Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics最新文献

Human papillomavirus is responsible for 70% cervical cancers worldwide. The study assessed nursing students' knowledge and attitudes toward human papillomavirus vaccination and infection. A descriptive design was employed among nursing college students between 18 and 25 were selected as a purposive sample for the study. The study was conducted at the Menoufia University-affiliated Faculty of Nursing. A structured online questionnaire including sociodemographic data, level of knowledge about human papillomavirus infection and vaccination, and nursing students' attitudes toward HPV vaccination. The total knowledge of HPV infection and vaccination was low, 36.6% and 45.1%, respectively. The total attitude toward HPV vaccination was negative mean 27 ± 3.8. The total attitude toward HPV infection was negative mean 25 ± 1.1. Students' knowledge about HPV infection and vaccination was positively correlated with attitude. None of nursing students not received HPV vaccination. Provide nursing university students with educational packages to improve their attitudes toward the future of the HPV vaccine and to increase their understanding of HPV.

While the EV-A71 vaccine is available, its real-world effectiveness against severe neurological complications such as encephalitis and its influence on circulating enterovirus serotypes require further clarification. This single-center, retrospective study analyzed 7823 children hospitalized with enterovirus-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease or herpangina between 2016 and 2023. Among them, 414 children had received EV-A71 vaccination (376 fully, 38 partially) and 7409 were unvaccinated. Encephalitis, defined by clinical symptoms, neuroimaging evidence, and CSF pleocytosis (>5 WBC/mm³), occurred in 8.5% of vaccinated children compared to 16.7% in unvaccinated children, representing a 49% relative risk reduction (χ² = 19.768, p < .001). Concurrently, a significant shift in serotype distribution was observed: the proportion of cases caused by EV-A71 decreased from 26.3% to 13.1% (p < .001), while non-EV-A71/CVA16 serotypes became dominant, accounting for 73.2% of cases by 2023. Taken together, these results indicate a dual benefit of EV-A71 vaccination: direct protection against severe neurological disease and an indirect impact on the local epidemiology of enteroviruses. These findings demonstrate that EV-A71 vaccination is highly effective in preventing severe encephalitis and is associated with an evolving enterovirus serotype landscape, underscoring the need to expand immunization programs and develop multivalent vaccines against emerging serotypes.

Kidney transplant recipients (KTR) and hemodialysis (HD) patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19. The degree of protection after mRNA vaccination remains uncertain. Observational, prospective cohort (non-probability convenience sample) of adults under care in a Ramón y Cajal University Hospital (29 Feb 2020-30 May 2022) who received mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Outcomes were ≥1 COVID-19-related hospitalization and ≥1 ICU admission. We fitted multivariable logistic regression models (reporting odds ratios [OR] with 95% CIs) adjusted for age (years, linear), sex, and number of vaccine doses (0-4); vaccination was summarized as cumulative doses. IPTW was estimated for baseline diagnostics only; negative-binomial models were used as sensitivity analyses. Calendar time/variant epochs were not included. No patient received passive immunization. 810 patients were analysed (KTR = 679; HD = 131). Adjusted odds of hospitalisation were not significantly different between KTR and HD (OR:1.19; 95%CI:0.70-2.01). For ICU admission, the KTR vs HD estimate was imprecise due to very few events (OR:5.48; 95%CI:0.70-43.09). Age increased hospitalisation odds (OR per year:1.02; 95%CI:1.01-1.04). A dose-response pattern was observed: for hospitalisation, the third dose was associated with lower odds (OR:0.40; 95%CI:0.17-0.97) and the fourth dose showed a borderline reduction (OR:0.43; 95%CI:0.18-1.06); for ICU admission, third and fourth doses were associated with markedly lower odds (OR:0.15; 95%CI:0.04-0.54, OR:0.12; 95%CI:0.03-0.47). We found no clear differences between KTR and HD in the odds of COVID-19-related hospitalisation or ICU admission after vaccination. Findings support active surveillance and booster-focused immunisation in both groups. Although passive immunisation was not evaluated, current recommendations suggest selected patients may benefit from it when available.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading global cause of death. While primary Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination offers protection in children, the role of BCG revaccination in adults remains unclear. This study evaluated the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of BCG revaccination against TB. A comprehensive literature search through July 2025, with independent data extraction by two reviewers. RevMan version 5.4 was used for analysis by applying random-effects models with 95% CIs. Six RCTs, involving 2400 participants, showed no significant effect of BCG revaccination on initial (RR 0.99) or sustained (RR 0.80) QFT conversion, showing only modest effectiveness against MTB. Immunogenicity evaluation showed a moderate increase in CD8+ T cell (p = .01) and cytokine-producing CD4+ T cell responses (p = .008). Safety analysis indicated increased adverse events, though a reduced risk of upper respiratory tract infections (RR 0.37) was noted. These results highlight a discrepancy between immune activation and quantifiable protection, suggesting limited BCG revaccination benefit in high-risk groups and the need for vaccines with proven protective immunity.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the spine and pelvic bones. Recently, many researchers have confirmed that biological therapy is effective for AS patients, which provides a new perspective for the treatment of AS. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of scientific research on AS and biological therapy worldwide and investigate research hotspots and the direction of future trends. Global literature on AS and biological therapy published from 2004 to 2023 was searched in the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases. Visualization and bibliometric analysis were carried out using the VOSviewer and CiteSpace software with the retrieved data regarding countries, institutions, journals, authors, and keywords. A total of 2,243 related articles were included, showing that the number of articles in this field has increased annually. The highest number of articles were from the USA (24.39%), followed by Italy (14.36%), England (12.19%), Germany (10.66%), and Spain (7.86%). Braun J was the most prolific author, with a h-index of 16. The institution with the most articles was Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, and the Rheumatology journal had the highest number of publications. "janus kinase inhibitor" and "secukinumab" displayed a notable citation burst in recent years, indicating IL-17i and JAKi are research hotspots. More and more attention has been paid to the association between AS and biological therapy in the past two decades. The USA plays a leading role, and China has made remarkable progress. This study has provided a valuable reference for future research in this field.

The study of DESTINY-Lung01 and DESTINY-Lung02 demonstrated the favorable efficacy and optimal dosage of trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) in managing the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who had received previous treatment. The study sought to assess the cost-effectiveness of T-DXd in both the United States (US) and Chinese healthcare systems. Markov models were developed to evaluate the overall cost, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and life years (LYs) of treatment with T-DXd compared with docetaxel, nivolumab, and pyrotinib for patients in the US and China. The level of willingness-to-pay (WTP) in the US and China is 150,000/QALYs and 32,517/QALYs, respectively. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to ensure the precision of the model. T-DXd yielded additional QALYs of 0.63 and 0.06 with an ICER of $338997.84 and $1437258.33 per QALY, respectively, in the US compared to the docetaxel and nivolumab regimens. And T-DXd yielded additional QALYs of 0.63, 0.06, and 0.13 with an ICER of $137959.45, $623805.93, and $515447.12 per QALY, respectively, in China compared to the docetaxel, nivolumab, and pyrotinib regimens. Sensitivity analysis showed that the cost of drugs is the most influential factor. T-DXd provides substantial therapeutic benefit for NSCLC patients with HER2 mutations who have had previous treatment but is not deemed cost-effective in either the US or China when compared to docetaxel, nivolumab, and pyrotinib. Price reduction is perhaps the main way to make T-DXd cost-effective.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has shifted from a multiple-dose human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine schedule to a one-dose schedule prioritizing females aged 9-14 y. Given the burden of HPV-associated disease aside from cervical cancer and affecting both sexes, a shift toward emphasizing gender-neutral HPV vaccination strategies may improve vaccination coverage and more comprehensively address HPV-driven disease across both sexes, particularly for low- and middle-income countries.

Influenza B/Victoria viruses predominated during the 2021-2022 influenza season in Beijing, China, unlike most northern hemisphere countries, likely due to reduced international travel. We estimated influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against the B/Victoria lineage to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of 2021-2022 influenza VE. Between October 2021 and April 2022, patients aged ≥6 months with influenza-like illness (ILI) visiting outpatient departments in Beijing's influenza virological surveillance system were enrolled. A test-negative design was used to assess VE against influenza B/Victoria, adjusting for sex, age groups, the presence of chronic diseases, onset-to-enrollment interval, and symptom onset timing. Of the 8,813 eligible patients, 1,787 (20.3%) tested positive for influenza B/Victoria only. 573/8813 (6.5%) were vaccinated against influenza. The adjusted effectiveness against B/Victoria for all ages was 16.6% (95% CI: -7.5% to 35.2%) overall. VE was low against influenza B/Victoria among medically attended ILI patients during the 2021-2022 season in Beijing, China.

This bibliometric and visualization study provides a comprehensive analysis of global research hotspots and trends in DNA vaccine research from 2014 to 2024. By employing data sourced from the Web of Science Core Collection, we identified a total of 3,600 articles. Our analysis reveals a declining trend in annual publications. Active countries, institutions, journals, and authors were identified, with China, the Pasteur Network, the Vaccine Journal, and David B Weiner being the most prolific contributors. Keywords cluster analysis distinguished four major research directions: infectious disease and immunity, viral challenge and vaccine development, optimization of DNA vaccine delivery systems, and cancer and immunotherapy research. The literature co-citation analysis revealed four major research hotspots, including DNA vaccines for Zika virus, human papillomavirus (HPV), and COVID-19, as well as safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity studies of DNA vaccines. Concurrently, the burst citation analysis identified emerging themes, including the development of DNA vaccines for COVID-19, Ebola, and MERS-CoV, as well as innovations in antigen design and delivery technologies. This study offers valuable insights into the evolution and future directions of DNA vaccine research, emphasizing its importance for global public health and the potential to address current and future health challenges.

Antagonism of the neonatal Fc receptor through an engineered antibody Fc fragment, such as efgartigimod, results in a decrease in immunoglobulin G levels. This approach is being evaluated as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IgG-mediated autoimmune diseases. Our goal was to evaluate the impact of mFc-ABDEG, a mouse-adapted antibody Fc fragment with a mode of action highly similar to efgartigimod, on vaccine-induced protective immune responses against viral infections. Therefore, mouse vaccination models for COVID-19 and influenza were employed, utilizing an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (COMIRNATY) and an adjuvanted, inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (Seqirus+AddaVax), respectively. In both models, vaccination induced robust humoral responses. As expected, animals treated with mFc-ABDEG had lower levels of virus-specific IgG, while virus-specific IgM responses remained unaffected. The COVID-19 vaccine induced a strong Th1-type T cell response irrespective of mFc-ABDEG treatment. Influenza vaccination resulted in a poor T cell induction, regardless of mFc-ABDEG treatment, due to the Th2-biased response that inactivated influenza vaccines typically induce. Importantly, mFc-ABDEG treatment had no effect on protective immunity against live viral challenges in both models. Vaccinated animals treated with mFc-ABDEG were equally protected as the non-treated vaccinated controls. These non-clinical data demonstrate that FcRn antagonism with mFc-ABDEG did not affect the generation of vaccine-induced protective humoral and cellular responses, or protection against viral challenges. These data substantiate the clinical observations that, although IgG titers were reduced, FcRn antagonism with efgartigimod did not impair the ability to generate new specific IgG responses, regardless of the timing of vaccination.