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Predicting changes in the suitable habitats of six halophytic plant species in the arid areas of Northwest China 预测中国西北干旱地区六种卤叶植物适宜栖息地的变化
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0062-7
Ao Yang, Wenqin Tu, Benfeng Yin, Shujun Zhang, Xinyu Zhang, Qing Zhang, Yunjie Huang, Zhili Han, Ziyue Yang, Xiaobing Zhou, Weiwei Zhuang, Yuanming Zhang

In the context of changes in global climate and land uses, biodiversity patterns and plant species distributions have been significantly affected. Soil salinization is a growing problem, particularly in the arid areas of Northwest China. Halophytes are ideal for restoring soil salinization because of their adaptability to salt stress. In this study, we collected the current and future bioclimatic data released by the WorldClim database, along with soil data from the Harmonized World Soil Database (v1.2) and A Big Earth Data Platform for Three Poles. Using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model, the potential suitable habitats of six halophytic plant species (Halostachys caspica (Bieb.) C. A. Mey., Halogeton glomeratus (Bieb.) C. A. Mey., Kalidium foliatum (Pall.) Moq., Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) Bieb., Salicornia europaea L., and Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall.) were assessed under the current climate conditions (average for 1970–2000) and future (2050s, 2070s, and 2090s) climate scenarios (SSP245 and SSP585, where SSP is the Shared Socio-economic Pathway). The results revealed that all six halophytic plant species exhibited the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values higher than 0.80 based on the MaxEnt model, indicating the excellent performance of the MaxEnt model. The suitability of the six halophytic plant species significantly varied across regions in the arid areas of Northwest China. Under different future climate change scenarios, the suitable habitat areas for the six halophytic plant species are expected to increase or decrease to varying degrees. As global warming progresses, the suitable habitat areas of K. foliatum, S. salsa, and H. strobilaceum exhibited an increasing trend. In contrast, the suitable habitat areas of H. glomeratus, S. europaea, and H. caspica showed an opposite trend. Furthermore, considering the ongoing global warming trend, the centroids of the suitable habitat areas for various halophytic plant species would migrate to different degrees, and four halophytic plant species, namely, S. salsa, H. strobilaceum, H. gbmeratus, and H. capsica, would migrate to higher latitudes. Temperature, precipitation, and soil factors affected the possible distribution ranges of these six halophytic plant species. Among them, precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation), precipitation of the warmest quarter, mean temperature of the warmest quarter, and exchangeable Na+ significantly affected the distribution of halophytic plant species. Our findings are critical to comprehending and predicting the impact of climate change on ecosystems. The findings of this study hold significant theoretical and practical implications for the management of soil salinization and for the utilization, protection, and management of halophytes in the arid areas of Northwest China.

在全球气候和土地利用发生变化的背景下,生物多样性模式和植物物种分布受到了严重影响。土壤盐碱化是一个日益严重的问题,尤其是在中国西北干旱地区。盐生植物因其对盐胁迫的适应性而成为修复土壤盐碱化的理想植物。在本研究中,我们收集了世界气候数据库(WorldClim)发布的当前和未来生物气候数据,以及世界统一土壤数据库(V1.2版)和三极地球大数据平台的土壤数据。利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型,确定了六种卤叶植物(Halostachys caspica (Bieb.) C. A. Mey.、Halogeton glomeratus (Bieb.) C. A. Mey.、Kalidium foliatum (Pall.) Moq.、Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) Bieb.、Salicornia europaea (Pall.) C. A. Mey.)的潜在适宜生境、Salicornia europaea L. 和 Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall.)在当前气候条件(1970-2000 年平均气温)和未来(2050 年代、2070 年代和 2090 年代)气候情景(SSP245 和 SSP585,其中 SSP 为共享社会经济路径)下进行了评估。结果表明,基于 MaxEnt 模型,所有六种卤叶植物物种的接收器工作特征曲线下面积值均大于 0.80,表明 MaxEnt 模型性能卓越。在中国西北干旱地区,6种卤叶植物的适宜性在不同区域存在显著差异。在不同的未来气候变化情景下,预计六种卤叶植物的适宜栖息地面积会有不同程度的增加或减少。随着全球气候变暖,K. foliatum、S. salsa和H. strobilaceum的适宜生境面积呈上升趋势。相比之下,H. glomeratus、S. europaea 和 H. caspica 的适宜栖息地面积则呈现出相反的趋势。此外,考虑到全球持续变暖的趋势,各种卤叶植物物种的适宜栖息地中心点将发生不同程度的迁移,其中4种卤叶植物物种,即S. salsa、H. strobilaceum、H. gbmeratus和H. capsica将向高纬度迁移。温度、降水和土壤因素影响了这 6 种盐生植物的可能分布范围。其中,降水季节性(变异系数)、最暖季度降水量、最暖季度平均气温和可交换Na+对盐生植物物种的分布有显著影响。我们的研究结果对于理解和预测气候变化对生态系统的影响至关重要。本研究的发现对中国西北干旱地区的土壤盐碱化治理以及盐生植物的利用、保护和管理具有重要的理论和实践意义。
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引用次数: 0
Spatiotemporal landscape pattern changes and their effects on land surface temperature in greenbelt with semi-arid climate: A case study of the Erbil City, Iraq 半干旱气候绿化带的时空景观格局变化及其对地表温度的影响:伊拉克埃尔比勒市案例研究
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0027-x
Suzan Ismail, Hamid Maliki

Urban expansion of cities has caused changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in addition to transformations in the spatial characteristics of landscape structure. These alterations have generated heat islands and rise of land surface temperature (LST), which consequently have caused a variety of environmental issues and threated the sustainable development of urban areas. Greenbelts are employed as an urban planning containment policy to regulate urban expansion, safeguard natural open spaces, and serve adaptation and mitigation functions. And they are regarded as a powerful measure for enhancing urban environmental sustainability. Despite the fact that, the relation between landscape structure change and variation of LST has been examined thoroughly in many studies, but there is a limitation concerning this relation in semi-arid climate and in greenbelts as well, with the lacking of comprehensive research combing both aspects. Accordingly, this study investigated the spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern of LULC and their relationship with variation of LST within an inner greenbelt in the semi-arid Erbil City of northern Iraq. The study utilized remote sensing data to retrieve LST, classified LULC, and calculated landscape metrics for analyzing spatial changes during the study period. The results indicated that both composition and configuration of LULC had an impact on the variation of LST in the study area. The Pearson’s correlation showed the significant effect of Vegetation 1 type (VH), cultivated land (CU), and bare soil (BS) on LST, as increase of LST was related to the decrease of VH and the increases of CU and BS, while, neither Vegetation 2 type (VL) nor built-up (BU) had any effects. Additionally, the spatial distribution of LULC also exhibited significant effects on LST, as LST was strongly correlated with landscape indices for VH, CU, and BS. However, for BU, only aggregation index metric affected LST, while none of VL metrics had a relation. The study provides insights for landscape planners and policymakers to not only develop more green spaces in greenbelt but also optimize the spatial landscape patterns to reduce the influence of LST on the urban environment, and further promote sustainable development and enhance well-being in the cities with semi-arid climate.

城市的扩张造成了土地利用和土地覆盖(LULC)的变化,同时也改变了景观结构的空间特征。这些变化产生了热岛和地表温度(LST)的升高,从而引发了各种环境问题,影响了城市地区的可持续发展。绿化带作为一种城市规划遏制政策,可调节城市扩张、保护自然开放空间,并具有适应和缓解功能。绿化带被视为提高城市环境可持续性的有力措施。尽管许多研究已经深入探讨了景观结构变化与 LST 变化之间的关系,但在半干旱气候和绿化带中,这种关系还存在局限性,缺乏将两方面结合起来的综合研究。因此,本研究调查了伊拉克北部半干旱地区埃尔比勒市内绿化带中 LULC 景观格局的时空变化及其与 LST 变化的关系。研究利用遥感数据检索 LST,对 LULC 进行分类,并计算景观指标,以分析研究期间的空间变化。结果表明,LULC 的组成和配置对研究区域 LST 的变化都有影响。皮尔逊相关性表明,植被 1 型(VH)、耕地(CU)和裸土(BS)对 LST 有显著影响,LST 的增加与植被 1 型(VH)的减少、耕地(CU)和裸土(BS)的增加有关,而植被 2 型(VL)和建筑群(BU)均无影响。此外,LULC 的空间分布也对 LST 有显著影响,因为 LST 与 VH、CU 和 BS 的景观指数密切相关。然而,就 BU 而言,只有聚合指数指标会影响 LST,而 VL 指标均与 LST 无关。该研究为景观规划者和政策制定者提供了启示,他们不仅可以在绿化带中开发更多的绿色空间,还可以优化空间景观格局,减少 LST 对城市环境的影响,进一步促进半干旱气候城市的可持续发展,提高城市居民的幸福感。
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引用次数: 0
Threshold friction velocity influenced by soil particle size within the Columbia Plateau, northwestern United States 美国西北部哥伦比亚高原上受土壤颗粒大小影响的阈值摩擦速度
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0081-4
Ruibing Meng, Zhongju Meng, Brenton Sharratt, Jianguo Zhang, Jiale Cai, Xiaoyan Chen

Wind erosion is a geomorphic process in arid and semi-arid areas and has substantial implications for regional climate and desertification. In the Columbia Plateau of northwestern United States, the emissions from fine particles of loessial soils often contribute to the exceedance of inhalable particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm or less (PM10) according to the air quality standards. However, little is known about the threshold friction velocity (TFV) for particles of different sizes that comprise these soils. In this study, soil samples of two representative soil types (Warden sandy loam and Ritzville silt loam) collected from the Columbia Plateau were sieved to seven particle size fractions, and an experiment was then conducted to determine the relationship between TFV and particle size fraction. The results revealed that soil particle size significantly affected the initiation of soil movement and TFV; TFV ranged 0.304–0.844 and 0.249–0.739 m/s for different particle size fractions of Ritzville silt loam and Warden sandy loam, respectively. PM10 and total suspended particulates (TSP) emissions from a bed of 63–90 µm soil particles were markedly higher for Warden sandy loam than for Ritzville silt loam. Together with the lower TFV of Warden sandy loam, dust emissions from fine particles (<100 µm in diameter) of Warden sandy loam thus may be a main contributor to dust in the region’s atmosphere, since the PM10 emissions from the soil erosion surfaces and its ensuing suspension within the atmosphere constitute an essential process of soil erosion in the Columbia Plateau. Developing and implementing strategic land management practices on sandy loam soils is therefore necessary to control dust emissions in the Columbia Plateau.

风蚀是干旱和半干旱地区的一种地貌过程,对区域气候和荒漠化有重大影响。在美国西北部的哥伦比亚高原,根据空气质量标准,黄土细颗粒的排放往往导致空气动力学直径小于或等于 10 µm 的可吸入颗粒物(PM10)超标。然而,人们对这些土壤中不同大小颗粒的阈值摩擦速度(TFV)知之甚少。在这项研究中,对从哥伦比亚高原采集的两种具有代表性的土壤类型(沃登砂壤土和里茨维尔粉砂壤土)的土壤样本进行了筛分,共筛分出七种颗粒大小的组分,然后进行了一项实验,以确定 TFV 与颗粒大小组分之间的关系。结果表明,土壤颗粒大小对土壤运动的启动和 TFV 有明显影响;对于不同颗粒大小的里茨维尔粉质壤土和沃顿砂质壤土,TFV 的范围分别为 0.304-0.844 和 0.249-0.739 m/s。瓦登砂壤土中 63-90 微米土壤颗粒床的 PM10 和总悬浮颗粒 (TSP) 排放量明显高于里茨维尔粉砂壤土。由于沃顿砂壤土的 TFV 较低,因此沃顿砂壤土的细颗粒(直径 100 µm)产生的粉尘排放可能是该地区大气中粉尘的主要来源,因为土壤侵蚀表面产生的 PM10 排放及其随后在大气中的悬浮构成了哥伦比亚高原土壤侵蚀的基本过程。因此,要控制哥伦比亚高原的粉尘排放,就必须制定和实施针对砂质壤土的战略性土地管理措施。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of nitrogen deposition on the carbon budget and water stress in Central Asia under climate change 气候变化下氮沉降对中亚碳预算和水资源压力的影响
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0022-2
Qifei Han, Wei Xu, Chaofan Li

Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (N) plays a significant role in shaping the structure and functioning of various terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. However, the magnitude of N deposition on grassland ecosystems in Central Asia still remains highly uncertain. In this study, a multi-data approach was adopted to analyze the distribution and amplitude of N deposition effects in Central Asia from 1979 to 2014 using a process-based denitrification decomposition (DNDC) model. Results showed that total vegetation carbon (C) in Central Asia was 0.35 (±0.09) Pg C/a and the averaged water stress index (WSI) was 0.20 (±0.02) for the whole area. Increasing N deposition led to an increase in the vegetation C of 65.56 (±83.03) Tg C and slightly decreased water stress in Central Asia. Findings of this study will expand both our understanding and predictive capacity of C characteristics under future increases in N deposition, and also serve as a valuable reference for decision-making regarding water resources management and climate change mitigation in arid and semi-arid areas globally.

大气中的氮(N)沉积在塑造全球各种陆地生态系统的结构和功能方面发挥着重要作用。然而,氮沉降对中亚地区草原生态系统的影响程度仍然非常不确定。本研究采用多数据方法,利用基于过程的反硝化分解(DNDC)模型,分析了1979年至2014年中亚地区氮沉降效应的分布和幅度。结果表明,中亚地区的植被总碳量(C)为 0.35 (±0.09) Pg C/a,整个地区的平均水分胁迫指数(WSI)为 0.20 (±0.02)。氮沉降量的增加导致中亚地区植被 C 增加了 65.56 (±83.03) Tg C,并略微减轻了水胁迫。这项研究的结果将拓展我们对未来氮沉积增加情况下碳特征的理解和预测能力,也将为全球干旱和半干旱地区水资源管理和减缓气候变化的决策提供有价值的参考。
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引用次数: 0
Reasonable grazing may balance the conflict between grassland utilization and soil conservation in the semi-arid hilly areas, China 合理放牧可平衡中国半干旱丘陵地区草地利用与水土保持之间的矛盾
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0025-z
Hui Sun, Yunge Zhao, Liqian Gao, Mingxiang Xu

Soil erosion caused by unsustainable grazing is a major driver of grassland ecosystem degradation in many semi-arid hilly areas in China. Thus, grazing exclusion is considered as an effective method for solving this issue in such areas. However, some ecological and economic problems, such as slow grassland rejuvenation and limited economic conditions, have become obstacles for the sustainable utilization of grassland ecosystem. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the conflict between grassland use and soil conservation may be balanced by a reasonable grazing intensity. In this study, a two-year grazing fence experiment with five grazing intensity gradients was conducted in a typical grassland of the Loess Plateau in China to evaluate the responses of vegetation characteristics and soil and water losses to grazing intensity. The five grazing intensity gradients were 2.2, 3.0, 4.2, 6.7, and 16.7 goats/hm2, which were represented by G1–G5, respectively, and no grazing was used as control. The results showed that a reasonable grazing intensity was conducive to the sustainable utilization of grassland resources. Vegetation biomass under G1–G4 grazing intensity significantly increased by 51.9%, 42.1%, 36.9%, and 36.7%, respectively, compared with control. In addition, vegetation coverage increased by 19.6% under G1 grazing intensity. Species diversity showed a single peak trend with increasing grazing intensity. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index under G1–G4 grazing intensities significantly increased by 22.8%, 22.5%, 13.3%, and 8.3%, respectively, compared with control. Furthermore, grazing increased the risk of soil erosion. Compared with control, runoff yields under G1–G5 grazing intensities increased by 1.4, 2.6, 2.8, 4.3, and 3.9 times, respectively, and sediment yields under G1–G5 grazing intensities were 3.0, 13.0, 20.8, 34.3, and 37.7 times greater, respectively, than those under control. This result was mainly attributed to a visible decrease in litter biomass after grazing, which decreased by 50.5%, 72.6%, 79.0%, 80.0%, and 76.9%, respectively, under G1–G5 grazing intensities. By weighing the grassland productivity and soil conservation function, we found that both two aims were achieved at a low grazing intensity of less than 3.5 goats/hm2. Therefore, it is recommended that grassland should be moderately utilized with grazing intensity below 3.5 goats/hm2 in semi-arid hilly areas to achieve the dual goals of ecological and economic benefits. The results provide a scientific basis for grassland utilization and health management in semi-arid hilly areas from the perspective of determining reasonable grazing intensity to maintain both grassland production and soil conservation functions.

不可持续的放牧造成的水土流失是中国许多半干旱丘陵地区草原生态系统退化的主要原因。因此,在这些地区,禁牧被认为是解决这一问题的有效方法。然而,草原恢复缓慢、经济条件有限等生态和经济问题已成为草原生态系统可持续利用的障碍。因此,我们假设,可以通过合理的放牧强度来平衡草原利用与水土保持之间的矛盾。本研究在中国黄土高原的典型草地上进行了为期两年的围栏放牧试验,划分了五个放牧强度梯度,以评价植被特征和水土流失对放牧强度的响应。5个放牧强度梯度分别为2.2、3.0、4.2、6.7和16.7只羊/hm2,以G1-G5为代表,不放牧为对照。结果表明,合理的放牧强度有利于草原资源的可持续利用。与对照相比,G1-G4放牧强度下的植被生物量分别显著增加了51.9%、42.1%、36.9%和36.7%。此外,G1放牧强度下植被覆盖度增加了19.6%。物种多样性随着放牧强度的增加呈单一峰值趋势。与对照组相比,G1-G4放牧强度下的香农-维纳多样性指数分别显著增加了22.8%、22.5%、13.3%和8.3%。此外,放牧增加了土壤侵蚀的风险。与对照组相比,G1-G5 放牧强度下的径流量分别增加了 1.4、2.6、2.8、4.3 和 3.9 倍,G1-G5 放牧强度下的泥沙量分别是对照组的 3.0、13.0、20.8、34.3 和 37.7 倍。这一结果主要归因于放牧后枯落物生物量的明显减少,在 G1-G5 放牧强度下,枯落物生物量分别减少了 50.5%、72.6%、79.0%、80.0% 和 76.9%。通过权衡草原生产力和水土保持功能,我们发现在放牧强度小于 3.5 只羊/hm2 的情况下,这两个目标都能实现。因此,建议在半干旱丘陵地区适度利用草地,放牧强度应低于 3.5 只羊/hm2,以实现生态效益和经济效益的双重目标。该研究结果从确定合理放牧强度的角度,为半干旱丘陵地区草地利用与健康管理提供了科学依据,以维持草地生产和水土保持的双重功能。
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引用次数: 0
Responses of runoff to changes in climate and human activities in the Liuhe River Basin, China 中国柳河流域径流对气候和人类活动变化的响应
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0023-1
Mingqian Li, He Wang, Wei Du, Hongbiao Gu, Fanchao Zhou, Baoming Chi

Since the 1950s, numerous soil and water conservation measures have been implemented to control severe soil erosion in the Liuhe River Basin (LRB), China. While these measures have protected the upstream soil and water ecological environment, they have led to a sharp reduction in the downstream flow and the deterioration of the river ecological environment. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the impact of soil and water conservation measures on hydrological processes to assess long-term runoff changes. Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) models and sensitivity analyses based on the Budyko hypothesis, this study quantitatively evaluated the effects of climate change, direct water withdrawal, and soil and water conservation measures on runoff in the LRB during different periods, including different responses to runoff discharge, hydrological regime, and flood processes. The runoff series were divided into a baseline period (1956–1969) and two altered periods, i.e., period 1 (1970–1999) and period 2 (2000–2020). Human activities were the main cause of the decrease in runoff during the altered periods, contributing 86.03% (−29.61 mm), while the contribution of climate change was only 13.70% (−4.70 mm). The impact of climate change manifests as a decrease in flood volume caused by a reduction in precipitation during the flood season. Analysis of two flood cases indicated a 66.00%–84.00% reduction in basin runoff capacity due to soil and water conservation measures in the upstream area. Soil and water conservation measures reduced the peak flow and total flood volume in the upstream runoff area by 77.98% and 55.16%, respectively, even with nearly double the precipitation. The runoff coefficient in the reservoir area without soil and water conservation measures was 4.0 times that in the conservation area. These results contribute to the re-evaluation of soil and water conservation hydrological effects and provide important guidance for water resource planning and water conservation policy formulation in the LRB.

自 20 世纪 50 年代以来,为控制严重的水土流失,中国柳河流域(LRB)实施了许多水土保持措施。这些措施在保护上游水土生态环境的同时,也导致了下游流量的急剧减少和河流生态环境的恶化。因此,必须评估水土保持措施对水文过程的影响,以评估长期径流变化。本研究利用水土评估工具(SWAT)模型和基于布迪科假说的敏感性分析,定量评估了不同时期气候变化、直接取水和水土保持措施对浐灞河径流的影响,包括对径流量、水文过程和洪水过程的不同响应。径流序列分为基线期(1956-1969 年)和两个变化期,即第 1 期(1970-1999 年)和第 2 期(2000-2020 年)。人类活动是造成变化期径流减少的主要原因,占 86.03%(-29.61 毫米),而气候变化仅占 13.70%(-4.70 毫米)。气候变化的影响表现为汛期降水减少导致洪水量减少。对两个洪水案例的分析表明,由于上游地区采取了水土保持措施,流域径流量减少了 66.00%-84.00%。水土保持措施使上游径流区的洪峰流量和洪水总量分别减少了 77.98% 和 55.16%,即使降水量增加了近一倍。未采取水土保持措施的库区径流系数是水土保持区的 4.0 倍。这些结果有助于重新评价水土保持的水文效应,并为浐灞水资源规划和水土保持政策的制定提供了重要指导。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of climate and human activity on NDVI of various vegetation types in the Three-River Source Region, China 气候和人类活动对中国三江源地区不同植被类型 NDVI 的影响
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0104-1
Qing Lu, Haili Kang, Fuqing Zhang, Yuanping Xia, Bing Yan

The Three-River Source Region (TRSR) in China holds a vital position and exhibits an irreplaceable strategic importance in ecological preservation at the national level. On the basis of an in-depth study of the vegetation evolution in the TRSR from 2000 to 2022, we conducted a detailed analysis of the feedback mechanism of vegetation growth to climate change and human activity for different vegetation types. During the growing season, the spatiotemporal variations of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for different vegetation types in the TRSR were analyzed using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-NDVI data and meteorological data from 2000 to 2022. In addition, the response characteristics of vegetation to temperature, precipitation, and human activity were assessed using trend analysis, partial correlation analysis, and residual analysis. Results indicated that, after in-depth research, from 2000 to 2022, the TRSR’s average NDVI during the growing season was 0.3482. The preliminary ranking of the average NDVI for different vegetation types was as follows: shrubland (0.5762)>forest (0.5443)>meadow (0.4219)>highland vegetation (0.2223)>steppe (0.2159). The NDVI during the growing season exhibited a fluctuating growth trend, with an average growth rate of 0.0018/10a (P<0.01). Notably, forests displayed a significant development trend throughout the growing season, possessing the fastest rate of change in NDVI (0.0028/10a). Moreover, the upward trends in NDVI for forests and steppes exhibited extensive spatial distributions, with significant increases accounting for 95.23% and 93.80%, respectively. The sensitivity to precipitation was significantly enhanced in other vegetation types other than highland vegetation. By contrast, steppes, meadows, and highland vegetation demonstrated relatively high vulnerability to temperature fluctuations. A further detailed analysis revealed that climate change had a significant positive impact on the TRSR from 2000 to 2022, particularly in its northwestern areas, accounting for 85.05% of the total area. Meanwhile, human activity played a notable positive role in the southwestern and southeastern areas of the TRSR, covering 62.65% of the total area. Therefore, climate change had a significantly higher impact on NDVI during the growing season in the TRSR than human activity.

中国三江源地区在国家生态保护中具有不可替代的重要战略地位。在深入研究三江源地区2000-2022年植被演变规律的基础上,详细分析了不同植被类型的植被生长对气候变化和人类活动的反馈机制。利用中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)-归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)数据和2000-2022年气象数据,分析了TRSR不同类型植被在生长季节的时空变化。此外,还利用趋势分析、偏相关分析和残差分析评估了植被对温度、降水和人类活动的响应特征。结果表明,经过深入研究,从 2000 年到 2022 年,TRSR 生长季的平均 NDVI 为 0.3482。不同植被类型的平均 NDVI 初步排序如下:灌木林(0.5762)>森林(0.5443)>草甸(0.4219)>高原植被(0.2223)>草原(0.2159)。生长季的 NDVI 呈波动增长趋势,平均增长率为 0.0018/10a(P<0.01)。值得注意的是,森林在整个生长季呈现出明显的发展态势,NDVI 的变化率最快(0.0028/10a)。此外,森林和草原的 NDVI 上升趋势呈现广泛的空间分布,显著上升的比例分别为 95.23% 和 93.80%。除高原植被外,其他植被类型对降水的敏感性明显增强。相比之下,草原、草甸和高原植被对温度波动的脆弱性相对较高。进一步的详细分析显示,从 2000 年到 2022 年,气候变化对 TRSR 产生了显著的积极影响,尤其是在其西北部地区,占总面积的 85.05%。与此同时,人类活动在 TRSR 西南部和东南部地区发挥了显著的积极作用,占总面积的 62.65%。因此,气候变化对 TRSR 生长季 NDVI 的影响明显高于人类活动。
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引用次数: 0
Impacts of climate change and human activities on vegetation dynamics on the Mongolian Plateau, East Asia from 2000 to 2023 2000 至 2023 年气候变化和人类活动对东亚蒙古高原植被动态的影响
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0082-3
Yujie Yan, Yiben Cheng, Zhiming Xin, Junyu Zhou, Mengyao Zhou, Xiaoyu Wang

The Mongolian Plateau in East Asia is one of the largest contingent arid and semi-arid areas of the world. Under the impacts of climate change and human activities, desertification is becoming increasingly severe on the Mongolian Plateau. Understanding the vegetation dynamics in this region can better characterize its ecological changes. In this study, based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images, we calculated the kernel normalized difference vegetation index (kNDVI) on the Mongolian Plateau from 2000 to 2023, and analyzed the changes in kNDVI using the Theil-Sen median trend analysis and Mann-Kendall significance test. We further investigated the impact of climate change on kNDVI change using partial correlation analysis and composite correlation analysis, and quantified the effects of climate change and human activities on kNDVI change by residual analysis. The results showed that kNDVI on the Mongolian Plateau was increasing overall, and the vegetation recovery area in the southern region was significantly larger than that in the northern region. About 50.99% of the plateau showed dominant climate-driven effects of temperature, precipitation, and wind speed on kNDVI change. Residual analysis showed that climate change and human activities together contributed to 94.79% of the areas with vegetation improvement. Appropriate human activities promoted the recovery of local vegetation, and climate change inhibited vegetation growth in the northern part of the Mongolian Plateau. This study provides scientific data for understanding the regional ecological environment status and future changes and developing effective ecological protection measures on the Mongolian Plateau.

东亚的蒙古高原是世界上最大的或有干旱和半干旱地区之一。在气候变化和人类活动的影响下,蒙古高原的荒漠化日益严重。了解该地区的植被动态可以更好地描述其生态变化特征。本研究基于中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)图像,计算了蒙古高原2000-2023年的核归一化差异植被指数(kNDVI),并利用Theil-Sen中值趋势分析和Mann-Kendall显著性检验分析了kNDVI的变化。利用偏相关分析和复合相关分析进一步研究了气候变化对kNDVI变化的影响,并通过残差分析量化了气候变化和人类活动对kNDVI变化的影响。结果表明,蒙古高原的 kNDVI 总体呈上升趋势,南部地区的植被恢复面积明显大于北部地区。约 50.99% 的高原地区显示出温度、降水和风速对 kNDVI 变化的主导气候效应。残差分析表明,在气候变化和人类活动的共同作用下,94.79%的区域植被得到改善。适当的人类活动促进了当地植被的恢复,而气候变化则抑制了蒙古高原北部植被的生长。该研究为了解蒙古高原区域生态环境现状及未来变化、制定有效的生态保护措施提供了科学数据。
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引用次数: 0
Glacier area change and its impact on runoff in the Manas River Basin, Northwest China from 2000 to 2020 2000-2020 年中国西北玛纳斯河流域冰川面积变化及其对径流的影响
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0080-5
Tongxia Wang, Fulong Chen, Aihua Long, Zhengyong Zhang, Chaofei He, Tingbo Lyu, Bo Liu, Yanhao Huang

Understanding the distribution and dynamics of glaciers is of great significance to the management and allocation of regional water resources and socio-economic development in arid regions of Northwest China. In this study, based on 36 Landsat images, we extracted the glacier boundaries in the Manas River Basin, Northwest China from 2000 to 2020 using eCognition combined with band operation, GIS (geographic information system) spatial overlay techniques, and manual visual interpretation. We further analyzed the distribution and variation characteristics of glacier area, and simulated glacial runoff using a distributed degree-day model to explore the regulation of runoff recharge. The results showed that glacier area in the Manas River Basin as a whole showed a downward trend over the past 21 a, with a decrease of 10.86% and an average change rate of −0.54%/a. With the increase in glacier scale, the number of smaller glaciers decreased exponentially, and the number and area of larger glaciers were relatively stable. Glacier area showed a normal distribution trend of increasing first and then decreasing with elevation. About 97.92% of glaciers were distributed at 3700–4800 m, and 48.11% of glaciers were observed on the northern and northeastern slopes. The retreat rate of glaciers was the fastest (68.82%) at elevations below 3800 m. There was a clear rise in elevation at the end of glaciers. Glaciers at different slope directions showed a rapid melting trend from the western slope to the southern slope then to the northern slope. Glacial runoff in the basin showed a fluctuating upward trend in the past 21 a, with an increase rate of 0.03×108 m3/a. The average annual glacial runoff was 4.80×108 m3, of which 33.31% was distributed in the ablation season (June–September). The average annual contribution rate of glacial meltwater to river runoff was 35.40%, and glacial runoff accounted for 45.37% of the total runoff during the ablation season. In addition, precipitation and glacial runoff had complementary regulation patterns for river runoff. The findings can provide a scientific basis for water resource management in the Manas River Basin and other similar arid inland river basins.

了解冰川的分布和动态对中国西北干旱地区的区域水资源管理和分配以及社会经济发展具有重要意义。在本研究中,我们基于 36 幅 Landsat 图像,利用电子识别技术结合波段运算、GIS(地理信息系统)空间叠加技术和人工目视判读,提取了 2000 年至 2020 年中国西北玛纳斯河流域的冰川边界。我们进一步分析了冰川面积的分布和变化特征,并利用分布式度日模型模拟了冰川径流,探讨了径流补给的调节作用。结果表明,玛纳斯河流域的冰川面积在过去 21 年中整体呈下降趋势,降幅为 10.86%,平均变化率为-0.54%/a。随着冰川尺度的增大,小冰川的数量呈指数下降,大冰川的数量和面积相对稳定。冰川面积呈先增后减的正态分布趋势。约 97.92% 的冰川分布在海拔 3700-4800 米之间,48.11% 的冰川分布在北坡和东北坡。海拔 3800 米以下的冰川退缩速度最快(68.82%)。不同坡向的冰川呈现出从西坡到南坡再到北坡的快速消融趋势。流域内的冰川径流量在过去 21 a 呈波动上升趋势,上升速率为 0.03×108 m3/a。年平均冰川径流量为 4.80×108 m3,其中 33.31% 分布在消融季节(6-9 月)。冰川融水对河流径流的年均贡献率为 35.40%,冰川径流占消融季径流总量的 45.37%。此外,降水和冰川径流对河流径流的调节模式具有互补性。研究结果可为玛纳斯河流域及其他类似干旱内陆河流域的水资源管理提供科学依据。
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引用次数: 0
Historical tillage promotes grass-legume mixtures establishment and accelerates soil microbial activity and organic carbon decomposition 历史性耕作促进了草-豆混合物的形成,并加速了土壤微生物活动和有机碳分解
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0021-3
Jiqiong Zhou, Jinchao Gong, Pengsen Wang, Yingying Su, Xuxu Li, Xiangjun Li, Lin Liu, Yanfu Bai, Congyu Ma, Wen Wang, Ting Huang, Yanhong Yan, Xinquan Zhang

Perennial grass-legume mixtures have been extensively used to restore degraded grasslands, increasing grassland productivity and forage quality. Tillage is crucial for seedbed preparation and sustainable weed management for the establishment of grass-legume mixtures. However, a common concern is that intensive tillage may alter soil characteristics, leading to losses in soil organic carbon (SOC). We investigated the plant community composition, SOC, soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), soil enzyme activities, and soil properties in long-term perennial grass-legume mixtures under two different tillage intensities (once and twice) as well as in a fenced grassland (FG). The establishment of grass-legume mixtures increased plant species diversity and plant community coverage, compared with FG. Compared with once tilled grassland (OTG), twice tilled grassland (TTG) enhanced the coverage of high-quality leguminous forage species by 380.3%. Grass-legume mixtures with historical tillage decreased SOC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, whereas soil MBC concentrations in OTG and TTG increased by 16.0% and 16.4%, respectively, compared with FG. TTG significantly decreased the activity of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) by 72.3%, whereas soil enzyme β-glucosidase (βG) in OTG and TTG increased by 55.9% and 27.3%, respectively, compared with FG. Correlation analysis indicated a close association of the increase in MBC and βG activities with the rapid decline in SOC. This result suggested that MBC was a key driving factor in soil carbon storage dynamics, potentially accelerating soil carbon cycling and facilitating biogeochemical cycling. The establishment of grass-legume mixtures effectively improves forage quality and boosts plant diversity, thereby facilitating the restoration of degraded grasslands. Although tillage assists in establishing legume-grass mixtures by controlling weeds, it accelerates microbial activity and organic carbon decomposition. Our findings provide a foundation for understanding the process and effectiveness of restoration management in degraded grasslands.

多年生牧草-豆科植物混合物已被广泛用于恢复退化草地,提高草地生产力和饲料质量。耕作对于草-豆混合物的苗床准备和可持续杂草管理至关重要。然而,人们普遍担心密集耕作可能会改变土壤特性,导致土壤有机碳(SOC)流失。我们研究了两种不同耕作强度(一次和两次)下以及围栏草地(FG)中长期多年生草-豆混合物的植物群落组成、SOC、土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、土壤酶活性和土壤特性。与围栏草地相比,建立草-豆混合物增加了植物物种多样性和植物群落覆盖率。与一次翻耕草地(OTG)相比,两次翻耕草地(TTG)将优质豆科牧草物种的覆盖率提高了 380.3%。与传统耕作法相比,草-豆科植物混合物降低了 SOC 和溶解有机碳 (DOC) 的浓度,而 OTG 和 TTG 的土壤 MBC 浓度分别增加了 16.0% 和 16.4%。与 FG 相比,TTG 使 N-乙酰基-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)的活性明显降低了 72.3%,而 OTG 和 TTG 中的土壤酶 β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)分别增加了 55.9% 和 27.3%。相关分析表明,MBC 和 βG 活性的增加与 SOC 的快速下降密切相关。这一结果表明,MBC 是土壤碳储量动态变化的关键驱动因素,有可能加速土壤碳循环,促进生物地球化学循环。建立草-豆混合物可有效提高饲料质量,促进植物多样性,从而促进退化草地的恢复。虽然耕作可以通过控制杂草来帮助建立豆科草混合物,但它会加速微生物的活动和有机碳的分解。我们的研究结果为了解退化草地恢复管理的过程和效果奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Arid Land
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