Cancer Control最新文献

Background: γδT cells are special innate lymphoid cells, which are not restricted by major histocompatibility complex (MHC). γδT cells mainly exist in human epidermis and mucosal epithelium. They can secrete a variety of cytokines and chemokines involved in immune regulation, and produce effective cytotoxic responses to cancer cells. Purpose:  To investigate the role of γδT cells in tumor immunotherapy, to understand its anti-tumor mechanism, and to explore the synergistic effect with other treatment modalities. This therapy is expected to become an important means of cancer treatment. Research Design: In this review presents a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature, focusing on the efficacy of γδT cells in a variety of tumor types. Results: The mechanism of γδT cells recognizing tumor antigens and killing tumor was clarified. The tumor immunotherapy based on γδT cells and its application in clinical practice were summarized. Conclusions: γδT cells have shown promising potential in tumor immunotherapy, but the therapeutic effect varies according to the type of tumor, and some patients have poor response. There are still some challenges in the treatment of this disease, such as non-standard expansion regimens and different responses of patients, indicating that the existing treatment methods are not complete. Future research should focus on perfecting γδT cell expansion protocols, gaining a deeper understanding of its anti-tumor mechanisms, and exploring synergies with other treatment modalities. This multifaceted study will promote the development of γδT cells in the field of cancer immunotherapy.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) affects approximately 80% of individuals, irrespective of gender, and is implicated in various cancers. Existing HPV vaccines, while safe and effective, do not sufficiently protect males when administered solely to females. This review, triggered by the urgent need to address this gap and reduce the associated stigma, aims to evaluate the introduction of a gender-neutral HPV vaccine, GARDASIL-9, in India. The primary objective is to assess the necessity and feasibility of incorporating the gender-neutral HPV vaccine into India's national immunization program. This integration is crucial to ensure equitable access for all children and to mitigate the substantial burden of HPV. A literature search was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, government websites, and relevant publications. Keywords included "gender-neutral vaccine", "HPV vaccine", and "Indian population". The central research question guiding this review is: How necessary and feasible is the inclusion of a gender-neutral HPV vaccine in India's national immunization schedule to ensure equitable access for all children and reduce the HPV burden? The review inclusion criteria comprised studies addressing the prevalence of HPV infections, HPV vaccination awareness among both genders, the cost-effectiveness of gender-neutral vaccines, current HPV vaccination status, and future perspectives specific to India. Studies not meeting these criteria were excluded. The review highlights that introducing a gender-neutral HPV vaccine in India is imperative. Including males in vaccination efforts significantly reduces the overall disease burden and helps in reducing the stigma associated with HPV. A comprehensive vaccination program, bolstered by education and awareness campaigns, and its inclusion in the national immunization schedule is essential. This approach ensures equitable access to the vaccine for all children, fostering a healthier community, preventing HPV-related cancers, and enhancing public health outcomes in India.

Background: Immune therapy, especially involving PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, has shown promise as a therapeutic option for cholangiocarcinoma. However, limited studies have evaluated survival outcomes in cholangiocarcinoma patients treated with immune therapy. This study aims to develop a predictive model to evaluate the survival benefits of immune therapy in patients with cholangiocarcinoma.

Methods: This retrospective analysis included 120 cholangiocarcinoma patients from Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with survival following immune therapy. A predictive model was constructed and validated using calibration curves (CC), decision curve analysis (DCA), concordance index (C-index), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results: Cox regression analysis identified several factors as potential predictors of survival post-immune therapy in cholangiocarcinoma: treatment cycle (<6 vs ≥ 6 months, 95% CI: 0.119-0.586, P = 0.001), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR <3.08 vs ≥ 3.08, 95% CI: 1.864-9.624, P = 0.001), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA <4.13 vs ≥ 4.13, 95% CI: 1.175-5.321, P = 0.017), and presence of bone metastasis (95% CI: 1.306-6.848, P = 0.010). The nomogram model achieved good predictive accuracy with a C-index of 0.811. CC indicated strong concordance between the predicted and observed outcomes. Multi-timepoint ROC curves at 1, 2, and 3 years validated the model's performance (1-year AUC: 0.906, 2-year AUC: 0.832, 3-year AUC: 0.822). The multi-timepoint DCA curves also demonstrated a higher net benefit compared to extreme curves.

Conclusion: The nomogram model, incorporating key risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma patients post-immune therapy, demonstrates robust predictive accuracy for survival outcomes, offering the potential for improved clinical decision-making.

Objectives: Human cancer is considered to be an important cause of death worldwide. Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) is emerging as a powerful pro-oncogenic factor in bladder and liver cancer; however, no pan-cancer analysis is presently available. Our study aimed to explore PTBP1 expression profiles, prognostic immunological value, and biological functions across various cancers.

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis using multi-omics bioinformatics from public databases, including TIMER, GEPIA2, ProteinAtlas, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, PrognoScan, cBioPortal, STRING, ENCORI, TargetScan, and DAVID.

Results: We found that PTBP1 was overexpressed across multiple cancer types. qRT-PCR results demonstrated that the PTBP1 mRNA was significantly up-regulated in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), colon cancer (COAD), and melanoma (SKCM) cell lines, as well as in melanoma-forming mouse models. Higher PTBP1 mRNA levels were associated with poorer survival probabilities in several cancer types. PTBP1 genetic alterations were related to amplification and mutation. PTBP1 significantly modulates tumor immunity by enhancing Tregs infiltration and reducing CD8⁺ T cell activity, promoting immune evasion and adversely affecting cancer prognosis. GO and KEGG pathway analyses implied that PTBP1 may participate in RNA metabolism, the spliceosome, the cell cycle, and the p53 signaling pathway in cancer development.

Conclusion: Our study is the first to demonstrate the oncogenic role of PTBP1 in a pan-cancer context. PTBP1 might serve as a new biomarker for prognostic prediction and immune cell infiltration across cancers in the future.

Background: Breast cancer patients and their informal caregivers often report unmet psychosocial, relational, and physical health needs. Dyadic interventions may improve patient and caregiver outcomes, but few have been integrated into clinical care or designed for Black breast cancer patients and their female caregivers. We used the Health Equity Implementation Framework to design for dissemination by identifying facilitators and barriers to implementing a dyadic survivorship intervention delivered via video teleconferencing (e.g., Zoom).

Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 18 collaborators with roles at a comprehensive cancer center and community organizations to understand facilitators and barriers to implementing a dyadic intervention for Black breast cancer patients and their caregivers. We used rapid qualitative analysis (templated summaries synthesized in matrices) to conduct a directed content analysis. We identified patterns in responses to interview guide questions and developed cross-cutting themes.

Results: Collaborators' roles fell into four domains: patient-facing mental health (33%), patient-facing physical health (28%), research/administration (28%), and cancer-focused community groups (11%). Participants were supportive of a dyadic intervention for Black women with breast cancer and female caregivers. Collaborators noted that psychosocial care at the cancer center was already being delivered via Zoom and saw benefits to including caregivers. Overarching themes include the need to address gaps in care (for caregivers, Black women, and long-term breast cancer survivors); the importance of representation in building trust and mitigating stigma; and the challenges within the healthcare system around providing care services to dyads.

Conclusion: Application of these findings can help address the challenges of implementing a dyadic survivorship intervention for Black women with breast cancer and their caregivers in clinical settings. Expanding models such as the Health Equity Implementation Framework to include caregivers may help focus dissemination and implementation efforts on both members of a dyad and improve outcomes for both.

Objectives: Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has shown only limited success in the management of metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. Overall response rates (ORR) with single agent pembrolizumab were 18% and median PFS was 18 weeks on the clinical trial SARC028. One strategy to improve the responses to immunotherapy is with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), which can enhance the antitumor CD8 T cell response through the release of tumor-specific antigens, potentially priming a more diverse class of T cell receptors.

Methods: This is a phase 0, pilot prospective study taking place at a single center with 2 arms. In Arm A, patients are treated with pembrolizumab 400 mg IV infusion on day 1 of a 42-day cycle. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is delivered in 1-5 fractions starting on C1D15-28 and given every other day. In Arm B, patients who have started an immune checkpoint inhibitor within 60 days are treated with SBRT in addition to the current therapy.

Results: In this study we outline testing the feasibility of adding SBRT to pembrolizumab.

Conclusion: The ultimate goal of combination therapy is improved overall response, including tumors not treated with SBRT. This trial can be found registered online: NCT05488366.

Chemokine ligand 11 is a member of the CXC chemokine family and exerts its biological function mainly through binding to CXCR3 and CXCR7. The CXCL11 gene is ubiquitously overexpressed in various human malignant tumors; however, its specific mechanisms vary among different cancer types. Recent studies have found that CXCL11 is involved in the activation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways and is closely related to tumorigenesis, progression, chemotherapy tolerance, immunotherapy efficacy, and poor prognosis. Depending on the specific expression of its receptor subtype, CXCL11 also has a complex 2-fold role in tumours; therefore, directly targeting the structure-function of CXCL11 and its receptors may be a challenging task. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of CXCL11 and its receptors and their roles in various types of malignant tumors and point out the directions for clinical applications.

Objectives: This study explores the incidence and trends of breast (Bca), corpus uteri (CUca), and ovarian (Oca) cancer in Lebanon, a Middle Eastern country. It compares the Bca rates to regional and global ones and discusses Bca risk factors in Lebanon.

Introduction: Globally, Bca is the premier cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in women.

Methods: Data on female Bca, CUca, and Oca published by the Lebanese national cancer registry were obtained (ie, for the years of 2005 to 2016). The age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRw) and age-specific rates per 100,000 female population were computed.

Results: From 2005 to 2016, Bca, Oca, and CUca ranked first, sixth, and seventh, respectively, for cancer incidence among women in Lebanon. Bca alone accounted for 39.4% of all new female cancer cases. The ASIRw increased significantly for Bca and CUca (APC: 3.60 and 3.73, P < .05) but not for Oca (APC: 1.27, P > .05). The Bca ASIRw (per 100,000) increased significantly from 71.0 in 2005 to 115.6 in 2013 (P < .05), then decreased steadily but non-significantly to reach 96.8 in 2016 (P > .05). Lebanon's Bca ASIRw is comparable to developed countries. This may reflect altered sociological and reproductive patterns as the country transitions from regional to global trends. The five-year age-specific rates analysis revealed that Bca rates rose steeply from 35-39 to 50-54, dropped slightly between 55 and 64, then rose till 75+. The five-year age-specific rates between 35 and 54 among Lebanese women were amongst the highest worldwide from 2008 to 2012, even higher than the rates in Belgium, which had the highest ASIRw of Bca worldwide in 2020.

Conclusion: Lebanon's Bca ASIRw is among the highest globally. It's important to investigate the contributing factors and develop a national Bca control strategy. This study supports the national recommendation in initiating Bca screening at age 40 for women.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is a chronic condition that affects a substantial proportion of the global population. Ensuring a satisfactory quality of life (QoL) for these patients is, therefore, of critical importance.

Objective: To examine the relationship between sociodemographic, economic, lifestyle, and health-related variables and quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer receiving treatment at a leading health institution in Medellín, Colombia.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included all patients aged 18 years and older who were diagnosed with colorectal cancer and treated at the VIDA Clinic Foundation in 2022. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted to characterize the population and explore factors associated with QoL, as assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal (FACT-C) scale. The Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to compare median values across variables. A Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with a Gamma family distribution and identity link function was used to identify explanatory variables influencing QoL. Regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.

Results: A total of 126 patients with colorectal cancer were evaluated, of whom 60.3% were women, with a median age of 61.5 years. The regression model identified poor sleep quality, lack of financial support, dissatisfaction with income, and unemployment as significant factors negatively associated with QoL, after adjusting for sociodemographic variables.

Conclusion: This study provides an initial exploration of health-related QoL in a Colombian population diagnosed with colorectal cancer. The findings highlight the critical influence of both health-related and socioeconomic factors on patients' QoL. A holistic approach to addressing these dimensions could enhance patient care and inform more effective support strategies.

Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic effects and explore the mechanisms behind caloric restriction achieved through time-restricted feeding (CR) in inhibiting mouse tumors, providing a theoretical basis and data support for future CR diet-assisted anticancer treatment protocols.

Methods: C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were divided into four cell line groups. Each group was further split into normal diet (ND) and a CR diet groups. The ND groups had free access to water and a normal diet, while the CR diet groups had access to water but were only fed from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m., fasting for the remaining 22 h. Food intake was recorded daily starting on day 1 of the experiment. Tumor models were established and assessed every 2 days. Blood biochemical indicators, serum pyruvic acid levels, and cytokine expression were measured.

Results: The CR diet inhibited tumor growth in mice. Colorimetric assays and ELISAs showed a reduction in pyruvic acid levels and in key upstream and downstream rate-limiting enzymes in the sera of CR mice. Routine blood and blood biochemistry tests suggested minor effects of the CR diet on these parameters. Western blotting revealed that the CR diet suppressed mTOR and AKT protein expression in tumor tissues. ELISA showed that various mTOR-related signaling pathways were downregulated. Immunohistochemistry staining indicated reduced expression of P53, P-AKT, EGFR, and IGF-1 in tumor tissues. TUNEL staining confirmed that the CR diet promoted tumor apoptosis.

Conclusion: The CR diet inhibited tumor growth by suppressing mTOR and its related upstream and downstream gene signaling pathways, reducing tumor glycolysis, and accelerating tumor cell apoptosis.