Energy for Sustainable Development最新文献

The search for sustainable municipal solid waste management in urban areas has become a dire need as the generated unprecedented volumes of waste eventually end up in landfills and emits greenhouse gas (GHG). To offer sustainable waste management in Dhaka, Bangladesh, the performance of incineration, anaerobic digestion, and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) based Waste to Energy (WtE) processes were assessed and compared. The population and the GDP of Dhaka North City Corporation from 2015 to 2023 were used to estimate the MSW generation rate with an empirical multivariable linear regression model. In 2023 around 3600 tons/day of MSW was generated which was 35 % higher than in 2015. The IPCC decay models, ZODM, FODM, and modified triangular model (MTM) yielded 87.3, 41.3, and 38-k tonnes of CH₄ generation, respectively. The power generation from incineration-based plants can fall from 30 MW to 3 MW if the moisture content of MSW increases from 70 % to 90 %. Anaerobic digestion produces 34 MW of power. The Optimization of the HTC operating parameters was done and it demonstrates substantial energy potential (up to 65 MW with co-feeding of 420 tons/day of hydrochar with 426 tons/day of plastic from MSW) and GHG emission reduction (221.5 %) compared to landfilling. Additionally, HTC-derived wastewater presents an opportunity for nutrient recovery with 8.16 and 2.66, 0.3 tons/day of K, Na, and P reclamation potential, respectively. A comparison of different scenarios in plastic recycling in incineration and sensitivity analysis for three WtE schemes were conducted. Thus, the study provides a rigorous assessment of different pathways to offer a comprehensive framework for sustainable MSW management that contributes to a cleaner urban environment.

India's power sector is transforming rapidly, marked by rising demand and a growing share of renewables. The short-term power market provides option for power distribution utilities to meet demand exigency. The paper presents trends and perspectives of short-term electricity trading of select states of India. Market transactions reflect seasonal demand variations, higher during summer-monsoon months, dipping in winters. Analysis of data highlights substantial share of short-term power in the total procurement. Quantum of power traded correlates inversely with operational performance of thermal plants as well as grid share of renewable energy. Suggested policy measures include honing of demand forecasting skills using advanced metering infrastructure, deploying energy storage technologies, including decentralized solar, ensuring sustained supply of coal and preventive maintenance of thermal power plants, initiating seasonal procurement contracts with merchant power plants, encouraging power banking arrangements and including storage component in solar and wind tenders. Power markets, if employed appropriately, can help minimize the demand-supply gap, facilitate energy access, and accommodate higher quantum of green power, thus fulfilling SDG-7 targets.

Biomass has enormous potential globally, but it requires sustainable management and conversion into modern bioenergy that aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study assesses sustainable biomass potential for energy generation in South America, considering forestry, agriculture, agro-industrial, and municipal solid waste biomass. The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) time series forecasting model with data from the Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) and the World Bank up to 2050 is used. In 2021, the total biomass theoretical potential amounts to 1214 million tonnes (Mt), projected to increase to 1371 Mt by 2050. The available technical potential for energy purposes ranges from 796 Mt in 2021 to 916 Mt by 2050, with approximately 66 % attributed to agricultural biomass, 10 % to agro-industrial biomass, 17 % to forestry biomass, and 7 % to municipal waste biomass. Notably, not all countries experience growth in bioenergy potential from 2021 to 2050. Increasing forestry biomass recoverability from 25 % to 75 % enhances the total technical potential by 7 % for 2050. Primary bioenergy potential, utilizing available biomass, ranges from 13,831–15,892 PJ between 2021 and 2050, equivalent to 1278 to 1444 Terawatt hour (TWhe) when considering biomass conversion to electric energy. The share of bioelectricity could be 24 % of the total electricity generation in 2021. Additionally, modern bioenergy could help achieve sustainable development goals and decarbonize the energy sector in the region. This assessment of modern bioenergy potential in South America is relevant for subsequent techno-economic and environmental evaluations towards global energy decarbonization by 2050.

The economic gap between urban and rural areas is increasingly being bridged by off-farm activities, with renewable energy playing a crucial role in this shift. Over the years, solar power systems have enabled numerous off-grid households to diversify into non-farming pursuits. This study delves into how adopting solar power systems influences farming households in Nepal, enhancing their engagement in the off-farm economy. By analyzing cross-sectional survey data, our research reveals that (1) households with solar power systems are 37.7 % more likely to participate in off-farm activities. (2) Employing instrumental variable and propensity score matching techniques to address endogeneity, the study confirms the positive impact of solar adoption on off-farm economic involvement. (3) the research findings underscore that access to solar power not only aids farmers in making informed decisions about off-farm activities but also interacts with various socio-economic factors. Finally, to drive economic transformation among farming households, our study suggests that policymakers should establish special funds or credit facilities to support solar power access for off-grid farming communities.

This study examines wind energy as an alternative to the rapidly increasing energy consumption and depleting energy resources. The goal is to enhance efficiency through optimal site selection for wind power plant installation. By interviewing experts and reviewing literature, 16 criteria were identified for site selection. The study focused on provinces in Turkey with potential for wind power plant installation, such as Balıkesir, Çanakkale, İzmir, Manisa, and Samsun. The fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was chosen to establish hierarchy, conduct pairwise comparisons, synthesize priorities, and ensure consistency in site selection. Additionally, the fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method was used for its computational efficiency and ability to address uncertainty and ambiguity in evaluating relationships between factors. Analyses showed that Balıkesir province is the best location for a wind power plant. The model's consistent ranking of cities across all variations tested underscores its robustness. This consistency suggests that our model's recommendations are resilient to small variations in criteria weights, offering a reliable tool for stakeholders in the wind power plant siting decision process.

Fuelwood consumption in the residential sector has been widely studied worldwide, being family income and other socio-demographic variables commonly identified as its major drivers. In this review, we questioned these findings by including people's preferences/perceptions and context-specific variables in the analysis, and their joint effect on households' energy choices. For this purpose, we performed a meta-analysis based on an econometrical model covering 69 studies (228 observations) on fuelwood consumption and energy transition. We conclude that people's preferences/perceptions have been undervalued in comparison to socioeconomic variables, which are more easily measured by using surveys –or they are already included in preexisting datasets-, especially when researchers are not familiar with local sociocultural and environmental contexts (traditions, status, and worldviews, among others). When people's preferences/perceptions are included in models, the commonly detected effects of gender and family income on energy transition significantly decrease, while the effect of people's schooling remains. This opens the discussion whether it is correct to tackle the dilemma about residential fuelwood consumption through policies that are based on variables like income, instead of more seriously trying to understand local contexts, and also it highlights the role that people's schooling has on energy transition beyond economic aspects. If we take into account that people's decisions about energy includes highly behavioral elements on the personal and household levels, shaped by education, we will be able to develop targeted public policies that allow for a more sustainable use of energy in the residential sector.

Hydrokinetic power contributes to energy security by a sustainable and predictable power source, and its decentralized nature fosters economic development in local communities. Unlike large-scale hydropower projects, hydrokinetic power has lower environmental impacts, promoting technological innovation and supporting the transition to cleaner energy systems. Furthermore, it pledges to guarantee electricity in isolated regions where traditional power systems are not suited, enhancing energy accessibility. This study presents a method that combines the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) with the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) to forecast the hydrokinetic power capacity of a basin. The research site chosen is the Çoruh River, a transboundary river basin with unavailable publicly accessible flow data. This method approximates the flow data utilizing the SWAT model, which relies on hydrological factors. Following the prediction of the flow data in the basin, the HECRAS model simulates the river's hydraulic conditions to estimate hydrokinetic energy potential. This integrated methodology provides a framework for optimizing hydrokinetic resources in diverse settings, guiding resource management, and sustainable energy planning. This study calculated theoretical hydrokinetic energy potential by considering flow velocity values. Results of the study indicated that the average flow velocity in the Çoruh basin reaches its maximum value of 0.99 m/s in spring and its minimum value of 0.69 m/s in summer, respectively. Based on the seasonal analysis of the integrated approach, the highest maximum theoretical hydrokinetic power density in the basin reaches 26 kW/m² during the spring and in sub-basins 5, 7, and 8. The average theoretical hydrokinetic power density is calculated as 0.28 kW/m². Finally, the study presents several potential locations along the Çoruh River through GIS mapping, where small-scale hydrokinetic turbines could be installed as a viable option.

This commentary provides a broad view of the emerging discourse on climate- and industrial policy-driven techno-economic developments in achieving net-zero transport greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, underscoring the imperative for an equitable evolution, especially considering the developmental needs of emerging economies. This manuscript is designed to offer a broad examination of emerging developments. It highlights diverse perspectives, underscoring the complex and often conflicting viewpoints. By doing so, it seeks to provoke thoughtful questions and illuminate the intricate dilemmas these perspectives present. The aim is not only to inform but also to stimulate further scholarly debate and inquiry, contributing significantly to the ongoing discourse in net-zero transport.

Although the global electrification rate has reached 91 %, roughly 730 million people still live without reliable and affordable access to electricity, experiencing the first regression since 2013, following the COVID-19 crisis. In this context, this paper aims to define a comprehensive electrification strategy through an innovative model based on open-source data and machine learning algorithms, able to reduce the time and resource-consuming on-field campaign that is generally needed for gathering data, and subsequently define the electrification strategy. Following the location of human settlements and their socio-economic characterizations carried out by a novel open-source tool proposed within this paper named VANIA (Village ANalytics in Africa), the energy demand and hourly demand profile of each community are estimated through the application of machine learning techniques based on MTF (Multi-Tier Framework) surveys and a stochastic bottom-up model for load profile generation. The approach is designed to manage the complex nonlinear relationship between the energy needs of a community and its socio-demographic parameters. Then, taking the communities' demand profile as input, a GIS-facilitated procedure is utilized to optimize the electrification strategy for the territory under investigation, proposing the least-cost electrification solution. The final electrification plan focuses on long-term solutions enabling growth over time in which each community can be either connected to the national grid or supplied by an off-grid system. Ultimately, to demonstrate the approach and showcase its operational capabilities, the methodology is utilized for the electrification planning of the Naeder province in Tigray, Ethiopia, characterized by a predominantly lacking electrification status and low energy demand. The suggested solution advocates for the cost-efficient electrification of approximately 11,560 households clustered in 50 communities. Considering consolidated economic parameters and a perceived cost of electricity of 110 €/MWh showed a preference toward grid extension, with 39 out of 50 communities connected to the national grid. Finally, sensitivity analysis on the cost of energy showed that regardless of the value, 3 communities should be electrified with a microgrid, whereas for values upward of 130 €/MWh the microgrid starts becoming the more lucrative option, and at 145 €/MWh an extension is not economically justified.

An indirect solar dryer is a system designed mainly to dry food and crops using solar energy. Unlike direct solar dryers, where products are directly exposed to solar radiation, indirect solar dryers use an air circulation system to transfer the sun’s heat to the products, avoiding direct exposure, thus preserving their quality and properties while harnessing a renewable energy source. Therefore, in this study, a new solar dryer prototype consists of an electrical resistance equipped with a photovoltaic system was designed and evaluated. The measurements were taken in the eastern region of Morocco (mechanical and energy laboratory at the technopole centre)in August 2023, during which tomatoes with an initial moisture content of 92.45% were taken as a sample for assessing the overall efficiency of the new prototype. The main purpose of this work is to solve the problem of non-uniform drying rate of products within the same drying tray. When evaluating the new prototype against the conventional indirect solar dryer, the main parameters taken into account were moisture content, temperature at different positions and variation in drying efficiency. According to the results, the drying efficiency of the new prototype ranges from 60% to 100% throughout the day. Additionally, over a 7-hour drying period, the moisture content of all five samples from the new prototype decreased by 35.45%, while the moisture content in sample A of the conventional indirect solar dryer decreased by 27.95%.