Carolina da Silva Carvalho, Lucas Erickson Nascimento da Costa, Bárbara Simões Santos Leal, Kleber Resende Silva, Adriano Valentin-Silva, Ana Carolina Galindo Costa, Lourival Tyski, Fernando Marino Gomes dos Santos, Mauricio Takashi Coutinho Watanabe
Background and Aims Clonality is characterized by the formation of independent individuals of the same genotype that are capable of reproducing and propagating vegetatively. Although clonality is an important mechanism that facilitates the persistence of a population, its extensive use can lead to negative impacts on sexual reproduction due to trade-offs in the investment of resources. Therefore, studies on the sexual reproduction of species that exhibit clonality can provide information about resilience to environmental changes, information about fecundity, the risk of the absence of pollinators, and the ability to persist in unfavorable conditions and to successfully occupy new areas. Here, we investigated the role of clonal propagation and sexual reproduction in Daphnopsis filipedunculata (Thymelaeaceae), a dioecious species distributed only in Serra dos Carajás. Methods We evaluated the extent of clonality in this species using molecular tools and anatomical analyses of the underground system responsible for developing new ramets. Furthermore, we analyzed the sexual system and its contribution to reproductive success through morphometric analyses of floral types and pollination experiments in the field. Key Results Overall, we found that clonal propagation plays an important role in maintaining the population of D. filipedunculata. Specifically, we demonstrated that this species presents functional male and female plants, indicating that D. filipedunculata is an obligate xenogamous species but has low reproductive success. We also showed that clonal vegetative propagation is the main form of asexual reproduction in this species, with roots responsible for clonal growth. Finally, our results indicated that this species presents an intermediate phalanx-guerrilla clonal architecture. Conclusions Our study provides the first insights into sexual reproduction and clonal propagation in D. filipedunculata and can inform management practices, conservation, and the restoration of endemic species.
背景与目的 克隆的特征是形成具有相同基因型的独立个体，这些个体能够进行无性繁殖和繁殖。虽然克隆是促进种群持续存在的重要机制，但由于资源投资的权衡，克隆的广泛使用可能会对有性生殖产生负面影响。因此，对表现出克隆性的物种的有性生殖进行研究，可以提供有关其对环境变化的适应能力、繁殖力、传粉媒介缺失的风险以及在不利条件下持续生存和成功占据新区域的能力等方面的信息。在这里，我们研究了Daphnopsis filipedunculata（百日草科）克隆繁殖和有性繁殖的作用，这是一种雌雄异株的物种，只分布在Serra dos Carajás。方法 我们利用分子工具和对负责发育新柱头的地下系统的解剖分析，评估了该物种的克隆程度。此外，我们还通过花型形态分析和实地授粉实验分析了有性系统及其对繁殖成功率的贡献。主要结果 总体而言，我们发现克隆繁殖在维持 D. filipedunculata 的种群数量方面发挥了重要作用。具体来说，我们证明了该物种具有功能性雌雄植株，这表明 D. filipedunculata 是一种强制性异花授粉物种，但繁殖成功率较低。我们还发现，克隆无性繁殖是该物种的主要无性繁殖形式，根系负责克隆生长。最后，我们的研究结果表明，该物种的克隆结构介于法氏囊和豚草之间。结论 我们的研究首次揭示了 D. filipedunculata 的有性生殖和克隆繁殖，可为管理实践、保护和恢复特有物种提供参考。
{"title":"Mating system, morphological, and genetic evidence endorse clonality as an essential reproductive mode in Daphnopsis filipedunculata (Thymelaeaceae), a dioecious and endemic species from the Amazon","authors":"Carolina da Silva Carvalho, Lucas Erickson Nascimento da Costa, Bárbara Simões Santos Leal, Kleber Resende Silva, Adriano Valentin-Silva, Ana Carolina Galindo Costa, Lourival Tyski, Fernando Marino Gomes dos Santos, Mauricio Takashi Coutinho Watanabe","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae048","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aims Clonality is characterized by the formation of independent individuals of the same genotype that are capable of reproducing and propagating vegetatively. Although clonality is an important mechanism that facilitates the persistence of a population, its extensive use can lead to negative impacts on sexual reproduction due to trade-offs in the investment of resources. Therefore, studies on the sexual reproduction of species that exhibit clonality can provide information about resilience to environmental changes, information about fecundity, the risk of the absence of pollinators, and the ability to persist in unfavorable conditions and to successfully occupy new areas. Here, we investigated the role of clonal propagation and sexual reproduction in Daphnopsis filipedunculata (Thymelaeaceae), a dioecious species distributed only in Serra dos Carajás. Methods We evaluated the extent of clonality in this species using molecular tools and anatomical analyses of the underground system responsible for developing new ramets. Furthermore, we analyzed the sexual system and its contribution to reproductive success through morphometric analyses of floral types and pollination experiments in the field. Key Results Overall, we found that clonal propagation plays an important role in maintaining the population of D. filipedunculata. Specifically, we demonstrated that this species presents functional male and female plants, indicating that D. filipedunculata is an obligate xenogamous species but has low reproductive success. We also showed that clonal vegetative propagation is the main form of asexual reproduction in this species, with roots responsible for clonal growth. Finally, our results indicated that this species presents an intermediate phalanx-guerrilla clonal architecture. Conclusions Our study provides the first insights into sexual reproduction and clonal propagation in D. filipedunculata and can inform management practices, conservation, and the restoration of endemic species.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuan Yu, Huixing Kang, Han Wang, Yuheng Wang, Yanhong Tang
Background and Aims Leaf-scale photosynthetic optimization models can quantitatively predict photosynthetic acclimation and have become important means of improving vegetation and land surface models. Previous models have generally been based on the optimality assumption of maximizing the net photosynthetic assimilation per unit leaf area (i.e., the area-based optimality), while overlooking other optimality assumption such as maximizing the net photosynthetic assimilation per unit leaf dry mass (i.e., the mass-based optimality). Methods This paper compares the predicted results of photosynthetic acclimation to different environmental conditions between the area-based optimality and the mass-based optimality models. The predictions are then verified using the observational data from the literatures. Key Results The mass-based optimality model better predicted photosynthetic acclimation to growth light intensity, air temperature and CO2 concentration, and captured more variability in photosynthetic traits than the area-based optimality models. Conclusions The findings suggest that the mass-based optimality approach may be a promising strategy for improving the predictive power and accuracy of optimization models, which have been widely used in various studies related to plant carbon issues.
{"title":"The leaf-scale mass-based photosynthetic optimization model better predicts photosynthetic acclimation than the area-based","authors":"Yuan Yu, Huixing Kang, Han Wang, Yuheng Wang, Yanhong Tang","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae044","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aims Leaf-scale photosynthetic optimization models can quantitatively predict photosynthetic acclimation and have become important means of improving vegetation and land surface models. Previous models have generally been based on the optimality assumption of maximizing the net photosynthetic assimilation per unit leaf area (i.e., the area-based optimality), while overlooking other optimality assumption such as maximizing the net photosynthetic assimilation per unit leaf dry mass (i.e., the mass-based optimality). Methods This paper compares the predicted results of photosynthetic acclimation to different environmental conditions between the area-based optimality and the mass-based optimality models. The predictions are then verified using the observational data from the literatures. Key Results The mass-based optimality model better predicted photosynthetic acclimation to growth light intensity, air temperature and CO2 concentration, and captured more variability in photosynthetic traits than the area-based optimality models. Conclusions The findings suggest that the mass-based optimality approach may be a promising strategy for improving the predictive power and accuracy of optimization models, which have been widely used in various studies related to plant carbon issues.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14eCollection Date: 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae042
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad022.].
[此处更正了文章 DOI：10.1093/aobpla/plad022]。
{"title":"Correction to: The opportunity of using durum wheat landraces to tolerate drought stress: screening morpho-physiological components.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad022.].</p>","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11322738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141983669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Otani, Haruki Kitamura, S. Kudoh, Satoshi Imura, Masaru Nakano
Mosses are distributed all over the world including Antarctica. Although Antarctic mosses show active growth in a short summer season under harsh environments such as low temperature, drought and high levels of UV radiation, survival mechanisms for such multiple environmental stresses of Antarctic mosses have not yet been clarified. In the present study, transcriptome analyses were performed using one of the common mosses Bryum pseudotriquetrum grown under Antarctic field and artificial cultivation conditions. Totally 88,205 contigs were generated by de novo assembly, among which 1,377 and 435 genes were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively, under Antarctic field conditions compared with artificial cultivation condition at 15 °C. Among the up-regulated genes, a number of lipid metabolism-related and oil body formation-related genes were identified. Expression levels of these genes were increased by artificial environmental stress treatments such as low temperature, salt and osmic stress treatments. Consistent with these results, B. pseudotriquetrum grown under Antarctic field conditions contained large amounts of fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid. In addition, proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, which enhance membrane fluidity, to the total fatty acids was also higher in B. pseudotriquetrum grown under Antarctic field conditions. Since lipid accumulation and unsaturation of fatty acids are generally important factors for acquisition of various environmental stress tolerance in plants, these intracellular physiological and metabolic changes may be responsible for survival of B. pseudotriquetrum under Antarctic harsh environments.
{"title":"Transcriptome analysis of the common moss Bryum pseudotriquetrum grown under Antarctic field condition","authors":"M. Otani, Haruki Kitamura, S. Kudoh, Satoshi Imura, Masaru Nakano","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae043","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Mosses are distributed all over the world including Antarctica. Although Antarctic mosses show active growth in a short summer season under harsh environments such as low temperature, drought and high levels of UV radiation, survival mechanisms for such multiple environmental stresses of Antarctic mosses have not yet been clarified. In the present study, transcriptome analyses were performed using one of the common mosses Bryum pseudotriquetrum grown under Antarctic field and artificial cultivation conditions. Totally 88,205 contigs were generated by de novo assembly, among which 1,377 and 435 genes were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively, under Antarctic field conditions compared with artificial cultivation condition at 15 °C. Among the up-regulated genes, a number of lipid metabolism-related and oil body formation-related genes were identified. Expression levels of these genes were increased by artificial environmental stress treatments such as low temperature, salt and osmic stress treatments. Consistent with these results, B. pseudotriquetrum grown under Antarctic field conditions contained large amounts of fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid. In addition, proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, which enhance membrane fluidity, to the total fatty acids was also higher in B. pseudotriquetrum grown under Antarctic field conditions. Since lipid accumulation and unsaturation of fatty acids are generally important factors for acquisition of various environmental stress tolerance in plants, these intracellular physiological and metabolic changes may be responsible for survival of B. pseudotriquetrum under Antarctic harsh environments.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141920724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ting Zhao, Sadia Khatoon, Muhammad Matloob Javed, Abdel-Halim Ghazy, Abdullah A Al-Doss, Muhammad Rauf, Taimoor Khalid, Chuanbo Ding, Zahid Hussain Shah
The plant growth regulator 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) is an important component of plant nutrient medium with tendency to accelerate physiological, biochemical and molecular processes in woody plants such as olive. To date, limited knowledge is available on the role of BAP in mediating physiological, biochemical, and genetic activities in olives under in vitro conditions. To cover this research gap, the current study was conducted with the objective of studying the role of BAP in regulating physiological traits (chlorophyll, CO2 assimilation), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase), metabolic contents (starch, sucrose, and flavonoids) and gene expression (OeRbcl, OePOD10, OeSOD10, OeCAT7, OeSS4, OeSuSY7, OeF3GT, and OeChlH) under varying concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mg L-1) within the provided in vitro conditions. The explants obtained from different olive cultivars (‘Leccino’, ‘Gemlik’, ‘Moraiolo’, ‘Arbosana’) were cultured on olive medium (OM) provided with different BAP concentrations using a two-factorial design, and data were analyzed statistically. All traits increased significantly under in vitro conditions due to increasing concentrations of BAP; however, this increase was more dramatic at 2.5 mg L−1 and the least dramatic at 0.5 mg L−1. Moreover correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap cluster analysis confirmed significant changes in the paired association and expression of traits with changing BAP concentration and type of olive cultivars. Likewise, the expression of all genes varied due to changes in BAP concentration in all cultivars, corresponding to variation in physiological and biochemical traits. Moreover, the spectrographs generated via scanning electron microscopy further indicated the variations in the distribution of elements in olive leaf samples due to varying BAP concentrations. Although all cultivars showed a significant response to in vitro varying concentrations of BAP, the response of Arbosana was statistically more significant. In conclusion, the current study proved the dynamic impact of the varying BAP concentrations on regulating the physiological, biochemical, and molecular attributes of olive cultivars.
{"title":"Delineation of the impacts of varying BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) concentrations on physiological, biochemical and genetic traits of different olive cultivars under in vitro conditions","authors":"Ting Zhao, Sadia Khatoon, Muhammad Matloob Javed, Abdel-Halim Ghazy, Abdullah A Al-Doss, Muhammad Rauf, Taimoor Khalid, Chuanbo Ding, Zahid Hussain Shah","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae038","url":null,"abstract":"The plant growth regulator 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) is an important component of plant nutrient medium with tendency to accelerate physiological, biochemical and molecular processes in woody plants such as olive. To date, limited knowledge is available on the role of BAP in mediating physiological, biochemical, and genetic activities in olives under in vitro conditions. To cover this research gap, the current study was conducted with the objective of studying the role of BAP in regulating physiological traits (chlorophyll, CO2 assimilation), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase), metabolic contents (starch, sucrose, and flavonoids) and gene expression (OeRbcl, OePOD10, OeSOD10, OeCAT7, OeSS4, OeSuSY7, OeF3GT, and OeChlH) under varying concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mg L-1) within the provided in vitro conditions. The explants obtained from different olive cultivars (‘Leccino’, ‘Gemlik’, ‘Moraiolo’, ‘Arbosana’) were cultured on olive medium (OM) provided with different BAP concentrations using a two-factorial design, and data were analyzed statistically. All traits increased significantly under in vitro conditions due to increasing concentrations of BAP; however, this increase was more dramatic at 2.5 mg L−1 and the least dramatic at 0.5 mg L−1. Moreover correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap cluster analysis confirmed significant changes in the paired association and expression of traits with changing BAP concentration and type of olive cultivars. Likewise, the expression of all genes varied due to changes in BAP concentration in all cultivars, corresponding to variation in physiological and biochemical traits. Moreover, the spectrographs generated via scanning electron microscopy further indicated the variations in the distribution of elements in olive leaf samples due to varying BAP concentrations. Although all cultivars showed a significant response to in vitro varying concentrations of BAP, the response of Arbosana was statistically more significant. In conclusion, the current study proved the dynamic impact of the varying BAP concentrations on regulating the physiological, biochemical, and molecular attributes of olive cultivars.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nhu Q Truong, Larry M York, Allyssa Decker, Margaret R Douglas
Climate change models predict increasing precipitation variability in the mid-latitude regions of Earth, generating a need to reduce negative impacts of these changes on crop production. Despite considerable research on how cover crops support agriculture in a changing climate, understanding is limited of how climate change influences the growth of cover crops. We investigated the early development of two common cover crop species – crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) – and hypothesized that growing them in mixture would ameliorate stress from drought or waterlogging. This hypothesis was tested in a 25-day greenhouse experiment, where the two factors (species number, water stress) were fully crossed in randomized blocks, and plant responses were quantified through survival, growth rate, biomass production, and root morphology. Water stress negatively influenced the early growth of these two species in contrasting ways: crimson clover was susceptible to drought while rye performed poorly under waterlogging. Per-plant biomass in rye was always greater in mixture than in monoculture, while per-plant biomass of crimson clover was greater in mixture under drought. Both species grew longer roots in mixture than in monoculture under drought, and total biomass of mixtures did not differ significantly from the more-productive monoculture (rye) in any water condition. In the face of increasingly variable precipitation, growing crimson clover and rye together has potential to ameliorate water stress, a possibility that should be further investigated in field experiments.
{"title":"A mixture of grass-legume cover crop species may ameliorate water stress in a changing climate","authors":"Nhu Q Truong, Larry M York, Allyssa Decker, Margaret R Douglas","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae039","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change models predict increasing precipitation variability in the mid-latitude regions of Earth, generating a need to reduce negative impacts of these changes on crop production. Despite considerable research on how cover crops support agriculture in a changing climate, understanding is limited of how climate change influences the growth of cover crops. We investigated the early development of two common cover crop species – crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) – and hypothesized that growing them in mixture would ameliorate stress from drought or waterlogging. This hypothesis was tested in a 25-day greenhouse experiment, where the two factors (species number, water stress) were fully crossed in randomized blocks, and plant responses were quantified through survival, growth rate, biomass production, and root morphology. Water stress negatively influenced the early growth of these two species in contrasting ways: crimson clover was susceptible to drought while rye performed poorly under waterlogging. Per-plant biomass in rye was always greater in mixture than in monoculture, while per-plant biomass of crimson clover was greater in mixture under drought. Both species grew longer roots in mixture than in monoculture under drought, and total biomass of mixtures did not differ significantly from the more-productive monoculture (rye) in any water condition. In the face of increasingly variable precipitation, growing crimson clover and rye together has potential to ameliorate water stress, a possibility that should be further investigated in field experiments.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141777401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stomatal anatomy and behavior are key to managing gas exchange fluxes, which require coordination with the plant vascular system to adequately supply leaves with water. Stomatal response times and regulation of water loss are generally understudied in ferns, especially across habits (i.e., epiphytic and terrestrial) and habitats (i.e., wet mesic and dry xeric environments). Our objectives were to 1) determine if hydraulic and anatomical traits that control water use are correlated with their habitats (i.e., xeric, mesic) and habits (i.e., epiphytic, terrestrial) for ferns and lycophytes across taxa, and 2) explore how those traits and others like average leaf water residence time correlate with stomatal function using a subset of closely related species. Epiphytic species had lower vein densities than terrestrial species, while xeric species had higher vein densities than mesic species. Xeric ferns also had smaller stomata than mesic ferns, but had similar stomatal densities. Further, in a subset of mesic and xeric ferns, the xeric ferns had higher maximum stomatal conductance and water content, as well as shorter average stomatal opening responses to light intensity, but stomatal closing times did not differ. Finally, shorter stomatal opening and closing responses were correlated with shorter water residence time. Our study highlights anatomical and physiological differences between ferns and lycophytes, which may partially explain habitat preference based on their optimization of light and water.
{"title":"Stomatal behavior and water relations in ferns and lycophytes across habits and habitats","authors":"Kyra A Prats, Adam B Roddy, Craig R Brodersen","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae041","url":null,"abstract":"Stomatal anatomy and behavior are key to managing gas exchange fluxes, which require coordination with the plant vascular system to adequately supply leaves with water. Stomatal response times and regulation of water loss are generally understudied in ferns, especially across habits (i.e., epiphytic and terrestrial) and habitats (i.e., wet mesic and dry xeric environments). Our objectives were to 1) determine if hydraulic and anatomical traits that control water use are correlated with their habitats (i.e., xeric, mesic) and habits (i.e., epiphytic, terrestrial) for ferns and lycophytes across taxa, and 2) explore how those traits and others like average leaf water residence time correlate with stomatal function using a subset of closely related species. Epiphytic species had lower vein densities than terrestrial species, while xeric species had higher vein densities than mesic species. Xeric ferns also had smaller stomata than mesic ferns, but had similar stomatal densities. Further, in a subset of mesic and xeric ferns, the xeric ferns had higher maximum stomatal conductance and water content, as well as shorter average stomatal opening responses to light intensity, but stomatal closing times did not differ. Finally, shorter stomatal opening and closing responses were correlated with shorter water residence time. Our study highlights anatomical and physiological differences between ferns and lycophytes, which may partially explain habitat preference based on their optimization of light and water.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141743613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bamboos stand out among other tall plants in being able to generate positive pressure in the xylem at night, pushing water up to the leaves and causing drops to fall from leaf tips as guttation that can amount to a steady nocturnal “bamboo rain”. The location and mechanism of nocturnal pressure generation in bamboos are unknown, as are the benefits for the plants. We conducted a study on the tall tropical bamboo species Bambusa oldhamii (giant timber bamboo) growing outdoors in southern California under full irrigation to determine where in the plant the nocturnal pressure is generated, when it rises in the evening, and when it dissipates in the morning. We hypothesized that the buildup of positive pressure would be triggered by the cessation of transpiration-driven sap flow and that resumption of sap flow in the morning would cause the pressure to dissipate. Nocturnal pressure was observed in mature stems and rhizomes, but never in roots. Pressure was episodic and associated with stem swelling and was usually, but not always, higher in rhizomes and basal stems than in stems at greater height. Time series analyses revealed that dry atmospheric conditions were followed by lower nocturnal pressure and rainfall events by higher stem pressure. Nocturnal pressure was unrelated to sap flow and even was generated for a short time in isolated stem pieces placed in water. We conclude that nocturnal pressure in bamboo is not “root pressure” but is generated in the pseudo-woody rhizomes and stems. It is unrelated to the presence or absence of sap flow and therefore must be created outside of vessels, such as in phloem, parenchyma, or fibers. It is unlikely to be a drought adaptation and may benefit the plants by maximizing stem water storage for daytime transpiration or by transporting nutrients to the leaves.
{"title":"Positive pressure in bamboo is generated in stems and rhizomes, not in roots","authors":"Joseph M Michaud, Kerri Mocko, H Jochen Schenk","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae040","url":null,"abstract":"Bamboos stand out among other tall plants in being able to generate positive pressure in the xylem at night, pushing water up to the leaves and causing drops to fall from leaf tips as guttation that can amount to a steady nocturnal “bamboo rain”. The location and mechanism of nocturnal pressure generation in bamboos are unknown, as are the benefits for the plants. We conducted a study on the tall tropical bamboo species Bambusa oldhamii (giant timber bamboo) growing outdoors in southern California under full irrigation to determine where in the plant the nocturnal pressure is generated, when it rises in the evening, and when it dissipates in the morning. We hypothesized that the buildup of positive pressure would be triggered by the cessation of transpiration-driven sap flow and that resumption of sap flow in the morning would cause the pressure to dissipate. Nocturnal pressure was observed in mature stems and rhizomes, but never in roots. Pressure was episodic and associated with stem swelling and was usually, but not always, higher in rhizomes and basal stems than in stems at greater height. Time series analyses revealed that dry atmospheric conditions were followed by lower nocturnal pressure and rainfall events by higher stem pressure. Nocturnal pressure was unrelated to sap flow and even was generated for a short time in isolated stem pieces placed in water. We conclude that nocturnal pressure in bamboo is not “root pressure” but is generated in the pseudo-woody rhizomes and stems. It is unrelated to the presence or absence of sap flow and therefore must be created outside of vessels, such as in phloem, parenchyma, or fibers. It is unlikely to be a drought adaptation and may benefit the plants by maximizing stem water storage for daytime transpiration or by transporting nutrients to the leaves.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141743614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gleicyanne Vieira da Costa, Mariana Ferreira Alves, Mariana Oliveira Duarte, Ana Paula Souza Caetano, Samantha Koehler, Juliana Lischka Sampaio Mayer
In the Neotropics, the focus of apomictic studies predominantly centres on trees within the Brazilian savanna, characterized, mostlyas sporophytic and facultative, associated with polyploidy and polyembryony. To enhance our understanding of the mechanisms governing apomixis and sexual reproduction in tropical herbaceous plants, we clarify the relationship between apomixis, chromosome counts, and polyembryony in the epiphytic orchid Zygopetalum mackayi, which forms a polyploid complex within rocky outcrops in both the Brazilian savanna and the Atlantic forest. To define embryo origins and describe megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis, we performed manual self-pollinations in first-day flowers of cultivated plants, considering all three cytotypes (2x, 3x, 4x) of this species. Flowers and fruits at different stages were collected to describe development and morphology of ovule and seed considering sexual and apomictic processes. As self-pollination treatments resulted in high fruit abortion in diploids, we also examined pollen tube development in aborted flowers and fruits to search for putative anomalies. Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis occur regularly in all cytotypes. Apomixis is facultative and sporophytic, and associated with polyploid cytotypes, while diploid individuals exclusively engage in sexual reproduction. Polyembryony is caused mainly by the production of adventitious embryos from nucellar cells of triploids and tetraploids, but also by the development of multiple archesporia in all cytotypes. Like other apomictic angiosperms within the Brazilian savanna, our findings demonstrate that apomixis in Z. mackayi relies on pollinators for seed production. We also consider the ecological implications of these apomictic patterns in Z. mackayi within the context of habitat loss and its dependence on pollinators.
{"title":"Apomixis beyond trees in the Brazilian savanna: new insights from the orchid Zygopetalum mackayi","authors":"Gleicyanne Vieira da Costa, Mariana Ferreira Alves, Mariana Oliveira Duarte, Ana Paula Souza Caetano, Samantha Koehler, Juliana Lischka Sampaio Mayer","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae037","url":null,"abstract":"In the Neotropics, the focus of apomictic studies predominantly centres on trees within the Brazilian savanna, characterized, mostlyas sporophytic and facultative, associated with polyploidy and polyembryony. To enhance our understanding of the mechanisms governing apomixis and sexual reproduction in tropical herbaceous plants, we clarify the relationship between apomixis, chromosome counts, and polyembryony in the epiphytic orchid Zygopetalum mackayi, which forms a polyploid complex within rocky outcrops in both the Brazilian savanna and the Atlantic forest. To define embryo origins and describe megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis, we performed manual self-pollinations in first-day flowers of cultivated plants, considering all three cytotypes (2x, 3x, 4x) of this species. Flowers and fruits at different stages were collected to describe development and morphology of ovule and seed considering sexual and apomictic processes. As self-pollination treatments resulted in high fruit abortion in diploids, we also examined pollen tube development in aborted flowers and fruits to search for putative anomalies. Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis occur regularly in all cytotypes. Apomixis is facultative and sporophytic, and associated with polyploid cytotypes, while diploid individuals exclusively engage in sexual reproduction. Polyembryony is caused mainly by the production of adventitious embryos from nucellar cells of triploids and tetraploids, but also by the development of multiple archesporia in all cytotypes. Like other apomictic angiosperms within the Brazilian savanna, our findings demonstrate that apomixis in Z. mackayi relies on pollinators for seed production. We also consider the ecological implications of these apomictic patterns in Z. mackayi within the context of habitat loss and its dependence on pollinators.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141532337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Backgrounds and aims Competition affects mixed-mating strategies by limiting available abiotic or biotic resources such as nutrients, water, space, or pollinators. Cleistogamous species produce closed (cleistogamous, CL), obligately selfed, simultaneously with open (chasmogamous, CH), potentially outcrossed flowers. The effects of intraspecific competition on fitness and cleistogamy variation can range from limiting the production of costly CH flowers because of resource limitation, to favouring CH production because of fitness advantages of outcrossed, CH offspring. Moreover, the effects of competition can be altered when it co-occurs with other environmental variation. Methods We grew plants from seven populations of the ruderal Lamium amplexicaule, originating from different climates and habitats, in a common garden experiment combining drought, interspecific competition, and seasonal variation. All these parameters have been shown to influence the degree of cleistogamy in the species on their own. Key results In spring, competition and drought negatively impacted fitness, but the CL proportion only increased when plants were exposed to both treatments combined. We did not observe the same results in autumn, which can be due to non-adaptive phenotypic variation, or to differences in soil compactness between seasons. The observed responses are largely due to phenotypic plasticity, but we also observed phenotypic differentiation between populations for morphological, phenological, and cleistogamy traits, pointing to the existence of different ecotypes. Conclusions Our data do not support the hypothesis that CL proportion should decrease when resources are scarce, as plants with reduced growth had relatively low CL proportions. We propose that variation in cleistogamy could be an adaptation to pollinator abundance, or to environment-dependent fitness differences between offspring of selfed and outcrossed seeds, two hypotheses worth further investigation. This opens exciting new possibilities for the study of the maintenance of mixed-mating systems using cleistogamous species as models which combine effects of inbreeding and reproductive costs.
{"title":"Competition and drought affect cleistogamy in a non-additive way in the annual ruderal Lamium amplexicaule","authors":"Bojana Stojanova, Anežka Eliášová, Tomáš Tureček","doi":"10.1093/aobpla/plae036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plae036","url":null,"abstract":"Backgrounds and aims Competition affects mixed-mating strategies by limiting available abiotic or biotic resources such as nutrients, water, space, or pollinators. Cleistogamous species produce closed (cleistogamous, CL), obligately selfed, simultaneously with open (chasmogamous, CH), potentially outcrossed flowers. The effects of intraspecific competition on fitness and cleistogamy variation can range from limiting the production of costly CH flowers because of resource limitation, to favouring CH production because of fitness advantages of outcrossed, CH offspring. Moreover, the effects of competition can be altered when it co-occurs with other environmental variation. Methods We grew plants from seven populations of the ruderal Lamium amplexicaule, originating from different climates and habitats, in a common garden experiment combining drought, interspecific competition, and seasonal variation. All these parameters have been shown to influence the degree of cleistogamy in the species on their own. Key results In spring, competition and drought negatively impacted fitness, but the CL proportion only increased when plants were exposed to both treatments combined. We did not observe the same results in autumn, which can be due to non-adaptive phenotypic variation, or to differences in soil compactness between seasons. The observed responses are largely due to phenotypic plasticity, but we also observed phenotypic differentiation between populations for morphological, phenological, and cleistogamy traits, pointing to the existence of different ecotypes. Conclusions Our data do not support the hypothesis that CL proportion should decrease when resources are scarce, as plants with reduced growth had relatively low CL proportions. We propose that variation in cleistogamy could be an adaptation to pollinator abundance, or to environment-dependent fitness differences between offspring of selfed and outcrossed seeds, two hypotheses worth further investigation. This opens exciting new possibilities for the study of the maintenance of mixed-mating systems using cleistogamous species as models which combine effects of inbreeding and reproductive costs.","PeriodicalId":48955,"journal":{"name":"AoB Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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