Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (1807–1894), celebrated in Britain and the United States for his models and illustrations of extinct animals, also had an extensive lecturing career. This paper discusses the reports of Hawkins’s lectures in Britain, delivered between the 1850s and the early 1880s. Unabbreviated transcriptions of his lectures are rare, but newspaper reports are numerous. Hawkins spoke on comparative anatomy, geology, palaeontology and art, his most prominent themes being the origin of dragon myths and the impossibility of human evolution. Above all, he was known for his ability to sketch natural forms rapidly and accurately as he spoke. Hawkins saw significant success in metropolitan centres, but he also built rewarding relationships with provincial towns. This allowed for substantial engagement with civic scientific communities, whose fossil specimens were used by Hawkins and whose local science initiatives were promoted in press accounts of his lectures. Hawkins’s fervent anti-evolutionism aroused attention, although his alternative explanation of life’s development, “the unity of plan”, led to some confusion, and he became embittered by the spread of evolutionary naturalism. Hawkins’s career faded in the 1880s, but memories of his lecturing style lingered with audiences at the century’s close.
{"title":"The illustrated natural history lectures of Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins given in Britain, 1850s–1880s","authors":"Richard Fallon","doi":"10.3366/anh.2023.0866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.2023.0866","url":null,"abstract":"Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (1807–1894), celebrated in Britain and the United States for his models and illustrations of extinct animals, also had an extensive lecturing career. This paper discusses the reports of Hawkins’s lectures in Britain, delivered between the 1850s and the early 1880s. Unabbreviated transcriptions of his lectures are rare, but newspaper reports are numerous. Hawkins spoke on comparative anatomy, geology, palaeontology and art, his most prominent themes being the origin of dragon myths and the impossibility of human evolution. Above all, he was known for his ability to sketch natural forms rapidly and accurately as he spoke. Hawkins saw significant success in metropolitan centres, but he also built rewarding relationships with provincial towns. This allowed for substantial engagement with civic scientific communities, whose fossil specimens were used by Hawkins and whose local science initiatives were promoted in press accounts of his lectures. Hawkins’s fervent anti-evolutionism aroused attention, although his alternative explanation of life’s development, “the unity of plan”, led to some confusion, and he became embittered by the spread of evolutionary naturalism. Hawkins’s career faded in the 1880s, but memories of his lecturing style lingered with audiences at the century’s close.","PeriodicalId":49106,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Natural History","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139327183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benedykt Tadeusz Dybowski (1833–1930) was a Polish naturalist who, in 1864, was sent into exile in Siberia after the Polish uprising of 1863–1864. In 1865, he began his environmental research near Chita and then in Darasun. In 1868–1872, with his exiled associate Wiktor Ignacy Godlewski (1831–1900) , he conducted the first limnological studies of Lake Baikal. In their work, they used an instruments, tools and traps constructed by themselves. They described the lake’s properties and many of the endemic species like amphipods that lived in the lake. They also discovered many species of molluscs and fishes new to science. Dybowski also studied the differences in the malacofauna of the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal, the ichthyofauna of the River Amur, the Ussuri and Lake Baikal, and the origin of individual species. The research in Siberia also included birds, that were collected in an innovative way. It was characteristic of Dybowski to create a series of individuals from a particular species. Based on the collected materials, he pointed out the differences or similarities in populations of species from geographically distant regions. The bird specimens thus contributed not only to knowledge of the fauna of Siberia but also to ecological and zoogeographical studies. The wide range of research and scientific discoveries of Dybowski and Godlewski became the basis for shortening their prison sentences and made it possible to return to their homeland. The collections of these naturalists – comprising thousands of specimens of sponges, crustaceans, spiders, molluscs, fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals – are still used today. The purpose of the paper is to disseminate knowledge about these naturalists, who remain well known in Poland, Russia, Ukraine and Germany, and their scientific legacy.
{"title":"Benedykt Tadeusz Dybowski and Wiktor Ignacy Godlewski: ground-breaking studies of Siberian natural history in the nineteenth century","authors":"Dominika Mierzwa-Szymkowiak, Robert Rutkowski","doi":"10.3366/anh.2023.0858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.2023.0858","url":null,"abstract":"Benedykt Tadeusz Dybowski (1833–1930) was a Polish naturalist who, in 1864, was sent into exile in Siberia after the Polish uprising of 1863–1864. In 1865, he began his environmental research near Chita and then in Darasun. In 1868–1872, with his exiled associate Wiktor Ignacy Godlewski (1831–1900) , he conducted the first limnological studies of Lake Baikal. In their work, they used an instruments, tools and traps constructed by themselves. They described the lake’s properties and many of the endemic species like amphipods that lived in the lake. They also discovered many species of molluscs and fishes new to science. Dybowski also studied the differences in the malacofauna of the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal, the ichthyofauna of the River Amur, the Ussuri and Lake Baikal, and the origin of individual species. The research in Siberia also included birds, that were collected in an innovative way. It was characteristic of Dybowski to create a series of individuals from a particular species. Based on the collected materials, he pointed out the differences or similarities in populations of species from geographically distant regions. The bird specimens thus contributed not only to knowledge of the fauna of Siberia but also to ecological and zoogeographical studies. The wide range of research and scientific discoveries of Dybowski and Godlewski became the basis for shortening their prison sentences and made it possible to return to their homeland. The collections of these naturalists – comprising thousands of specimens of sponges, crustaceans, spiders, molluscs, fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals – are still used today. The purpose of the paper is to disseminate knowledge about these naturalists, who remain well known in Poland, Russia, Ukraine and Germany, and their scientific legacy.","PeriodicalId":49106,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Natural History","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139327808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agnes Block (1629–1704) was a Dutch Mennonite naturalist, collector and patron, as well as an artist herself. In a family portrait by Jan Weenix (1642–1719) depicting Block at her renowned garden estate De Vijverhof near Wageningen, it is the fruiting pineapple, Ananas comosus, believed to be the first to be successfully cultivated in the Dutch Republic, which usually receives the most attention. However, while best known for such horticultural achievements and botanical interests, little attention has been paid to her ornithological endeavours. Block is known to have kept an aviary as well as a natural history cabinet which probably included specimens of birds. She also commissioned at least 18 artists to work for her, and had her exotic birds documented on paper just as she did her plants. In Weenix's painting, it is a drawing of a bird she proudly displays. What bird is it, and why does it matter? This paper offers an identification of the bird depicted – Cyanerpes cyaneus (red-legged honeycreeper) found only in Neotropical America – and considers what it can tell us about Block's unrecognized place in early modern European ornithology.
{"title":"The ornithology of Agnes Block (1629–1704): Dutch naturalist, artist, collector and patron","authors":"Deniz Martinez","doi":"10.3366/anh.2023.0860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.2023.0860","url":null,"abstract":"Agnes Block (1629–1704) was a Dutch Mennonite naturalist, collector and patron, as well as an artist herself. In a family portrait by Jan Weenix (1642–1719) depicting Block at her renowned garden estate De Vijverhof near Wageningen, it is the fruiting pineapple, Ananas comosus, believed to be the first to be successfully cultivated in the Dutch Republic, which usually receives the most attention. However, while best known for such horticultural achievements and botanical interests, little attention has been paid to her ornithological endeavours. Block is known to have kept an aviary as well as a natural history cabinet which probably included specimens of birds. She also commissioned at least 18 artists to work for her, and had her exotic birds documented on paper just as she did her plants. In Weenix's painting, it is a drawing of a bird she proudly displays. What bird is it, and why does it matter? This paper offers an identification of the bird depicted – Cyanerpes cyaneus (red-legged honeycreeper) found only in Neotropical America – and considers what it can tell us about Block's unrecognized place in early modern European ornithology.","PeriodicalId":49106,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Natural History","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139325181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1919, the famous Dutch poultry judge Cornelis van Gink (1890–1968) was aware of the existence of crested turkeys. Was this bird a natural rarity, variation or mutation? A search through historical records and published works yielded very few references to crested turkeys. From the financial accounts of the Great Condé in 1679 to pictures in books and journals of the eighteenth and nineteenth century in England and America, from a mounted specimen in Parma to a first photograph in 1938 in Newsweek, the beauty and rareness of this bird is evident. Attempts to breed crested turkeys were unsuccessful. In the nineteenth century William Bernhardt Tegetmeier (1816–1912), editor of The Field, had a major interest in these turkeys and together with Charles Darwin (1809–1882) studied and described skull deformations associated with well-known and common crested breeds of chickens. Deformation of the skull was also observed in the mounted specimen of the crested turkey preserved in Parma, Italy. Genetic analyses of crested poultry indicate that a mutation (autosomal incompletely dominant) in the crest gene is responsible for this phenotype. The mutation for crest formation with additional skull deformation might be responsible for some in ovo lethality or poor hatching which could explain the failure or difficulty in breeding this phenotype. In conclusion, all data indicate that the crested turkey is a mutation of the domestic turkey Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo and does not justify a new species or subspecies name.
{"title":"History of the crested turkey, a rare variant of the domesticated turkey (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo)","authors":"Bruno M. Goddeeris, Boudewijn R. Goddeeris","doi":"10.3366/anh.2023.0867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.2023.0867","url":null,"abstract":"In 1919, the famous Dutch poultry judge Cornelis van Gink (1890–1968) was aware of the existence of crested turkeys. Was this bird a natural rarity, variation or mutation? A search through historical records and published works yielded very few references to crested turkeys. From the financial accounts of the Great Condé in 1679 to pictures in books and journals of the eighteenth and nineteenth century in England and America, from a mounted specimen in Parma to a first photograph in 1938 in Newsweek, the beauty and rareness of this bird is evident. Attempts to breed crested turkeys were unsuccessful. In the nineteenth century William Bernhardt Tegetmeier (1816–1912), editor of The Field, had a major interest in these turkeys and together with Charles Darwin (1809–1882) studied and described skull deformations associated with well-known and common crested breeds of chickens. Deformation of the skull was also observed in the mounted specimen of the crested turkey preserved in Parma, Italy. Genetic analyses of crested poultry indicate that a mutation (autosomal incompletely dominant) in the crest gene is responsible for this phenotype. The mutation for crest formation with additional skull deformation might be responsible for some in ovo lethality or poor hatching which could explain the failure or difficulty in breeding this phenotype. In conclusion, all data indicate that the crested turkey is a mutation of the domestic turkey Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo and does not justify a new species or subspecies name.","PeriodicalId":49106,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Natural History","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139325556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"GOSS, Andrew (editor). The Routledge handbook of science and empire","authors":"M. D. Eddy","doi":"10.3366/anh.2023.0881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.2023.0881","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49106,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Natural History","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139325692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ASHBY, Jack. Platypus matters: the extraordinary story of Australian mammals; HOLMES, Branden and LINNARD, Gareth (editors). Thylacine: the history, ecology and loss of the Tasmanian tiger","authors":"A. M. Lucas","doi":"10.3366/anh.2023.0874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.2023.0874","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49106,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Natural History","volume":"207 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139330568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An autograph manuscript written after late October 1747 by Mark Catesby, now in the collections of the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA, reveals that he was the author of a summary of the final (eleventh) part of his own book, The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama islands (1729–1747). The summary was read to the Royal Society by Cromwell Mortimer in February 1748 and was then published under Mortimer's name in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Mortimer only lightly edited Catesby's manuscript and added an encomium. In his summary, Catesby took the opportunity, several months after the publication of the final part (“Appendix”) of his two-volume book, to enlarge on a few details.
{"title":"Mark Catesby, Cromwell Mortimer and Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1730–1748): summarizing Catesby's The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama islands","authors":"E. Nelson","doi":"10.3366/anh.2023.0862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.2023.0862","url":null,"abstract":"An autograph manuscript written after late October 1747 by Mark Catesby, now in the collections of the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA, reveals that he was the author of a summary of the final (eleventh) part of his own book, The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama islands (1729–1747). The summary was read to the Royal Society by Cromwell Mortimer in February 1748 and was then published under Mortimer's name in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Mortimer only lightly edited Catesby's manuscript and added an encomium. In his summary, Catesby took the opportunity, several months after the publication of the final part (“Appendix”) of his two-volume book, to enlarge on a few details.","PeriodicalId":49106,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Natural History","volume":"167 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139328356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"BIRKHEAD, Tim. Birds and us: a 12,000-year history, from cave art to conservation","authors":"Barbara Mearns","doi":"10.3366/anh.2023.0876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.2023.0876","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49106,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Natural History","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139329670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many authors have written about the new bird species discovered by members of the Lewis and Clark expedition (1804–1806), but the history of one species in particular – Oreortyx pictus (mountain quail) – has remained elusive. Primary sources confirm that Lewis returned from the expedition with a specimen (now missing), which he deposited in the Philadelphia Museum. However, for unexplained reasons, the specimen was overlooked by Alexander Wilson and other ornithologists. Here, I review primary sources from the expedition and its aftermath, including novel sources that resolve this long-standing puzzle.
{"title":"The forgotten history of Oreortyx pictus (mountain quail), discovered by the Lewis and Clark expedition, 1806","authors":"Matthew R. Halley","doi":"10.3366/anh.2023.0865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.2023.0865","url":null,"abstract":"Many authors have written about the new bird species discovered by members of the Lewis and Clark expedition (1804–1806), but the history of one species in particular – Oreortyx pictus (mountain quail) – has remained elusive. Primary sources confirm that Lewis returned from the expedition with a specimen (now missing), which he deposited in the Philadelphia Museum. However, for unexplained reasons, the specimen was overlooked by Alexander Wilson and other ornithologists. Here, I review primary sources from the expedition and its aftermath, including novel sources that resolve this long-standing puzzle.","PeriodicalId":49106,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Natural History","volume":"15 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139329718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the contribution of Johann Friedrich Naumann (1780–1857) to knowledge of the biology of Pinguinus impennis (great auk; “der fluglose Alk/ the flightless auk”), written for his natural history of German birds, Naturgeschichte der Vögel Deutschlands (1820–1844) and published in the twelfth and final volume in 1844, the year in which the great auk is generally accepted to have become extinct. Naumann, a farmer in a rural area of central Germany, never saw a live great auk, yet by careful examination of the literature, correspondence and conversations with other ornithologists, together with the examination of at least nine skins and three eggs, he produced an extraordinarily accurate and perceptive account of the bird. In the winter of 1830–1831, Naumann obtained his own great auk specimen – a bird in summer plumage – through Johann Heinrich Frank, one of several natural history dealers responsible for importing great auk specimens from Iceland to Denmark and Germany in the 1830s. Naumann noted several differences between the great auk and the smaller but morphologically similar Alca torda (razorbill), and suggested that the two species represented separate genera. Despite the plethora of publications relating to the great auk following its extinction, it is remarkable that Naumann’s exceptional account should have been almost entirely overlooked.
本研究探讨了约翰-弗里德里希-瑙曼（Johann Friedrich Naumann，1780-1857 年）对 Pinguinus impennis（大杓鹬；"der fluglose Alk/ the flightless auk"）生物学知识的贡献，这些贡献写入了他的德国鸟类自然史《德国鸟类自然史》（Naturgeschichte der Vögel Deutschlands，1820-1844 年），并于 1844 年出版了第十二卷，也是最后一卷，人们普遍认为大杓鹬正是在这一年灭绝的。瑙曼是德国中部农村地区的一位农民，从未见过活的大杓鹬，但他通过仔细查阅文献、与其他鸟类学家通信和交谈，并检查了至少九张鸟皮和三枚鸟蛋，对这种鸟进行了极为准确和敏锐的描述。1830-1831 年冬，瑙曼通过约翰-海因里希-弗兰克（Johann Heinrich Frank）获得了自己的大鸥标本--一只夏季羽色的鸟，弗兰克是 19 世纪 30 年代负责从冰岛向丹麦和德国进口大鸥标本的几位自然历史学家之一。瑙曼注意到大嘴鸥与体型较小但形态相似的蛏子（Alca torda）之间的一些差异，并认为这两个物种代表不同的属。尽管在大嘴鸟灭绝后，有关大嘴鸟的出版物层出不穷，但令人惊讶的是，瑙曼的特殊描述几乎完全被忽视了。
{"title":"“Der fluglose Alk”: Johann Friedrich Naumann’s 1844 account of Pinguinus impennis (great auk)","authors":"K. Schulze‐Hagen, Tim R. Birkhead","doi":"10.3366/anh.2023.0863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.2023.0863","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the contribution of Johann Friedrich Naumann (1780–1857) to knowledge of the biology of Pinguinus impennis (great auk; “der fluglose Alk/ the flightless auk”), written for his natural history of German birds, Naturgeschichte der Vögel Deutschlands (1820–1844) and published in the twelfth and final volume in 1844, the year in which the great auk is generally accepted to have become extinct. Naumann, a farmer in a rural area of central Germany, never saw a live great auk, yet by careful examination of the literature, correspondence and conversations with other ornithologists, together with the examination of at least nine skins and three eggs, he produced an extraordinarily accurate and perceptive account of the bird. In the winter of 1830–1831, Naumann obtained his own great auk specimen – a bird in summer plumage – through Johann Heinrich Frank, one of several natural history dealers responsible for importing great auk specimens from Iceland to Denmark and Germany in the 1830s. Naumann noted several differences between the great auk and the smaller but morphologically similar Alca torda (razorbill), and suggested that the two species represented separate genera. Despite the plethora of publications relating to the great auk following its extinction, it is remarkable that Naumann’s exceptional account should have been almost entirely overlooked.","PeriodicalId":49106,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Natural History","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139326741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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