stress negatively influenced the early growth of these two species in contrasting ways: crimson clover was susceptible to drought while rye performed poorly under waterlogging. Per-plant biomass in rye was always greater in mixture than in monoculture, while per-plant biomass of crimson clover was greater in mixture under drought. Both species grew longer roots in mixture than in monoculture under drought, and total biomass of mixtures did not differ significantly from the more-productive monoculture (rye) in any water condition. In the face of increasingly variable precipitation, growing crimson clover and rye together has potential to ameliorate water stress, a possibility that should be further investigated in field experiments.
{"title":"A mixture of grass-legume cover crop species may ameliorate water stress in a changing climate","authors":"Nhu Q Truong, Larry M York, Allyssa Decker, Margaret R Douglas","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae039","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change models predict increasing precipitation variability in the mid-latitude regions of Earth, generating a need to reduce negative impacts of these changes on crop production. Despite considerable research on how cover crops support agriculture in a changing climate, understanding is limited of how climate change influences the growth of cover crops. We investigated the early development of two common cover crop species – crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) – and hypothesized that growing them in mixture would ameliorate stress from drought or waterlogging. This hypothesis was tested in a 25-day greenhouse experiment, where the two factors (species number, water stress) were fully crossed in randomized blocks, and plant responses were quantified through survival, growth rate, biomass production, and root morphology. Water stress negatively influenced the early growth of these two species in contrasting ways: crimson clover was susceptible to drought while rye performed poorly under waterlogging. Per-plant biomass in rye was always greater in mixture than in monoculture, while per-plant biomass of crimson clover was greater in mixture under drought. Both species grew longer roots in mixture than in monoculture under drought, and total biomass of mixtures did not differ significantly from the more-productive monoculture (rye) in any water condition. In the face of increasingly variable precipitation, growing crimson clover and rye together has potential to ameliorate water stress, a possibility that should be further investigated in field experiments.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stomatal anatomy and behavior are key to managing gas exchange fluxes, which require coordination with the plant vascular system to adequately supply leaves with water. Stomatal response times and regulation of water loss are generally understudied in ferns, especially across habits (i.e., epiphytic and terrestrial) and habitats (i.e., wet mesic and dry xeric environments). Our objectives were to 1) determine if hydraulic and anatomical traits that control water use are correlated with their habitats (i.e., xeric, mesic) and habits (i.e., epiphytic, terrestrial) for ferns and lycophytes across taxa, and 2) explore how those traits and others like average leaf water residence time correlate with stomatal function using a subset of closely related species. Epiphytic species had lower vein densities than terrestrial species, while xeric species had higher vein densities than mesic species. Xeric ferns also had smaller stomata than mesic ferns, but had similar stomatal densities. Further, in a subset of mesic and xeric ferns, the xeric ferns had higher maximum stomatal conductance and water content, as well as shorter average stomatal opening responses to light intensity, but stomatal closing times did not differ. Finally, shorter stomatal opening and closing responses were correlated with shorter water residence time. Our study highlights anatomical and physiological differences between ferns and lycophytes, which may partially explain habitat preference based on their optimization of light and water.
{"title":"Stomatal behavior and water relations in ferns and lycophytes across habits and habitats","authors":"Kyra A Prats, Adam B Roddy, Craig R Brodersen","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae041","url":null,"abstract":"Stomatal anatomy and behavior are key to managing gas exchange fluxes, which require coordination with the plant vascular system to adequately supply leaves with water. Stomatal response times and regulation of water loss are generally understudied in ferns, especially across habits (i.e., epiphytic and terrestrial) and habitats (i.e., wet mesic and dry xeric environments). Our objectives were to 1) determine if hydraulic and anatomical traits that control water use are correlated with their habitats (i.e., xeric, mesic) and habits (i.e., epiphytic, terrestrial) for ferns and lycophytes across taxa, and 2) explore how those traits and others like average leaf water residence time correlate with stomatal function using a subset of closely related species. Epiphytic species had lower vein densities than terrestrial species, while xeric species had higher vein densities than mesic species. Xeric ferns also had smaller stomata than mesic ferns, but had similar stomatal densities. Further, in a subset of mesic and xeric ferns, the xeric ferns had higher maximum stomatal conductance and water content, as well as shorter average stomatal opening responses to light intensity, but stomatal closing times did not differ. Finally, shorter stomatal opening and closing responses were correlated with shorter water residence time. Our study highlights anatomical and physiological differences between ferns and lycophytes, which may partially explain habitat preference based on their optimization of light and water.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141743613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bamboos stand out among other tall plants in being able to generate positive pressure in the xylem at night, pushing water up to the leaves and causing drops to fall from leaf tips as guttation that can amount to a steady nocturnal “bamboo rain”. The location and mechanism of nocturnal pressure generation in bamboos are unknown, as are the benefits for the plants. We conducted a study on the tall tropical bamboo species Bambusa oldhamii (giant timber bamboo) growing outdoors in southern California under full irrigation to determine where in the plant the nocturnal pressure is generated, when it rises in the evening, and when it dissipates in the morning. We hypothesized that the buildup of positive pressure would be triggered by the cessation of transpiration-driven sap flow and that resumption of sap flow in the morning would cause the pressure to dissipate. Nocturnal pressure was observed in mature stems and rhizomes, but never in roots. Pressure was episodic and associated with stem swelling and was usually, but not always, higher in rhizomes and basal stems than in stems at greater height. Time series analyses revealed that dry atmospheric conditions were followed by lower nocturnal pressure and rainfall events by higher stem pressure. Nocturnal pressure was unrelated to sap flow and even was generated for a short time in isolated stem pieces placed in water. We conclude that nocturnal pressure in bamboo is not “root pressure” but is generated in the pseudo-woody rhizomes and stems. It is unrelated to the presence or absence of sap flow and therefore must be created outside of vessels, such as in phloem, parenchyma, or fibers. It is unlikely to be a drought adaptation and may benefit the plants by maximizing stem water storage for daytime transpiration or by transporting nutrients to the leaves.
{"title":"Positive pressure in bamboo is generated in stems and rhizomes, not in roots","authors":"Joseph M Michaud, Kerri Mocko, H Jochen Schenk","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae040","url":null,"abstract":"Bamboos stand out among other tall plants in being able to generate positive pressure in the xylem at night, pushing water up to the leaves and causing drops to fall from leaf tips as guttation that can amount to a steady nocturnal “bamboo rain”. The location and mechanism of nocturnal pressure generation in bamboos are unknown, as are the benefits for the plants. We conducted a study on the tall tropical bamboo species Bambusa oldhamii (giant timber bamboo) growing outdoors in southern California under full irrigation to determine where in the plant the nocturnal pressure is generated, when it rises in the evening, and when it dissipates in the morning. We hypothesized that the buildup of positive pressure would be triggered by the cessation of transpiration-driven sap flow and that resumption of sap flow in the morning would cause the pressure to dissipate. Nocturnal pressure was observed in mature stems and rhizomes, but never in roots. Pressure was episodic and associated with stem swelling and was usually, but not always, higher in rhizomes and basal stems than in stems at greater height. Time series analyses revealed that dry atmospheric conditions were followed by lower nocturnal pressure and rainfall events by higher stem pressure. Nocturnal pressure was unrelated to sap flow and even was generated for a short time in isolated stem pieces placed in water. We conclude that nocturnal pressure in bamboo is not “root pressure” but is generated in the pseudo-woody rhizomes and stems. It is unrelated to the presence or absence of sap flow and therefore must be created outside of vessels, such as in phloem, parenchyma, or fibers. It is unlikely to be a drought adaptation and may benefit the plants by maximizing stem water storage for daytime transpiration or by transporting nutrients to the leaves.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141743614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gleicyanne Vieira da Costa, Mariana Ferreira Alves, Mariana Oliveira Duarte, Ana Paula Souza Caetano, Samantha Koehler, Juliana Lischka Sampaio Mayer
In the Neotropics, the focus of apomictic studies predominantly centres on trees within the Brazilian savanna, characterized, mostlyas sporophytic and facultative, associated with polyploidy and polyembryony. To enhance our understanding of the mechanisms governing apomixis and sexual reproduction in tropical herbaceous plants, we clarify the relationship between apomixis, chromosome counts, and polyembryony in the epiphytic orchid Zygopetalum mackayi, which forms a polyploid complex within rocky outcrops in both the Brazilian savanna and the Atlantic forest. To define embryo origins and describe megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis, we performed manual self-pollinations in first-day flowers of cultivated plants, considering all three cytotypes (2x, 3x, 4x) of this species. Flowers and fruits at different stages were collected to describe development and morphology of ovule and seed considering sexual and apomictic processes. As self-pollination treatments resulted in high fruit abortion in diploids, we also examined pollen tube development in aborted flowers and fruits to search for putative anomalies. Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis occur regularly in all cytotypes. Apomixis is facultative and sporophytic, and associated with polyploid cytotypes, while diploid individuals exclusively engage in sexual reproduction. Polyembryony is caused mainly by the production of adventitious embryos from nucellar cells of triploids and tetraploids, but also by the development of multiple archesporia in all cytotypes. Like other apomictic angiosperms within the Brazilian savanna, our findings demonstrate that apomixis in Z. mackayi relies on pollinators for seed production. We also consider the ecological implications of these apomictic patterns in Z. mackayi within the context of habitat loss and its dependence on pollinators.
{"title":"Apomixis beyond trees in the Brazilian savanna: new insights from the orchid Zygopetalum mackayi","authors":"Gleicyanne Vieira da Costa, Mariana Ferreira Alves, Mariana Oliveira Duarte, Ana Paula Souza Caetano, Samantha Koehler, Juliana Lischka Sampaio Mayer","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae037","url":null,"abstract":"In the Neotropics, the focus of apomictic studies predominantly centres on trees within the Brazilian savanna, characterized, mostlyas sporophytic and facultative, associated with polyploidy and polyembryony. To enhance our understanding of the mechanisms governing apomixis and sexual reproduction in tropical herbaceous plants, we clarify the relationship between apomixis, chromosome counts, and polyembryony in the epiphytic orchid Zygopetalum mackayi, which forms a polyploid complex within rocky outcrops in both the Brazilian savanna and the Atlantic forest. To define embryo origins and describe megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis, we performed manual self-pollinations in first-day flowers of cultivated plants, considering all three cytotypes (2x, 3x, 4x) of this species. Flowers and fruits at different stages were collected to describe development and morphology of ovule and seed considering sexual and apomictic processes. As self-pollination treatments resulted in high fruit abortion in diploids, we also examined pollen tube development in aborted flowers and fruits to search for putative anomalies. Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis occur regularly in all cytotypes. Apomixis is facultative and sporophytic, and associated with polyploid cytotypes, while diploid individuals exclusively engage in sexual reproduction. Polyembryony is caused mainly by the production of adventitious embryos from nucellar cells of triploids and tetraploids, but also by the development of multiple archesporia in all cytotypes. Like other apomictic angiosperms within the Brazilian savanna, our findings demonstrate that apomixis in Z. mackayi relies on pollinators for seed production. We also consider the ecological implications of these apomictic patterns in Z. mackayi within the context of habitat loss and its dependence on pollinators.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141532337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Backgrounds and aims Competition affects mixed-mating strategies by limiting available abiotic or biotic resources such as nutrients, water, space, or pollinators. Cleistogamous species produce closed (cleistogamous, CL), obligately selfed, simultaneously with open (chasmogamous, CH), potentially outcrossed flowers. The effects of intraspecific competition on fitness and cleistogamy variation can range from limiting the production of costly CH flowers because of resource limitation, to favouring CH production because of fitness advantages of outcrossed, CH offspring. Moreover, the effects of competition can be altered when it co-occurs with other environmental variation. Methods We grew plants from seven populations of the ruderal Lamium amplexicaule, originating from different climates and habitats, in a common garden experiment combining drought, interspecific competition, and seasonal variation. All these parameters have been shown to influence the degree of cleistogamy in the species on their own. Key results In spring, competition and drought negatively impacted fitness, but the CL proportion only increased when plants were exposed to both treatments combined. We did not observe the same results in autumn, which can be due to non-adaptive phenotypic variation, or to differences in soil compactness between seasons. The observed responses are largely due to phenotypic plasticity, but we also observed phenotypic differentiation between populations for morphological, phenological, and cleistogamy traits, pointing to the existence of different ecotypes. Conclusions Our data do not support the hypothesis that CL proportion should decrease when resources are scarce, as plants with reduced growth had relatively low CL proportions. We propose that variation in cleistogamy could be an adaptation to pollinator abundance, or to environment-dependent fitness differences between offspring of selfed and outcrossed seeds, two hypotheses worth further investigation. This opens exciting new possibilities for the study of the maintenance of mixed-mating systems using cleistogamous species as models which combine effects of inbreeding and reproductive costs.
{"title":"Competition and drought affect cleistogamy in a non-additive way in the annual ruderal Lamium amplexicaule","authors":"Bojana Stojanova, Anežka Eliášová, Tomáš Tureček","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae036","url":null,"abstract":"Backgrounds and aims Competition affects mixed-mating strategies by limiting available abiotic or biotic resources such as nutrients, water, space, or pollinators. Cleistogamous species produce closed (cleistogamous, CL), obligately selfed, simultaneously with open (chasmogamous, CH), potentially outcrossed flowers. The effects of intraspecific competition on fitness and cleistogamy variation can range from limiting the production of costly CH flowers because of resource limitation, to favouring CH production because of fitness advantages of outcrossed, CH offspring. Moreover, the effects of competition can be altered when it co-occurs with other environmental variation. Methods We grew plants from seven populations of the ruderal Lamium amplexicaule, originating from different climates and habitats, in a common garden experiment combining drought, interspecific competition, and seasonal variation. All these parameters have been shown to influence the degree of cleistogamy in the species on their own. Key results In spring, competition and drought negatively impacted fitness, but the CL proportion only increased when plants were exposed to both treatments combined. We did not observe the same results in autumn, which can be due to non-adaptive phenotypic variation, or to differences in soil compactness between seasons. The observed responses are largely due to phenotypic plasticity, but we also observed phenotypic differentiation between populations for morphological, phenological, and cleistogamy traits, pointing to the existence of different ecotypes. Conclusions Our data do not support the hypothesis that CL proportion should decrease when resources are scarce, as plants with reduced growth had relatively low CL proportions. We propose that variation in cleistogamy could be an adaptation to pollinator abundance, or to environment-dependent fitness differences between offspring of selfed and outcrossed seeds, two hypotheses worth further investigation. This opens exciting new possibilities for the study of the maintenance of mixed-mating systems using cleistogamous species as models which combine effects of inbreeding and reproductive costs.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The analysis of photosynthetic traits has become an integral part of plant (eco-)physiology. Many of these characteristics are not directly measured, but calculated from combinations of several, more direct, measurements. The calculations of such derived variables are based on on underlying physical models and may use additional constants or assumed values. Commercially-available gas-exchange instruments typically report such derived variables, but the available implementations use different definitions and assumptions. Moreover, no software is currently available to allow a fully scripted and reproducible workflow that includes importing data, preprocessing and recalculating derived quantities. The R package gasanalyzer aims to address these issues by providing methods to import data from different instruments, by translating photosynthetic variables to a standardized nomenclature, and by optionally recalculating derived quantities using standardized equations. In addition, the package facilitates performing sensitivity analyses on variables or assumptions used in the calculations to allow researchers to better assess the robustness of the results. The use of the package and how to perform sensitivity analyses is demonstrated using three different examples.
{"title":"GasanalyzeR: Advancing Reproducible Research using a New R Package for Photosynthesis Data Workflows","authors":"Danny Tholen","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae035","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of photosynthetic traits has become an integral part of plant (eco-)physiology. Many of these characteristics are not directly measured, but calculated from combinations of several, more direct, measurements. The calculations of such derived variables are based on on underlying physical models and may use additional constants or assumed values. Commercially-available gas-exchange instruments typically report such derived variables, but the available implementations use different definitions and assumptions. Moreover, no software is currently available to allow a fully scripted and reproducible workflow that includes importing data, preprocessing and recalculating derived quantities. The R package gasanalyzer aims to address these issues by providing methods to import data from different instruments, by translating photosynthetic variables to a standardized nomenclature, and by optionally recalculating derived quantities using standardized equations. In addition, the package facilitates performing sensitivity analyses on variables or assumptions used in the calculations to allow researchers to better assess the robustness of the results. The use of the package and how to perform sensitivity analyses is demonstrated using three different examples.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D M Nethani H Gunadasa, K M G Gehan Jayasuriya, Jerry M Baskin, Carol C Baskin
Argyreia is the most recently evolved genus in the Convolvulaceae, and available information suggests that most species in this family produce seeds with physical dormancy (PY). Our aim was to understand the evolution of seed dormancy in this family via an investigation of dormancy, storage behaviour, morphology and anatomy of seeds of five Argyreia species from Sri Lanka. Imbibition, germination and dye tracking of fresh intact and manually scarified seeds were studied. Scanning electron micrographs and hand sections of the hilar area and the seed coat away from the hilar area were compared. Scarified and intact seeds of A. kleiniana, A. hirsuta and A. zeylanica imbibed water and germinated to a high percentage, but only scarified seeds of A. nervosa and A. osyrensis did so. Thus, seeds of the three former species are non-dormant (ND), while those of the latter two have physical dormancy (PY); this result was confirmed by dye-tracking experiments. Since > 90 % of A. kleiniana, A. hirsuta and A. zeylanica seeds survived desiccation to 10 % moisture content (MC) and > 90 % of A. nervosa and A. osyrensis seeds with a dispersal MC of ~ 12 % were viable, seeds of the five species were desiccation-tolerant. A. nervosa and A. osyrensis have a wide geographical distribution and PY, while A. kleiniana, A. hirsuta and A. zeylanica have a restricted distribution and ND. Although seeds of A. kleiniana are ND, their seed coat anatomy is similar to that of A. osyrensis with PY. These observations suggest that the ND of A. kleiniana, A. hirsuta and A. zeylanica seeds is the result of an evolutionary reversal from PY and that ND may be an adaptation of these species to the environmental conditions of their wet aseasonal habitats.
Argyreia 是旋花科（Convolvulaceae）中进化最晚的属，现有资料表明，该科的大多数物种生产的种子具有物理休眠（PY）。我们的目的是通过研究斯里兰卡五种 Argyreia 种子的休眠、贮藏行为、形态和解剖，了解该科种子休眠的进化过程。我们研究了新鲜完整种子和人工去痕种子的休眠、萌发和染料追踪。通过扫描电子显微照片和手工切片比较了种皮区和种皮远离种皮区的部分。克莱尼亚娜（A. kleiniana）、赫苏塔（A. hirsuta）和泽兰（A. zeylanica）的去痕种子和完整种子都能吸水发芽并达到很高的发芽率，但只有神仙菜（A. nervosa）和连翘（A. osyrensis）的去痕种子能吸水发芽并达到很高的发芽率。因此，前三个物种的种子无休眠（ND），而后两个物种的种子有物理休眠（PY）；这一结果在染色跟踪实验中得到了证实。由于 90% 的 A. kleiniana、A. hirsuta 和 A. zeylanica 种子在含水量（MC）为 10% 的干燥条件下存活，而 90% 的 A. nervosa 和 A. osyrensis 种子在散播 MC 约为 12% 的条件下存活，因此这五个物种的种子都耐干燥。A.nervosa和A. osyrensis的地理分布广泛，PY较高，而A. kleiniana、A. hirsuta和A. zeylanica的分布有限，ND较低。虽然 A. kleiniana 的种子是玖瑰，但它们的种皮解剖结构与 A. osyrensis 的相似，都是PY。这些观察结果表明，A. kleiniana、A. hirsuta 和 A. zeylanica 种子的玖玖彩票网正规吗是PY进化逆转的结果，玖玖彩票网正规吗可能是这些物种对其潮湿季节栖息地环境条件的一种适应。
{"title":"Evolutionary reversal of physical dormancy to nondormancy: Evidence from comparative seed morphoanatomy of Argyreia species (Convolvulaceae)","authors":"D M Nethani H Gunadasa, K M G Gehan Jayasuriya, Jerry M Baskin, Carol C Baskin","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae033","url":null,"abstract":"Argyreia is the most recently evolved genus in the Convolvulaceae, and available information suggests that most species in this family produce seeds with physical dormancy (PY). Our aim was to understand the evolution of seed dormancy in this family via an investigation of dormancy, storage behaviour, morphology and anatomy of seeds of five Argyreia species from Sri Lanka. Imbibition, germination and dye tracking of fresh intact and manually scarified seeds were studied. Scanning electron micrographs and hand sections of the hilar area and the seed coat away from the hilar area were compared. Scarified and intact seeds of A. kleiniana, A. hirsuta and A. zeylanica imbibed water and germinated to a high percentage, but only scarified seeds of A. nervosa and A. osyrensis did so. Thus, seeds of the three former species are non-dormant (ND), while those of the latter two have physical dormancy (PY); this result was confirmed by dye-tracking experiments. Since > 90 % of A. kleiniana, A. hirsuta and A. zeylanica seeds survived desiccation to 10 % moisture content (MC) and > 90 % of A. nervosa and A. osyrensis seeds with a dispersal MC of ~ 12 % were viable, seeds of the five species were desiccation-tolerant. A. nervosa and A. osyrensis have a wide geographical distribution and PY, while A. kleiniana, A. hirsuta and A. zeylanica have a restricted distribution and ND. Although seeds of A. kleiniana are ND, their seed coat anatomy is similar to that of A. osyrensis with PY. These observations suggest that the ND of A. kleiniana, A. hirsuta and A. zeylanica seeds is the result of an evolutionary reversal from PY and that ND may be an adaptation of these species to the environmental conditions of their wet aseasonal habitats.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141193956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Forest and landscape restoration is one of the main strategies for overcoming the environmental crisis. This activity is particularly relevant for biodiversity-rich areas threatened by deforestation, such as tropical forests. Efficient long-term restoration requires understanding the composition and genetic structure of native populations, as well as the factors that influence these genetic components. This is because these populations serve as the seed sources and, therefore, the gene reservoirs for areas under restoration. In the present study, we investigated the influence of environmental, climatic, and spatial distance factors on the genetic patterns of Plathymenia reticulata Benth., aiming to support seed translocation strategies for restoration areas. We collected plant samples from nine populations of P. reticulata in the state of Bahia, Brazil, located in areas of Atlantic Forest and Savanna, across four climatic types, and genotyped them using nine nuclear and three chloroplast microsatellite markers. The populations of P. reticulata evaluated generally showed low to moderate genotypic variability and low haplotypic diversity. The populations within the Savanna phytophysiognomy showed values above average for six of the eight evaluated genetic diversity parameters. Using this classification based on phytophysiognomy demonstrated a high predictive power for genetic differentiation in P. reticulata. Furthermore, the interplay of climate, soil, and geographic distance influenced the spread of alleles across the landscape. Based on our findings, we propose seed translocation, taking into account the biome, with restricted use of seed sources acquired or collected from the same environment as the areas to be restored (Savanna or Atlantic Forest).
{"title":"Guiding Seed Movement: Environmental Heterogeneity Drives Genetic Differentiation in Plathymenia reticulata Benth., Providing Insights for Restoration","authors":"Taise Almeida Conceição, Alesandro Souza Santos, Ane Karoline Campos Fernandes, Gabriela Nascimento Meireles, Fernanda Ancelmo de Oliveira, Rafael Marani Barbosa, Fernanda Amato Gaiotto","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae032","url":null,"abstract":"Forest and landscape restoration is one of the main strategies for overcoming the environmental crisis. This activity is particularly relevant for biodiversity-rich areas threatened by deforestation, such as tropical forests. Efficient long-term restoration requires understanding the composition and genetic structure of native populations, as well as the factors that influence these genetic components. This is because these populations serve as the seed sources and, therefore, the gene reservoirs for areas under restoration. In the present study, we investigated the influence of environmental, climatic, and spatial distance factors on the genetic patterns of Plathymenia reticulata Benth., aiming to support seed translocation strategies for restoration areas. We collected plant samples from nine populations of P. reticulata in the state of Bahia, Brazil, located in areas of Atlantic Forest and Savanna, across four climatic types, and genotyped them using nine nuclear and three chloroplast microsatellite markers. The populations of P. reticulata evaluated generally showed low to moderate genotypic variability and low haplotypic diversity. The populations within the Savanna phytophysiognomy showed values above average for six of the eight evaluated genetic diversity parameters. Using this classification based on phytophysiognomy demonstrated a high predictive power for genetic differentiation in P. reticulata. Furthermore, the interplay of climate, soil, and geographic distance influenced the spread of alleles across the landscape. Based on our findings, we propose seed translocation, taking into account the biome, with restricted use of seed sources acquired or collected from the same environment as the areas to be restored (Savanna or Atlantic Forest).","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141194218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashley M Earley, Kristen M Nolting, Lisa A Donovan, John M Burke
Background and Aims Drought is a major agricultural challenge that is expected to worsen with climate change. A better understanding of drought responses has the potential to inform efforts to breed more tolerant plants. We assessed leaf trait variation and covariation in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in response to water limitation. Methods Plants were grown under four levels of water availability and assessed for environmentally induced plasticity in leaf stomatal and vein traits as well as biomass (performance indicator), mass fractions, leaf area, leaf mass per area, and chlorophyll content. Key Results Overall, biomass declined in response to stress; these changes were accompanied by responses in leaf-level traits including decreased leaf area and stomatal size, and increased stomatal and vein density. The magnitude of trait responses increased with stress severity and relative plasticity of smaller-scale leaf anatomical traits was less than that of larger-scale traits related to construction and growth. Across treatments, where phenotypic plasticity was observed, stomatal density was negatively correlated with stomatal size and positively correlated with minor vein density, but the correlations did not hold up within treatments. Four leaf traits previously shown to reflect major axes of variation in a large sunflower diversity panel under well-watered conditions (i.e., stomatal density, stomatal pore length, vein density, and leaf mass per area) predicted a surprisingly large amount of the variation in biomass across treatments, but trait associations with biomass differed within treatments. Additionally, the importance of these traits in predicting variation in biomass is mediated, at least in part, through leaf size. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the importance of leaf anatomical traits in mediating drought responses in sunflower, and highlight the role that phenotypic plasticity and multi-trait phenotypes can play in predicting productivity under complex abiotic stresses like drought.
{"title":"Trait variation and performance across varying levels of drought stress in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)","authors":"Ashley M Earley, Kristen M Nolting, Lisa A Donovan, John M Burke","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae031","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aims Drought is a major agricultural challenge that is expected to worsen with climate change. A better understanding of drought responses has the potential to inform efforts to breed more tolerant plants. We assessed leaf trait variation and covariation in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in response to water limitation. Methods Plants were grown under four levels of water availability and assessed for environmentally induced plasticity in leaf stomatal and vein traits as well as biomass (performance indicator), mass fractions, leaf area, leaf mass per area, and chlorophyll content. Key Results Overall, biomass declined in response to stress; these changes were accompanied by responses in leaf-level traits including decreased leaf area and stomatal size, and increased stomatal and vein density. The magnitude of trait responses increased with stress severity and relative plasticity of smaller-scale leaf anatomical traits was less than that of larger-scale traits related to construction and growth. Across treatments, where phenotypic plasticity was observed, stomatal density was negatively correlated with stomatal size and positively correlated with minor vein density, but the correlations did not hold up within treatments. Four leaf traits previously shown to reflect major axes of variation in a large sunflower diversity panel under well-watered conditions (i.e., stomatal density, stomatal pore length, vein density, and leaf mass per area) predicted a surprisingly large amount of the variation in biomass across treatments, but trait associations with biomass differed within treatments. Additionally, the importance of these traits in predicting variation in biomass is mediated, at least in part, through leaf size. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the importance of leaf anatomical traits in mediating drought responses in sunflower, and highlight the role that phenotypic plasticity and multi-trait phenotypes can play in predicting productivity under complex abiotic stresses like drought.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141168218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：