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Comparative analysis of the levelized cost of hydrogen production from fossil energy and renewable energy in China 中国利用化石能源和可再生能源制氢的平准化成本比较分析

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy for Sustainable Development

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2024.101588

Yu Tang, Yiming Li

Against the backdrop of the low-carbon energy transition, hydrogen energy has garnered significant attention as a promising energy option. This study employs the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) model to analyze the production costs and cost structures of nine hydrogen production processes with identical production scales. The results indicate that: (1) The hydrogen production by coal gasification (CGH) has a cost advantage (10.07 RMB/kg), but it is associated with high carbon dioxide emissions. After coupling CCUS technology, the LCOH of hydrogen production from coal gasification is 11.45 RMB/kg, an increase of about 14 %, which is 43 % lower than that of hydrogen production from natural gas reforming coupled with CCUS (19.94–20.06 RMB/kg), and 65–70 % lower than that of hydrogen production from water electrolysis (33.30–38.42 RMB/kg). (2) In large-scale production, hydrogen production from municipal solid waste also shows strong economic competitiveness (10.95 RMB/kg), only 9 % higher than the coal gasification to hydrogen process. (3) Sensitivity analysis reveals that the LCOH of fossil fuel-based hydrogen production and hydrogen production from municipal solid waste is significantly affected by carbon taxes and raw material price fluctuations. In contrast, LCOH from water electrolysis is more vulnerable to fluctuations in electricity prices. (4) In an ideal scenario, if China's hydrogen production industry adopts a hydrogen production method that combines renewable energy with water electrolysis, the industry's carbon reduction potential could reach approximately 800 million tons.

在低碳能源转型的背景下，氢能作为一种前景广阔的能源选择备受关注。本研究采用氢气平准化成本（LCOH）模型，分析了九种生产规模相同的氢气生产工艺的生产成本和成本结构。结果表明(1）煤气化制氢（CGH）具有成本优势（10.07 元/千克），但二氧化碳排放量高。耦合 CCUS 技术后，煤气化制氢的 LCOH 为 11.45 元/千克，增加了约 14%，比天然气重整制氢耦合 CCUS 的 LCOH（19.94-20.06 元/千克）低 43%。(2) 在大规模生产中，城市固体废弃物制氢也表现出较强的经济竞争力（10.95 元/千克），仅比煤气化制氢工艺高 9%。(3) 敏感性分析表明，化石燃料制氢和城市固体废弃物制氢的 LCOH 受碳税和原材料价格波动的影响较大。相比之下，水电解制氢的 LCOH 更容易受到电价波动的影响。(4) 在理想情况下，如果中国制氢行业采用可再生能源与水电解相结合的制氢方法，该行业的碳减排潜力可达到约 8 亿吨。

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引用次数: 0

The ideational impacts of Indonesia's renewable energy project failures 印度尼西亚可再生能源项目失败对意识形态的影响

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy for Sustainable Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2024.101587

Hafidz Wibisono , Jon Lovett , Maulidia Savira Chairani , Siti Suryani

Transitioning to a sustainable future involves a comprehensive shift into a new technical configuration and set of institutional arrangements. Despite global efforts to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs), many energy projects have failed due to technical and institutional problems and misunderstandings. Failure leads to uncertainty at the end of long-term transformative change, but discussion of failure in socio-technical transitions has been limited as the current body of knowledge focuses primarily on highlighting ‘winning’ innovations and their historical path. Exploring project failure can potentially reveal the misalignments in socio-technological configurations that lead to stagnation in progression of transition trajectories. Failures have discursive implications as they can result in a period of instability and so trigger actors to revisit their commitment towards transition visions and effectiveness of trajectories. This article contributes to debates around project failures by tracing their impact on overarching ideas of transition. The case of Sumba Iconic Island (SII), as one of the strategic efforts of Indonesia's energy transition, is selected for an in-depth exploration. Our analysis found that the ideational power of SII, which is embedded in the overarching discourse of Indonesia's energy transition, is relatively stable despite numerous technical and managerial failures. However, people's trust in renewable energy ambition has been diminished as centralised diesel-generated electricity offers better reliability.

向可持续未来过渡涉及到向新的技术结构和一系列制度安排的全面转变。尽管全球都在努力实现可持续发展目标（SDGs），但由于技术和制度问题以及误解，许多能源项目都以失败告终。失败导致长期转型变革结束时的不确定性，但由于当前的知识体系主要侧重于强调 "成功 "的创新及其历史路径，因此对社会技术转型失败的讨论一直很有限。对项目失败的探讨有可能揭示社会-技术配置中导致转型轨迹停滞不前的错位。失败具有话语意义，因为它可能导致一段不稳定时期，从而引发参与者重新审视他们对转型愿景的承诺和转型轨迹的有效性。本文通过追溯项目失败对转型总体思路的影响，为有关项目失败的讨论做出贡献。本文选择了印尼能源转型的战略努力之一--松巴标志性岛屿（SII）的案例进行深入探讨。我们的分析发现，尽管在技术和管理方面屡遭失败，但印尼能源转型总体话语中蕴含的松巴标志性岛屿的意识形态力量相对稳定。然而，由于集中式柴油发电具有更好的可靠性，人们对可再生能源雄心的信任度已经降低。

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引用次数: 0

Assessment of the photovoltaic potential at urban level based on parameterization and multi criteria decision-making (MCDM): A case study and new methodological approach 基于参数化和多标准决策（MCDM）的城市光伏潜力评估：案例研究和新的方法论

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy for Sustainable Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2024.101585

Jing Yifan , Zhu Li , Wang Jianghua , Wang Meng

As an important technology for producing green energy, photovoltaic(PV) power generation can be deployed in various urban scenarios to reduce environmental pollution and promote energy transformation and sustainable development. In this paper, parametric method and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) are introduced into urban PV potential assessment to improve the accuracy of the assessment. Xinghualing District, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China was selected for the case study. The constructed combination analysis method supports the key phases of the assessment process, including land classification, PV available area calculation and PV technology optimization deployment. The solar radiation receiving capacity of the plots is calculated by using the parameterization method, and a weighting on the four PV criteria of power generation capacity, economic cost, environmental impact and aesthetics is calculated by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The best PV deployment scheme is determined by TOPSIS. The evaluation results show that the PV potential of Xinghualing District is 2790.5GWh per year, and the plot type with the highest power generation potential is multi-storey residential, which reaches 635.9GWh per year. The PV potential of the high-rise buildings lies more in their facade. The area with the highest PV potential in the region is located in the southwest, with dense buildings and of complex function. The proposed method in the case study takes into account the different requirements of different plots and building skins for the PV deployment, which improves the accuracy of the assessment. The research provides methods and theoretical support for establishing a widely accepted and promotable urban photovoltaic potential precise prediction model.

作为一种重要的绿色能源生产技术，光伏发电可应用于各种城市场景，以减少环境污染，促进能源转型和可持续发展。本文将参数化方法和多标准决策（MCDM）引入城市光伏潜力评估，以提高评估的准确性。案例研究选取了中国山西省太原市杏花岭区。构建的组合分析方法支持评估过程的关键阶段，包括土地分类、光伏可用面积计算和光伏技术优化部署。利用参数化方法计算地块的太阳辐射接收能力，并利用层次分析法（AHP）计算发电量、经济成本、环境影响和美观四个光伏标准的权重。通过 TOPSIS 方法确定最佳光伏部署方案。评估结果表明，杏花岭区的光伏发电潜力为 2790.5GWh/年，其中发电潜力最大的地块类型为多层住宅，达到 635.9GWh/年。高层建筑的光伏发电潜力主要体现在外立面上。该地区光伏发电潜力最大的区域位于西南部，建筑密集，功能复杂。案例研究中提出的方法考虑到了不同地块和建筑外墙对光伏发电部署的不同要求，提高了评估的准确性。该研究为建立一个广为接受、可推广的城市光伏潜力精确预测模型提供了方法和理论支持。

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引用次数: 0

The potential of electric agriculture and mobility for the least-cost rural electrification strategy in Sub-Saharan Africa 电动农业和流动性在撒哈拉以南非洲成本最低的农村电气化战略中的潜力

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy for Sustainable Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2024.101581

Korbinian Götz, Philipp Rosner, Irénée Froissart, Markus Lienkamp

Electrification is a crucial driver of rural development in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), yet progress is often impeded by low demand density, particularly for grid extension. Despite the promising potential of stand-alone and mini-grid systems, rural areas frequently lag behind due to their low economic viability in electrification. Simultaneously, the mechanization of agriculture and the motorization of transport offer the opportunity to increase economic activity. This publication explores the role of electric vehicles (EVs) and electric tractors (ETs) in rural electrification scenarios.

We present a methodology to quantify the theoretical impact of EVs and ETs on SSA’s electrification strategies, applied specifically to Nigeria and Chad. Our simulations in Nigeria reveal that not only supply options with higher capacity are needed, but that EVs have the potential to lower the cost of electricity (LCOE) by an average of 54 %, and ETs have the potential to reduce LCOE by 49 %, depending on local mobility and mechanization demand. Rural areas with significant cropland particularly benefit from using ETs to achieve cheaper electricity access. In Chad, where grid infrastructure is minimal, our assessment shows that EVs and ETs can significantly influence least-cost electrification strategies. By 2030, mini-grids will become the least-cost supply option for 60 % of the newly connected population, compared to just 13 % when only residential demand is considered.

Our methodology advances the widely used ONSSET electrification planning model to estimate the maximum joint potential of electrified agriculture, electric mobility and adapted rural electrification strategies. Our approach involves geospatially estimating energy demands using macroscopic available population, land cover, and infrastructure data. The findings underscore the importance of jointly implementing EVs and ETs and electrification strategies for technology leapfrogging, highlighting the economic viability and potential of EVs and ETs in rural scenarios. The results provide policymakers with quantitative indicators on the impact of the implementation for Nigeria and Chad.

电气化是撒哈拉以南非洲（SSA）农村发展的重要推动力，但由于需求密度低，尤其是电网扩展需求密度低，电气化的进展往往受到阻碍。尽管独立电网和微型电网系统潜力巨大，但农村地区由于电气化的经济可行性较低，往往落在后面。与此同时，农业机械化和交通运输机动化为增加经济活动提供了机会。本刊物探讨了电动汽车（EV）和电动拖拉机（ET）在农村电气化方案中的作用。我们提出了一种方法来量化电动汽车和电动拖拉机对撒哈拉以南非洲地区电气化战略的理论影响，并具体应用于尼日利亚和乍得。我们在尼日利亚进行的模拟显示，不仅需要更大容量的供应选择，而且电动汽车有可能将电力成本（LCOE）平均降低 54%，而风电有可能将 LCOE 降低 49%，这取决于当地的流动性和机械化需求。拥有大量耕地的农村地区尤其能从使用风电机组获得更便宜的电力供应中获益。在电网基础设施极少的乍得，我们的评估显示，电动汽车和风电可以显著影响最低成本电气化战略。到 2030 年，微型电网将成为 60% 新接入人口的最低成本供电选择，而仅考虑住宅需求时，这一比例仅为 13%。我们的方法推进了广泛使用的 ONSSET 电气化规划模型，以估算电气化农业、电动交通和经调整的农村电气化战略的最大联合潜力。我们的方法包括利用现有的宏观人口、土地覆盖和基础设施数据对能源需求进行地理空间估算。研究结果强调了联合实施电动汽车和电动交通以及电气化战略对于实现技术跨越的重要性，突出了电动汽车和电动交通在农村场景中的经济可行性和潜力。研究结果为政策制定者提供了有关实施电动汽车和电子技术对尼日利亚和乍得影响的量化指标。

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引用次数: 0

EV adoption in India: barriers and policy solutions from manufacturers' and consumers' perspectives 印度电动汽车的采用：从制造商和消费者的角度看障碍和政策解决方案

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy for Sustainable Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2024.101583

Minakshi Patel , Rhythm Singh , Pratham Arora , Diptiranjan Mahapatra

To decarbonize the transport sector and achieve net-zero targets, electric vehicles (EVs) are being promoted as future transportation preferences. However, despite technological advancements, the adoption of EVs has not yet gained momentum. This study aims to identify and hierarchize the prominent barriers from the manufacturers' as well as the consumers' perspectives. To identify the prominent barriers, comprehensive literature surveys are performed from the Web of Science and Scopus databases for articles published in scholarly journals during the years 2014 to 2024. The barriers are hierarchized using the analytical hierarchy process based on the surveys conducted among consumers and manufacturers. Next, the policies for promoting EVs are surveyed and their effectiveness in India is evaluated through a survey of experts. A total of 507 responses have been received across the three surveys. The results show that charging infrastructure availability and cost concerns (resale anxiety and high upfront vehicle cost) are the major barriers to EV adoption. The findings identify subsidies for charging points, along with the establishment of battery and charging standards, and battery swapping services, as the most effective policies for mitigating the barrier of charging infrastructure availability. The findings hold promise for positively influencing SDGs 7, 9, and 11 and have significant implications for EV manufacturers, policymakers, and other stakeholders.

为了实现交通领域的去碳化和净零排放目标，电动汽车（EVs）作为未来交通的首选得到了推广。然而，尽管技术在不断进步，电动汽车的应用尚未形成势头。本研究旨在从生产商和消费者的角度出发，识别和划分电动汽车的突出障碍。为了识别突出的障碍，我们从 Web of Science 和 Scopus 数据库中对 2014 年至 2024 年发表在学术期刊上的文章进行了全面的文献调查。在对消费者和制造商进行调查的基础上，使用层次分析法对障碍进行了分层。接下来，调查了印度推广电动汽车的政策，并通过专家调查评估了这些政策在印度的有效性。三项调查共收到 507 份回复。结果显示，充电基础设施的可用性和成本问题（转售焦虑和高昂的前期车辆成本）是电动汽车采用的主要障碍。调查结果显示，充电点补贴、电池和充电标准的制定以及电池交换服务是缓解充电基础设施可用性障碍的最有效政策。研究结果有望对可持续发展目标 7、9 和 11 产生积极影响，并对电动汽车制造商、政策制定者和其他利益相关者具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Transitioning of existing buildings to green in developing economies: A case of Sri Lanka 发展中经济体现有建筑向绿色建筑过渡：斯里兰卡案例

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy for Sustainable Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2024.101580

U.G.D. Madushika, Weisheng Lu

Transitioning existing buildings to green is a proactive measure to mitigate the adverse effects of excessive energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, it seems that the contribution of developing economies to upgrade the existing buildings has not yet been focused significantly. In this sense, this paper aims to address the three knowledge gaps based on the Sri Lankan developing economy; 1) Identify the adoption barriers in developing economies, 2) Examine the interrelationship between the barriers, and 3) Propose the strategies and link respective stakeholders with each barrier. Semi-structured interviews and focused group discussions were conducted with experienced professionals and collected data were analysed using the Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) approach. Analysis results identified that the social barriers are the most easily surmountable due to having the highest reliance on nature. Hence, mitigation strategies on other barriers obviously help to combat the social barriers. However, a significant effort must be made to address the independent barriers; regulatory, technological, and informational. This study advances the knowledge of green retrofitting in terms of the causality among each barrier and driving strategies that may assist both academics and practitioners towards the realisation of more green retrofitting adoption.

将现有建筑转型为绿色建筑是一项积极措施，可减轻能源过度消耗和温室气体排放的不利影响。然而，发展中经济体对现有建筑升级改造的贡献似乎尚未得到显著关注。从这个意义上讲，本文旨在以斯里兰卡发展中经济体为基础，解决三个知识缺口：1）确定发展中经济体采用绿色建筑的障碍；2）研究这些障碍之间的相互关系；以及 3）针对每个障碍提出策略并将相关利益方联系起来。对经验丰富的专业人员进行了半结构式访谈和重点小组讨论，并采用解释性结构建模（ISM）方法对收集的数据进行了分析。分析结果表明，由于对自然的依赖程度最高，社会障碍最容易克服。因此，针对其他障碍的缓解策略显然有助于消除社会障碍。然而，必须下大力气解决独立障碍，即监管、技术和信息障碍。本研究从每种障碍之间的因果关系和驱动策略的角度，推进了对绿色改造的认识，可帮助学术界和实践者实现更多的绿色改造应用。

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引用次数: 0

Accelerating the penetration of clean electricity to promote the low carbonization of high-speed railways: A probabilistic framework 加快清洁电力的普及，促进高速铁路的低碳化：概率框架

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy for Sustainable Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2024.101582

Yao Wang, Yuanqing Wang, Minghui Xie

Transitioning from carbon-intensive travel modes to high-speed railways (HSR) is widely recognized as a crucial pathway to achieving the ‘carbon peak and carbon neutrality’ goals in the transport sector. However, it remains unclear whether HSR can meet carbon peak goals on time, under the high uncertainty of future electricity development. This study integrates scenario analysis and Monte Carlo simulation into life cycle assessment, proposing a probabilistic framework for dynamically simulating the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions over the entire life cycle of HSR. Monte Carlo simulation-Latin hypercube sampling method is introduced to model the uncertainty in the development of electricity. The results show that with the gradual increase in the proportion of clean electricity, the time when the CO₂ emission intensity of HSR is lower than that of electric cars and electric coaches is most probable to occur in the 2nd–3rd years and the 5th–14th years of operation, respectively. The emission trend of HSR is primarily influenced by the passenger growth rate and the depth of transition to clean electricity, with minimal impact from the loading factor and initial passenger volume. When the passenger growth rate reaches 5 % by 2030, transitioning solely to clean electricity can peak CO₂ emissions from HSR by 2030. However, with passenger growth rates of 6 %, 7 %, 8 %, and 9 %, the peak time is most probable to be delayed by 6–7 years, 13–14 years, 16 years, and 19 years, respectively. These findings suggest that achieving CO₂ emission peak goals in the transport system requires collaborative efforts across multiple sectors, including transport, energy, and industry sectors. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the pathways for achieving carbon peak in the transport sector.

人们普遍认为，从碳密集型出行方式向高速铁路（HSR）过渡是实现交通领域 "碳峰值和碳中和 "目标的重要途径。然而，在未来电力发展具有高度不确定性的情况下，高铁能否按时实现碳峰值目标仍是未知数。本研究将情景分析和蒙特卡罗模拟整合到生命周期评估中，提出了动态模拟高铁全生命周期二氧化碳（CO2）排放的概率框架。引入蒙特卡罗模拟-拉丁超立方体抽样方法，对电力发展中的不确定性进行建模。结果表明，随着清洁电力比例的逐步提高，高铁二氧化碳排放强度低于电动汽车和电动客车的时间最有可能分别出现在运营后的第 2-3 年和第 5-14 年。高铁的排放趋势主要受乘客增长率和向清洁电力过渡的深度影响，受载客系数和初始乘客量的影响很小。当乘客增长率在 2030 年达到 5%时，仅过渡到清洁电力可使高铁的二氧化碳排放量在 2030 年达到峰值。然而，当乘客增长率分别为 6%、7%、8% 和 9%时，达到峰值的时间极有可能分别推迟 6-7 年、13-14 年、16 年和 19 年。这些研究结果表明，在交通系统中实现二氧化碳排放峰值目标需要多个部门的共同努力，包括交通、能源和工业部门。这些结果有助于加深对交通部门实现碳排放峰值途径的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing performance of operational utility-scale solar PV projects in India through re-powering: Potential and techno-economic assessment 通过再发电提高印度公用事业规模太阳能光伏发电项目的绩效：潜力和技术经济评估

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy for Sustainable Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2024.101574

Saurabh Motiwala , Sudarshan Kumar , Ashish Kumar Sharma , Ishan Purohit

India is actively working towards achieving a Net Zero and decarbonization target by enhancing the adoption of renewable energy (RE) technologies (mainly solar and wind), notably solar and wind energy. The nation's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets a 45% reduction in the emissions intensity of its GDP by 2030 from the 2005 level. Additionally, the target for cumulative installed non-fossil fuel-based electric power capacity has been raised to 50 % by 2030. The solar power sector is the most significant contributor in achieving these targets.

As of February 2024, the total installed capacity of utility-scale solar power in India has surpassed 64 GW, constituting approximately 15% of the country's total installed capacity of 441 GW. Despite this, solar power only contributes around 5% to the overall energy mix. There are several operational limitations with solar projects viz. intermittency, seasonal availability, micro-climatic impacts, and operational & maintenance (O&M) issues, etc. Such projects offer an excellent opportunity for re-powering to tackle the issue of low performance and optimum use of resources (land, evacuation infrastructure, etc.) and enhance energy generation.

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the techno-economic potential for re-powering of utility-scale solar PV projects in India. The study indicates that the combined capacity for re-powering solar projects within the maximum thresholds of Power Purchase Agreements is 5.33 GWp. However, this capacity could be expanded to 9.6 GWp if the technical limitations are addressed. Repowering projects up to PPA limits could reduce emissions by 5.5 million tCO₂/MWh to 10 million tCO₂/MWh annually. According to the techno-economic assessment, repowered energy is the cheapest RE in India, with a Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of INR 1.45/kWh. However, specific policies and regulations for repowering solar PV projects in India are required to benefit project developers, attract investments, and optimize power evacuation infrastructure.

印度正通过加强采用可再生能源（RE）技术（主要是太阳能和风能），特别是太阳能和风能，积极努力实现净零排放和去碳化目标。印度的 "国家自主贡献"（NDC）目标是到 2030 年将其国内生产总值（GDP）的排放强度在 2005 年的基础上降低 45%。此外，到 2030 年，非化石燃料电力累计装机容量的目标已提高到 50%。截至 2024 年 2 月，印度公用事业规模太阳能发电的总装机容量已超过 64 千兆瓦，约占全国总装机容量 441 千兆瓦的 15%。尽管如此，太阳能发电仅占整个能源结构的 5%左右。太阳能项目在运营方面存在一些限制，如间歇性、季节性可用性、微气候影响以及运营和维护（O&M）问题等。本文旨在评估印度公用事业级太阳能光伏发电项目再发电的技术经济潜力。研究表明，在购电协议的最大阈值范围内，太阳能项目的再发电能力合计为 5.33 GWp。然而，如果技术限制问题得到解决，这一容量可扩大到 9.6 GWp。在《购电协议》限制范围内重新发电的项目每年可减少 550 万吨二氧化碳/兆瓦时至 1,000 万吨二氧化碳/兆瓦时的排放量。根据技术经济评估，再发电是印度最便宜的可再生能源，其平准化电力成本（LCOE）为 1.45 印度卢比/千瓦时。然而，印度需要针对太阳能光伏发电项目再发电的具体政策和法规，以惠及项目开发商、吸引投资并优化电力输送基础设施。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing energy optimization potential in chemical process industries using energy management maturity matrix as strategic tool 以能源管理成熟度矩阵为战略工具，评估化工流程工业的能源优化潜力

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy for Sustainable Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2024.101579

Nishita Parekh , Jinu Kurian , Rajesh Patil

Sustainable use of energy acts as a catalyst to propel the progress of industry towards sustainability and economic prosperity of the nation. The increased reliance on conventional energy resources and its impact on climate change necessitates development of business strategies for its sustainable usage. Businesses are facing substantial pressure to augment the energy efficiency of their operations and to seamlessly integrate energy management within their facilities. Some industries in India are proactively leveraging their available resources and cost-effective measures to optimize their energy systems for sustainable industrial development. However, numerous process industries, grappling with limited resources and intense competition, encounter heightened challenges on the path to energy optimization. This paper focuses on the development of a conceptual framework to assess the energy optimization potential of process industries in India, focusing on their energy management policies and processes, and the realization of benefits from energy optimization, after analyzing gaps from an exhaustive literature review. Further the framework helped in development of Energy Management Maturity Matrix (EMMM) for the process industries in India, which is used as a tool to analyze and assess the energy optimizing potential based on the current energy systems of process industries. The primary data was collected using an exploratory survey conducted among process industries through in-depth interviews using structured questionnaire, which provided insightful findings, enriching our understanding of current energy practices in process industries and the energy conservation measures they employ which are discussed in the paper. The responses of the survey were analyzed and mapped with the EMMM that segregates the firms based on the obtained scores. The energy optimization potential of the firms were also calculated indicating the capacity for improvement within the company's energy management systems. The findings of this paper helps to understand the existing status of surveyed process industries and comprehend the tapped potential toward energy optimization along with identification of untapped potential to be harnessed in future and emphasize the need to treat energy as strategically vital to business.

能源的可持续利用是推动工业向可持续发展和国家经济繁荣迈进的催化剂。由于对传统能源的依赖日益加深，以及传统能源对气候变化的影响，有必要制定可持续利用能源的商业战略。企业正面临着巨大的压力，需要提高其运营的能源效率，并在其设施内无缝集成能源管理。印度的一些行业正在积极主动地利用现有资源和具有成本效益的措施来优化能源系统，以实现工业的可持续发展。然而，众多加工工业在有限的资源和激烈的竞争中苦苦挣扎，在能源优化的道路上遇到了更大的挑战。本文在分析了详尽的文献综述中存在的差距后，重点开发了一个概念框架，用于评估印度流程工业的能源优化潜力，重点关注其能源管理政策和流程，以及能源优化效益的实现情况。此外，该框架还有助于为印度流程工业开发能源管理成熟度矩阵（EMMM），该矩阵可用作分析和评估流程工业当前能源系统能源优化潜力的工具。通过使用结构化问卷进行深入访谈，在流程工业中开展了一项探索性调查，收集了原始数据，并提供了深入的研究结果，丰富了我们对流程工业当前能源实践及其所采用的节能措施的了解，本文将对此进行讨论。我们对调查问卷的答复进行了分析，并与 EMMM 进行了映射，后者根据所获得的分数对企业进行了分类。此外，还计算了企业的能源优化潜力，以显示公司能源管理系统的改进能力。本文的研究结果有助于了解接受调查的流程工业的现状，理解能源优化方面已挖掘的潜力，同时识别未来有待利用的未开发潜力，并强调将能源作为企业重要战略资源的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating energy-saving potential in China's central heating 调查中国集中供热的节能潜力

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy for Sustainable Development

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2024.101571

Li Xu , Jiansheng Qu , Jingjing Zeng , Yujie Ge , Jinyu Han , Hengji Li

Discussion of energy conservation and emission reduction has become commonplace. However, policymakers focus more on curbing industries that are heavy energy consumers and carbon emitters, little attention has been directed toward conformist industries. Central heating is one such conformist industry: essential during winter, and it has followed the central heating policy established in the 1970s. To highlight the energy savings overlooked in daily life, we evaluated the energy-saving potential of central heating from 2000 to 2019, considering climate warming and social progress. Here are the results. 1) The annual average energy saving potential ranged from 0.0128 × 10⁹ to 1.0912 × 10⁹ ton of coal equivalent when adjusted for policy, technology, fuel and demand. 2) The energy saving potential was increased by the accumulated heating degree days and the heat loss index of buildings as the climate warmed, further improved by reduced heating energy consumption per unit area in highly urbanized regions with hot summers and cold winters, and enhanced in cold regions through controlling the heating area. 3) Five scenarios, shared socioeconomic pathways126/245 + actual heating/fixed-date heating+the maximum energy-saving potential scenario, and shared socioeconomic pathway245 + actual heating+the medium energy-saving potential scenario, are preferentially selected, which align with the expectations set forth by the “total energy use control” plan by 2030. Among them, the shared socioeconomic pathway 245 + actual heating+the maximum energy-saving potential had the lowest heating energy consumption by 2030 (1.97 × 10⁹ ton of coal equivalent), which is about 0.96 times the levels observed in 2019.

关于节能减排的讨论已屡见不鲜。然而，政策制定者更多关注的是遏制能源消耗大、碳排放量高的行业，而很少关注那些墨守成规的行业。集中供热就是这样一个循规蹈矩的行业：它是冬季的必需品，并且一直沿用着 20 世纪 70 年代制定的集中供热政策。为了突出日常生活中被忽视的节能问题，我们考虑到气候变暖和社会进步，对 2000 年至 2019 年集中供热的节能潜力进行了评估。结果如下1) 在对政策、技术、燃料和需求进行调整后，年均节能潜力在 0.0128 × 109 至 1.0912 × 109 吨煤当量之间。2) 随着气候变暖，建筑物的累计采暖度日和热损失指数提高了节能潜力；在夏热冬冷的高度城市化地区，单位面积采暖能耗降低进一步提高了节能潜力；在寒冷地区，通过控制采暖面积提高了节能潜力。3) 优先选择了共享社会经济路径126/245+实际供热/固定日期供热+最大节能潜力方案、共享社会经济路径245+实际供热+中等节能潜力方案等五种方案，与 2030 年 "能源利用总量控制 "规划提出的预期相一致。其中，共享社会经济路径 245 + 实际供热 + 最大节能潜力方案到 2030 年的供热能耗最低（1.97×109 吨煤当量），约为 2019 年的 0.96 倍。

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引用次数: 0