Cancer Control最新文献

Background: γδT cells are special innate lymphoid cells, which are not restricted by major histocompatibility complex (MHC). γδT cells mainly exist in human epidermis and mucosal epithelium. They can secrete a variety of cytokines and chemokines involved in immune regulation, and produce effective cytotoxic responses to cancer cells. Purpose:  To investigate the role of γδT cells in tumor immunotherapy, to understand its anti-tumor mechanism, and to explore the synergistic effect with other treatment modalities. This therapy is expected to become an important means of cancer treatment. Research Design: In this review presents a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature, focusing on the efficacy of γδT cells in a variety of tumor types. Results: The mechanism of γδT cells recognizing tumor antigens and killing tumor was clarified. The tumor immunotherapy based on γδT cells and its application in clinical practice were summarized. Conclusions: γδT cells have shown promising potential in tumor immunotherapy, but the therapeutic effect varies according to the type of tumor, and some patients have poor response. There are still some challenges in the treatment of this disease, such as non-standard expansion regimens and different responses of patients, indicating that the existing treatment methods are not complete. Future research should focus on perfecting γδT cell expansion protocols, gaining a deeper understanding of its anti-tumor mechanisms, and exploring synergies with other treatment modalities. This multifaceted study will promote the development of γδT cells in the field of cancer immunotherapy.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) affects approximately 80% of individuals, irrespective of gender, and is implicated in various cancers. Existing HPV vaccines, while safe and effective, do not sufficiently protect males when administered solely to females. This review, triggered by the urgent need to address this gap and reduce the associated stigma, aims to evaluate the introduction of a gender-neutral HPV vaccine, GARDASIL-9, in India. The primary objective is to assess the necessity and feasibility of incorporating the gender-neutral HPV vaccine into India's national immunization program. This integration is crucial to ensure equitable access for all children and to mitigate the substantial burden of HPV. A literature search was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, government websites, and relevant publications. Keywords included "gender-neutral vaccine", "HPV vaccine", and "Indian population". The central research question guiding this review is: How necessary and feasible is the inclusion of a gender-neutral HPV vaccine in India's national immunization schedule to ensure equitable access for all children and reduce the HPV burden? The review inclusion criteria comprised studies addressing the prevalence of HPV infections, HPV vaccination awareness among both genders, the cost-effectiveness of gender-neutral vaccines, current HPV vaccination status, and future perspectives specific to India. Studies not meeting these criteria were excluded. The review highlights that introducing a gender-neutral HPV vaccine in India is imperative. Including males in vaccination efforts significantly reduces the overall disease burden and helps in reducing the stigma associated with HPV. A comprehensive vaccination program, bolstered by education and awareness campaigns, and its inclusion in the national immunization schedule is essential. This approach ensures equitable access to the vaccine for all children, fostering a healthier community, preventing HPV-related cancers, and enhancing public health outcomes in India.

Background: Thymic carcinoma is a rare tumor arising from the epithelial thymic tissue, yet among mediastinal tumors, it is the most common malignant entity. Thymic carcinoma often causes no symptoms and is incidentally discovered. Adjuvant radiotherapy is recommended, particularly in cases of incomplete resection and for stages III and IV, based on current guidelines and existing literature. In stage II (Masaoka-Koga system), the role of chemotherapy remains controversial, particularly in cases of incomplete resection. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy compared to adjuvant radiotherapy in the treatment of stage II (Masaoka-Koga system) thymic carcinoma after surgery.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and MEDLINE/PubMed databases for relevant studies published through April 30^th, 2023.

Results: The review identified a total of 101 studies in the Embase, Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE/PubMed databases. Of these, only eight retrospective studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. These eight studies encompassed a total of 323 patients with stage II (Masaoka-Koga system) thymic carcinoma, with an average patient age of 53.8 ± 5.0 years. There was no significant difference in the number of R0 resections between patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and those receiving adjuvant radiotherapy (P = 0.82). Patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy had a higher rate of recurrence, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.93). The meta-analysis synthesized five-year overall survival data, with a combined hazard ratio (HR) of 0.881 (95% CI: 0.463 to 1.299), indicating no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups.

Conclusions: Although the results were not statistically significant, the findings suggest that adjuvant chemotherapy might be associated with a more favorable outcome for patients with stage II (Masaoka-Koga system) thymic carcinoma compared to adjuvant radiotherapy.

Introduction: Patient-centered communication is a type of communication that takes place between the provider and the patient.

Objectives: It is aimed to reveal the effects of patient-centered communication on patient engagement, health-related quality of life, perception of service quality and patient satisfaction.

Method: The study was conducted by applying multiple regression analysis to the data obtained from 312 patients with cancer treated in a training and research hospital affiliated to the Ministry of Health in Diyarbakır, Türkiye.

Results: More than half of the patients were female and had stage 4 cancer. Different types of cancer were detected (breast cancer, cancer of the digestive organs, lymphatic and hematopoietic cancer, cancer of the genital organs, cancer of the respiratory organs, etc.). It can be stated that the average values obtained by patients from patient-centered communication and its sub-dimensions are high. There are positive, moderate and low and significant relationships between the overall patient-centered communication and patient engagement, patient satisfaction, service quality perception and quality of life. It was statistically revealed that patient-centered communication positively affected patient engagement, health-related quality of life, service quality perception, and patient satisfaction.

Conclusion: Patient-centered communication positively affects various short and medium-term health outcomes and this study offers suggestions for improving patient-provider communication.

Introduction: With the advancements in cancer prevention and diagnosis, the proportion of newly diagnosed early-stage cervical cancers has increased. Adjuvant therapies based on high-risk postoperative histopathological factors significantly increase the morbidity of treatment complications and seriously affect patients' quality of life.

Objectives: Our study aimed to establish a diagnostic nomogram for vaginal invasion (VI) among early-stage cervical cancer (CC) that can be used to reduce the occurrence of positive or close vaginal surgical margins.

Methods: We assembled the medical data of early-stage CC patients between January 2013 and December 2021 from the Fujian Cancer Hospital. Data on demographics, laboratory tests, MRI features, physical examination (PE), and pathological outcomes were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to estimate the diagnostic variables for VI in the training set. Finally, the statistically significant factors were used to construct an integrated nomogram.

Results: In this retrospective study, 540 CC patients were randomly divided into training and validation cohorts according to a 7:3 ratio. Multivariate logistic analyses showed that age [odds ratio (OR) = 2.41, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.29-4.50, P = 0.006], prognostic nutritional index (OR = 0.18, 95% CI, 0.04-0.77, P = 0.021), histological type (OR = 0.28, 95% CI, 0.08-0.94, P = 0.039), and VI based on PE (OR = 3.12, 95% CI, 1.52-6.45, P = 0.002) were independent diagnostic factors of VI. The diagnostic nomogram had a robust ability to predict VI in the training [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.70-0.82] and validation (AUC = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.58-0.83) cohorts, and the calibration curves, decision curve analysis, and confusion matrix showed good prediction power.

Conclusion: Our diagnostic nomograms could help gynaecologists quantify individual preoperative VI risk, thereby optimizing treatment options, and minimizing the incidence of multimodality treatment-related complications and the economic burden.

Background: The standard treatment for localized osteosarcoma is neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Our aim was to report the rate of histopathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for the treatment of extremity osteosarcoma in Vietnam.

Methods: We performed a retrospective study of stage II conventional osteosarcoma patients under 40 years-old who received MAP regimen as neoadjuvant chemotherapy at the Vietnam National Cancer Hospital between June 2019 and June 2022. Histopathological response was evaluated using the Huvos grading system, in which a good histopathological response was defined as a necrotic rate of 90% or more.

Results: Thirty-five eligible patients were included in the study. Male patients accounted for 65.7%, with a median age of 16 years (range, 8-38 years). Of the 35 cases, 31 were reported as stage IIB (88.6%). The femur and tibia were the most common sites in our study, accounting for 51.4% and 34.3%, respectively. The most common pathologic subtype was osteoblastic osteosarcoma (68.6%), followed by chondroblastic subtype (20%). After two cycles of MAP-regimen neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 28 of 35 patients (80%) underwent limb-sparing surgery. A good histopathological response was observed in 18 of 35 patients (51.4%). There were significant correlations between the duration of symptoms (P = 0.016), LDH (P = 0.001) serum levels at initial presentation, and ALP (P = 0.043) serum levels at initial presentation with histopathological response.

Conclusion: This retrospective study suggests a possible association between symptom duration, pre-treatment LDH levels, and pre-treatment ALP levels with histopathological response rates. Additional clinical investigations with long-term follow-up are needed to investigate survival outcomes in the Asian population.

Objectives: Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has shown only limited success in the management of metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. Overall response rates (ORR) with single agent pembrolizumab were 18% and median PFS was 18 weeks on the clinical trial SARC028. One strategy to improve the responses to immunotherapy is with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), which can enhance the antitumor CD8 T cell response through the release of tumor-specific antigens, potentially priming a more diverse class of T cell receptors.

Methods: This is a phase 0, pilot prospective study taking place at a single center with 2 arms. In Arm A, patients are treated with pembrolizumab 400 mg IV infusion on day 1 of a 42-day cycle. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is delivered in 1-5 fractions starting on C1D15-28 and given every other day. In Arm B, patients who have started an immune checkpoint inhibitor within 60 days are treated with SBRT in addition to the current therapy.

Results: In this study we outline testing the feasibility of adding SBRT to pembrolizumab.

Conclusion: The ultimate goal of combination therapy is improved overall response, including tumors not treated with SBRT. This trial can be found registered online: NCT05488366.

Chemokine ligand 11 is a member of the CXC chemokine family and exerts its biological function mainly through binding to CXCR3 and CXCR7. The CXCL11 gene is ubiquitously overexpressed in various human malignant tumors; however, its specific mechanisms vary among different cancer types. Recent studies have found that CXCL11 is involved in the activation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways and is closely related to tumorigenesis, progression, chemotherapy tolerance, immunotherapy efficacy, and poor prognosis. Depending on the specific expression of its receptor subtype, CXCL11 also has a complex 2-fold role in tumours; therefore, directly targeting the structure-function of CXCL11 and its receptors may be a challenging task. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of CXCL11 and its receptors and their roles in various types of malignant tumors and point out the directions for clinical applications.

Objectives: This study explores the incidence and trends of breast (Bca), corpus uteri (CUca), and ovarian (Oca) cancer in Lebanon, a Middle Eastern country. It compares the Bca rates to regional and global ones and discusses Bca risk factors in Lebanon.

Introduction: Globally, Bca is the premier cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in women.

Methods: Data on female Bca, CUca, and Oca published by the Lebanese national cancer registry were obtained (ie, for the years of 2005 to 2016). The age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRw) and age-specific rates per 100,000 female population were computed.

Results: From 2005 to 2016, Bca, Oca, and CUca ranked first, sixth, and seventh, respectively, for cancer incidence among women in Lebanon. Bca alone accounted for 39.4% of all new female cancer cases. The ASIRw increased significantly for Bca and CUca (APC: 3.60 and 3.73, P < .05) but not for Oca (APC: 1.27, P > .05). The Bca ASIRw (per 100,000) increased significantly from 71.0 in 2005 to 115.6 in 2013 (P < .05), then decreased steadily but non-significantly to reach 96.8 in 2016 (P > .05). Lebanon's Bca ASIRw is comparable to developed countries. This may reflect altered sociological and reproductive patterns as the country transitions from regional to global trends. The five-year age-specific rates analysis revealed that Bca rates rose steeply from 35-39 to 50-54, dropped slightly between 55 and 64, then rose till 75+. The five-year age-specific rates between 35 and 54 among Lebanese women were amongst the highest worldwide from 2008 to 2012, even higher than the rates in Belgium, which had the highest ASIRw of Bca worldwide in 2020.

Conclusion: Lebanon's Bca ASIRw is among the highest globally. It's important to investigate the contributing factors and develop a national Bca control strategy. This study supports the national recommendation in initiating Bca screening at age 40 for women.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is a chronic condition that affects a substantial proportion of the global population. Ensuring a satisfactory quality of life (QoL) for these patients is, therefore, of critical importance.

Objective: To examine the relationship between sociodemographic, economic, lifestyle, and health-related variables and quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer receiving treatment at a leading health institution in Medellín, Colombia.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included all patients aged 18 years and older who were diagnosed with colorectal cancer and treated at the VIDA Clinic Foundation in 2022. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted to characterize the population and explore factors associated with QoL, as assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal (FACT-C) scale. The Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to compare median values across variables. A Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with a Gamma family distribution and identity link function was used to identify explanatory variables influencing QoL. Regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.

Results: A total of 126 patients with colorectal cancer were evaluated, of whom 60.3% were women, with a median age of 61.5 years. The regression model identified poor sleep quality, lack of financial support, dissatisfaction with income, and unemployment as significant factors negatively associated with QoL, after adjusting for sociodemographic variables.

Conclusion: This study provides an initial exploration of health-related QoL in a Colombian population diagnosed with colorectal cancer. The findings highlight the critical influence of both health-related and socioeconomic factors on patients' QoL. A holistic approach to addressing these dimensions could enhance patient care and inform more effective support strategies.