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Modelled direct causes of dust emission change (2001–2020) in southwestern USA and implications for management 模拟美国西南部粉尘排放变化的直接原因(2001-2020)及其管理意义
IF 3.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2022.100852
Mark Hennen , Adrian Chappell , Nicholas P. Webb

North American observed atmospheric dust has shown large variability over the last two decades, coinciding with regional patterns of vegetation and wind speed changes. Dust emission models provide the potential to explain how these direct causes of vegetation and wind speed changes are related to changing dust emission. However, those dust models which assume land cover types are homogeneous over vegetation classes and fixed over time, are unlikely to adequately represent changing aerodynamic roughness of herbaceous cover, woody cover, and litter. To overcome these model limitations and explain changing (2001–2020) dust emission, we used a new MODIS albedo-based dust emission model calibrated to satellite-observed magnitude and frequency of dust emission point source (DPS) data. We focused our work on four regions of southwestern USA, identified previously as the main dust emission sources. We classified the interplay of controlling factors (wind speed and aerodynamic roughness) which created disturbance regimes with dust emission change consistent with diverse land use and management drivers. Our calibrated model results show that dust emission is increasing or decreasing, in different regions, at different times, for different reasons, consistent with the absence of a secular change of observed atmospheric dust. Our work demonstrates that using this calibrated dust emission model, sensitive to changing vegetation structure and configuration and wind speeds, provides new insights to the contemporary factors controlling dust emission. With this same approach, the prospect is promising for modelling historical and future dust emission responses using prognostic albedo in Earth System Modelling.

在过去的二十年里,北美观测到的大气尘埃显示出很大的变化,与植被和风速变化的区域模式相一致。沙尘排放模式提供了解释这些植被和风速变化的直接原因如何与变化的沙尘排放相关的潜力。然而,那些假设土地覆盖类型在植被类别上是均匀的并且随时间固定的尘埃模型不太可能充分代表草本覆盖、木本覆盖和凋落物的空气动力学粗糙度的变化。为了克服这些模式的局限性并解释2001-2020年沙尘排放的变化,我们使用了一个新的基于MODIS反照率的沙尘排放模型,该模型与卫星观测的沙尘排放点源(DPS)数据的量级和频率进行了校准。我们将工作重点放在美国西南部的四个地区,这些地区以前被确定为主要的粉尘排放源。我们对控制因素(风速和空气动力学粗糙度)的相互作用进行了分类,这些因素与不同的土地利用和管理驱动因素一致,形成了沙尘排放变化的扰动机制。校正后的模式结果显示,在不同地区、不同时间、不同原因下,沙尘排放量在增加或减少,这与观测到的大气沙尘没有长期变化相一致。我们的工作表明,使用这种校准的沙尘排放模型,对变化的植被结构和配置以及风速敏感,为控制沙尘排放的当代因素提供了新的见解。利用同样的方法,利用地球系统模拟中的预测反照率来模拟历史和未来的尘埃排放响应是有希望的。
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引用次数: 2
The influences of boundary layer thickness on the characteristics of saltation sand flow – A large eddy simulation study 边界层厚度对跃变沙流特性的影响——大涡模拟研究
IF 3.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2023.100853
ShengJun Feng , Ping Wang

In this paper, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of turbulence and Lagrangian model of sand particle motion are adopted to study the characteristics of wind-blown sand flow for different boundary layer thickness. The simulations are conducted within computational domain height (boundary layer thickness) of δ = 0.5 m, 1 m, 5 m and 12 m, respectively. It is found by comparing the computational results that the mass flux and sand transport rate increase with the increase of boundary layer thickness for the same frictional wind velocity, and the fluctuation of particle velocity and sand transport rate increase significantly too. The spatial scales of particle structure, defined by the correlation of sand particle concentration, significantly increase with δ, so does the time scale of statistical stability of sand transport rate. For two computational domains of δ = 1 m and 12 m, the statistical relative error of sand transport rate reduce to less than 5 % only when the average time goes higher than 45 δ/Ub, where Ub is the bulk fluid velocity. In the context of turbulence, it might take about 10 mins to obtain reliable sand statistics in the neutral atmospheric boundary layer whose boundary layer thickness is about 100–200 m.

本文采用湍流大涡模拟(LES)和沙粒运动拉格朗日模型,研究了不同边界层厚度下的风沙流动特性。模拟分别在δ = 0.5 m、1 m、5 m和12 m的计算域高度(边界层厚度)范围内进行。对比计算结果发现,在相同的摩擦风速下,质量通量和输沙率随边界层厚度的增加而增加,颗粒速度和输沙率的波动也显著增加。以沙粒浓度相关性定义的颗粒结构空间尺度随δ显著增大,输沙率统计稳定性时间尺度随δ显著增大。对于δ = 1 m和12 m两个计算域,只有当平均时间大于45 δ/Ub (Ub为体流体速度)时,输沙率的统计相对误差才减小到5%以下。在湍流环境下,在边界层厚度约为100-200 m的中性大气边界层中,获得可靠的沙尘统计可能需要10分钟左右。
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引用次数: 2
Meteorological and geological controls on dust devil activity: Initial results from a field study at Smith Creek Valley, Nevada, USA 沙尘暴活动的气象和地质控制:美国内华达州史密斯溪谷实地研究的初步结果
IF 3.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2022.100831
Lori K Fenton , Stephen M. Metzger , Tim I. Michaels , Stephen P. Scheidt , Taylor C. Dorn , Lynn D.V. Neakrase , Banner Cole , Owen Sprau

We present initial results of an investigation into meteorological and geological controls on the formation of dust devils (i.e., dust-filled vortices formed in the daytime dry convective boundary layer). During a 2-week field campaign in June 2019 at Smith Creek Valley (SCV), Nevada, USA, we conducted automated time-lapse stereo imaging of dust devils (DDs), while monitoring local meteorological conditions with a broad suite of instruments. Counts of imaged dust devils from two near-cloudless days were compared with a standard suite of atmospheric measurements from a weather tower, eddy correlation flux measurements, and ceilometer backscatter returns. DDs forming in moderate winds (5–8.5 m/s) were more likely to be relatively wide and disorganized, with qualitatively low dust opacity, whereas those forming in weaker winds were more likely to be coherent, dusty, well-formed conical or cylindrical structures. The daily maximum DD counts at SCV occurred shortly after their onset in late morning (11:00–12:00 local time), coinciding with a surge in CBL growth that was likely delayed by the thermal properties of the playa. This late morning peak contrasts with previous studies conducted elsewhere that typically observed peak DD counts in the afternoon. As observed in previous field studies, DDs formed in highly convective conditions, when the heat flux (H) and friction velocity (u) were elevated and the convective ratio w/u exceeded ∼ 4 (i.e., -h/L exceeded ∼ 25). However, values of>4w/u also occurred in mid-morning, prior to DD formation and CBL growth, suggesting that this metric is not the sole condition required for DD generation. Aside from the late morning maxima, DD counts fluctuated considerably throughout the afternoon at timescales of 0.5–2  h–correlating poorly with fluctuations in H and u, and not at all with either w/u or the Monin-Obukhov length (L). Several factors, such as local variations in surface thermal properties and meteorology, may be responsible for these short-term fluctuations.

我们提出了对尘卷风形成的气象和地质控制的初步调查结果(即在白天干对流边界层中形成的充满灰尘的涡旋)。2019年6月,在美国内华达州史密斯溪谷(Smith Creek Valley, SCV)为期两周的野外活动中,我们对沙尘暴(dd)进行了自动定时立体成像,同时使用一系列仪器监测当地气象条件。在两个几乎无云的日子里拍摄的尘卷图像的数量与一套标准的大气测量数据进行了比较,这些数据来自气象塔、涡流相关通量测量和ceilometer的反向散射返回。在中等风速(5-8.5 m/s)下形成的坑道更有可能相对较宽且杂乱无章,粉尘不透明度较低,而在较弱风速下形成的坑道更有可能是连贯的、多尘的、形状良好的圆锥形或圆柱形结构。SCV的每日最大DD计数发生在上午晚些时候(当地时间11:00-12:00)开始后不久,与CBL增长的激增相吻合,这可能是由于playa的热性质延迟的。这个上午晚些时候的峰值与之前在其他地方进行的研究形成鲜明对比,这些研究通常在下午观察到DD的峰值。在以往的野外研究中观察到,当热流密度(H)和摩擦速度(u∗)升高,对流比w∗/u∗超过4(即-h/L超过~ 25)时,dd形成于强对流条件下。然而,>4w∗/u∗的值也出现在上午中期,在DD形成和CBL生长之前,这表明该指标不是DD产生所需的唯一条件。除了上午晚些时候的最大值外,DD数在整个下午在0.5-2 H的时间尺度上波动很大,与H和u∗的波动相关性很差,与w∗/u∗或莫宁-奥布霍夫长度(L)完全无关。一些因素,如地表热特性和气象学的局部变化,可能是这些短期波动的原因。
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引用次数: 2
Cellular automaton modelling of the effects of buildings on aeolian bedform dynamics 建筑物对风成地貌动力学影响的元胞自动机模拟
IF 3.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2022.100840
Daan W. Poppema , Andreas C.W. Baas , Suzanne J.M.H. Hulscher , Kathelijne M. Wijnberg

Buildings affect aeolian sediment transport and bedform development in sandy environments. Cellular automaton (CA) models have, however, only been used to simulate natural bedform dynamics. This study extends a well-known aeolian CA model to include sediment dynamics around buildings, and uses this model to explore the interaction of building-induced deposition and erosion with natural bedform dynamics. New CA rules are introduced to represent acceleration, deceleration and sideward transport of sediment around obstacles. The simulated deposition and erosion patterns show good agreement with field experiments. The model reproduces the shape and location of the morphological pattern around a single building, and effects of building spacing on this pattern for building groups. Model results further demonstrate that building-induced effects interact with local bedform dynamics and can alter the shape, growth and migration of sand dunes.

在沙质环境中,建筑物影响风沙输运和河床发育。然而,元胞自动机(CA)模型仅用于模拟自然的河床动力学。本研究扩展了一个著名的风成CA模型,将建筑物周围的泥沙动力学纳入其中,并利用该模型探索建筑物引起的沉积和侵蚀与自然河床动力学的相互作用。引入新的CA规则来表示泥沙在障碍物周围的加速、减速和侧向移动。模拟的沉积和侵蚀模式与现场试验结果吻合较好。该模型再现了单个建筑周围形态格局的形状和位置,以及建筑间距对建筑群形态格局的影响。模型结果进一步表明,建筑效应与局部地形动力学相互作用,可以改变沙丘的形状、生长和迁移。
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引用次数: 3
Morphological dynamics of a trough-shaped blowout on a fixed dune in China 中国固定沙丘上槽状井喷的形态动力学
IF 3.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2022.100830
Yanguang Zhou, Eerdun Hasi, Jie Yin, Zhuoran Wang, Damuni Qing, Rina Hu, Zifeng Wu

The formation and development of blowouts is an important surface indication of sand drift activity in semiarid grassland areas; thus, an accurate understanding of their morphological evolution characteristics and dynamic processes is of significance for grassland desertification control. This study analyzed the long-term topographic change of a trough blowout developed on a fixed sand dune in the Otindag sandy land of China via ground measurements from 2011 to 2020 and examined the short-term airflow structure through field observations. The results indicated that the area of the deflation basin shows a state of continuous growth. The expansion of the deflation basin was most obvious on the western, southwestern and southern slopes, which is contrary to the regional prevailing wind direction. As airflow passes over the blowout, there is significant airflow steering with the change in topography, and the degrees of airflow steering and acceleration are determined by the direction of the approaching wind. Airflow expands and decelerates on the leeward side of the deflation basin, causing flow separation and producing a recirculation zone on the sheltered lee slopes. Based on a detailed analysis of the results, we suggest that the soil collapse and sand avalanches caused by vortices are the main reasons for the upwind expansion of the deflation basin. Collectively, these findings reveal a strong link between the blowout morphology and the airflow pattern.

井喷的形成与发展是半干旱草原地区沙流活动的重要地表标志;因此,准确认识它们的形态演化特征和动态过程对草地沙漠化防治具有重要意义。通过2011 - 2020年的地面观测,分析了中国敖廷达沙地固定沙丘上槽状喷流的长期地形变化,并通过野外观测考察了槽状喷流的短期气流结构。结果表明,收缩盆地面积呈持续增长状态。坳陷盆地的扩张在西、西南和南坡最为明显,与区域盛行风向相反。气流经过喷口时,随着地形的变化,气流发生明显的转向,气流转向的程度和加速程度由接近风的方向决定。气流在泄放盆地的背风面扩张和减速,导致气流分离,并在避风的背风坡上产生再循环区。通过对结果的详细分析,我们认为涡旋引起的土壤崩塌和沙崩是收缩盆地逆风扩张的主要原因。总的来说,这些发现揭示了喷流形态和气流模式之间的紧密联系。
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引用次数: 0
Morphology and distribution of Martian wedge dunes and their terrestrial analogs 火星楔形沙丘及其陆地类似物的形态和分布
IF 3.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2022.100839
Chao Li, Zhibao Dong, Zhi Zhang, Aimin Liang

Wedge dunes are widespread on Mars and contain important information about Mars surface processes and environmental characteristics. These dunes are wedge-shaped in plan-view, similar in scale to a barchan dune, with two slip faces intersecting at an obtuse angle and extending outward toward the main ridge downwind. And, the length of its main ridge does not exceed its width. At present, our understanding of wedge dunes and their development in nature is limited. The type, morphology, distribution and spatial composition of wedge dunes on Mars and Earth were investigated using high-resolution satellite image data. The results reveal that wedge dunes are simple in type and similar in size to barchan dunes. Martian wedge dunes are similar in shape to terrestrial wedge dunes but larger in size. The average angles between the sub-ridges of Martian and terrestrial wedge dunes are similar, at about 116°. Martian wedge dunes are mainly located in Abalos Undae, Siton Undae, and Aspledon Undae in the North Polar region, accounting for about 5% of the total area covered by dune fields. Wedge dunes are rare on Earth and can only be found on the edge of a few contiguous dune fields. These dunes indicate acute bimodal or obtuse bimodal wind regimes. Wedge dunes have distinct transitional characteristics and may be the initial stage of the development of various dune patterns. The implications of these findings are discussed, in particular the periodic changes in the regional wind direction reflected by the wedge dunes, as well as the significance of the distinctive transitional features of the wedge dunes for improving our understanding of the genesis of complex dune patterns.

楔形沙丘在火星上分布广泛,包含了火星表面过程和环境特征的重要信息。这些沙丘在平面上呈楔形,在规模上类似于barchan沙丘,两个滑面以钝角相交,并向下风的主脊向外延伸。而且,它的主脊的长度不超过它的宽度。目前,我们对楔形沙丘及其在自然界中的发育认识有限。利用高分辨率卫星影像资料,研究了火星和地球上楔形沙丘的类型、形态、分布和空间组成。结果表明,楔形沙丘类型简单,大小与barchan沙丘相近。火星上的楔形沙丘与地球上的楔形沙丘形状相似,但规模更大。火星和地球上的楔形沙丘子脊之间的平均角度相似,约为116°。火星楔形沙丘主要分布在北极地区的Abalos Undae、Siton Undae和Aspledon Undae,约占沙丘场总面积的5%。楔形沙丘在地球上很罕见,只能在几个相邻的沙丘地带的边缘找到。这些沙丘显示急性双峰或钝双峰风况。楔形沙丘具有明显的过渡性特征,可能是各种沙丘形态发育的初始阶段。讨论了这些发现的意义,特别是楔形沙丘所反映的区域风向的周期性变化,以及楔形沙丘独特的过渡性特征对提高我们对复杂沙丘格局成因的认识的意义。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of the 13 May 2018 frontal dust storm in Shiraz: Stable isotopes signature, source apportionment, and concentration of potentially toxic elements 2018年5月13日设拉子锋面沙尘暴评价:稳定同位素特征、来源解析和潜在有毒元素浓度
IF 3.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2022.100820
Mohammad Javad Nematollahi , Sajjad Abbasi , Zahra Mohammadi , Ali Najmeddin , Sasan Moravej , Mohammad Reza Yousefi , Rudy Swennen , Robert Duce , Suzie M. Reichman , Philip K. Hopke

Frontal dust storms are rare but important weather events in southern Iran affecting visibility and air quality, especially in urban areas. This study investigated the main characteristics of the 13 May 2018 frontal dust storm in Shiraz. The evaluation was based on geostatistical models, and mineralogical, elemental and isotopic data. The mean and median concentrations of major and trace elements followed the order Ca > Al > Fe > Mg > K > Na > Ti > Mn > Zn > V > Cr > Ni > Cu > Pb > Co > Cd, in agreement with the mineralogical composition of dust samples. The spatial distributions of the potentially toxic elements (PTEs) show that the concentrations were higher in the central sectors of city, likely due to the higher population density and traffic volume. Integrated source characterization coupled with positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified that the PTEs sources were geogenic, anthropogenic, and sea salt related. Geochemical isotopic methods, δ18O and δ13C values along with hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) analysis suggest that the dust storm mainly originated from Saudi Arabia. However, local lithological units and resuspended street dust also played an important role in the elemental distributions. These results also indicate that combining various datasets can be beneficial in characterizing the sources of dust storms and their components in southwestern Iran.

锋面沙尘暴是伊朗南部罕见但重要的天气事件,影响能见度和空气质量,特别是在城市地区。本研究调查了2018年5月13日设拉子锋面沙尘暴的主要特征。评价是基于地质统计模型、矿物学、元素和同位素数据。主要元素和微量元素的平均浓度和中位数浓度依次为Ca >阿尔比;菲比;Mg祝辞K比;Na在Ti祝辞Mn祝辞锌比;V比;Cr祝辞倪祝辞铜比;Pb祝辞公司在Cd,与粉尘样品的矿物组成一致。潜在有毒元素(PTEs)的空间分布表明,城市中心区域的浓度较高,这可能与人口密度和交通量较高有关。综合源表征与正矩阵分解(PMF)相结合,确定了pte源与地源、人为源和海盐有关。地球化学同位素方法、δ18O和δ13C值以及混合单粒子拉格朗日积分轨迹(HYSPLIT)分析表明,此次沙尘暴主要源自沙特阿拉伯。然而,局部岩性单元和重悬浮尘对元素分布也起着重要作用。这些结果还表明,将不同的数据集结合起来可以有助于表征伊朗西南部沙尘暴的来源及其组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
A modified resultant drift potential for more accurate prediction of sand transportation in the vicinity of the Keeler Dunes, California 在加利福尼亚基勒沙丘附近更准确地预测沙运输的修正结果漂移势
IF 3.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2022.100819
K.R. Kolesar, M. Mavko, E. Burgess , N. Nguyen, M.D. Schaaf

The Keeler Dunes Complex is an active dune field located on the northwest corner of Owens (dry) Lake, California. Previous studies (Lancaster and McCarley-Holder, 2013) implicated the exposed surface of the Owens River Delta as the source of sediment for the Keeler Dunes based on the calculation of the Resultant Drift Potential (RDP). Measurements from sand flux monitoring stations located between the Owens River Delta and Keeler Dunes were used to determine the accuracy of using RDP for estimating actual sand transportation. It was found that the net average direction of sand transportation in this area (133°) was not accurately predicted by RDP (97°). Therefore, prior conclusions based on RDP erroneously attributed sediment from the Owens River Delta as a source for the Keeler Dunes. Since RDP calculations are widely used and a convenient method for determining the direction and magnitude of net sand transportation based on meteorological measurements, methods for modifying the RDP to achieve better agreement with sand flux measurements are desirable. Two modifications were found to improve the agreement between calculated RDP and measured sand transportation: 1) accounting for temporal variability in sediment availability (RDP = 130°), and 2) utilization of an area-specific threshold friction velocity (RDP = 129°). Combining these two modifications also resulted in good agreement (RDP = 137°) with the measured sand transportation but did not improve agreement further. These findings suggest that information about surface characteristics (sediment availability and surface roughness) are important to consider when estimating sand transportation based on wind energy.

基勒沙丘群是一个活跃的沙丘场,位于加利福尼亚州欧文斯(干)湖的西北角。先前的研究(Lancaster和McCarley-Holder, 2013)基于合成漂移势(RDP)的计算,暗示欧文斯河三角洲的暴露表面是基勒沙丘的沉积物来源。利用位于欧文斯河三角洲和基勒沙丘之间的沙通量监测站的测量数据,确定了使用RDP估算实际沙输运的准确性。结果表明,该地区的净平均输沙方向(133°)不能用RDP(97°)准确预测。因此,先前基于RDP的结论错误地将欧文斯河三角洲的沉积物作为基勒沙丘的来源。由于RDP计算被广泛使用,并且是根据气象测量确定净输沙方向和大小的方便方法,因此需要修改RDP以使其与沙通量测量结果更好地一致。研究发现,有两种修正方法可以改善计算的RDP和测量的输沙量之间的一致性:1)考虑沉积物有效性的时间变化(RDP = 130°),以及2)利用特定区域的阈值摩擦速度(RDP = 129°)。将这两种修正方法结合使用,结果与实测输砂量吻合良好(RDP = 137°),但没有进一步改善。这些发现表明,在估算风能输沙量时,有关地表特征(沉积物可利用性和地表粗糙度)的信息是重要的考虑因素。
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引用次数: 2
Late Quaternary aeolian environments, luminescence chronology and climate change for the Monahans dune field, Winkler County, West Texas, USA 美国西德克萨斯州温克勒县莫纳汉沙丘区晚第四纪风成环境、发光年代学和气候变化
IF 3.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2022.100828
Steven L. Forman , Victoria Tew-Todd , Connor Mayhack , Liliana Marín , Logan A. Wiest , Griffin Money

Dune fields on the Southern High Plains such as the Monahans in West Texas are archives of Quaternary environmental variability. Stratigraphic analyses and sixty-one optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages from seven Geoprobe cores and one section from the Monahans reveal a ∼ 550 ka old aeolian sedimentary record with seven carbonate/argillic paleosols and a playa-lake margin deposit. OSL ages on quartz-grains from aeolian sediments by two protocols, single aliquot regeneration (SAR) and thermal transfer (TT), yield congruent ages between 50 and 250 ka, and the oldest ages of ca. 550 ka, potentially minima. This chronostratigraphic analysis and finite-mixture modeling of the OSL-age distribution identify-four aeolian depositional periods (ADP) at 545 to 475, 300 to 260, 70 to 45, and post 16 ka and possibly-two additional ADPs 460 to 420 ka and 350 to 320 ka. Playa lake deposits identified west of the Monahans and correlative to carbonate-rich paleosols indicate that wetter conditions prevailed during interglacial MIS 7, 235 to 195 ka. Another wetter period, 25 to 16 ka, with the formation of Lake King in the adjacent Rio Grande Valley is correlative with a pedogenically-modified <2 m-thick aeolian sand. This study underscores that there may be multiple climatic states, during glacials and interglacials, associated with wetter conditions. In turn, the thickest, preserved aeolian deposits are associated with transitional climate periods, penecontemporaneous with stadials, when the Laurentide ice sheet was <80 % of the last glacial maximum volume, with precipitation-bearing zonal circulation shifted northward and weakened meridional moisture flux.

南部高平原上的沙丘地带,如西德克萨斯州的莫纳汉地区,是第四纪环境变化的档案。7个Geoprobe岩心和莫纳汉地区的1个剖面的地层分析和61个光学激发发光(OSL)年龄揭示了一个约550 ka的风成沉积记录,包括7个碳酸盐/泥质古土壤和一个湖湖边缘沉积物。风沙沉积物中石英颗粒的OSL年龄采用两种协议,即单一等值再生(SAR)和热传递(TT),结果一致年龄在50 ~ 250 ka之间,最老年龄约为550 ka,可能最小。通过年代地层分析和有限混合模拟,确定了545 ~ 475ka、300 ~ 260,70 ~ 45,16 ka后的4个风成沉积期(ADP),以及460 ~ 420ka和350 ~ 320 ka的另外2个ADP。在莫纳汉西部发现的普拉亚湖沉积物与碳酸盐丰富的古土壤相关,表明在间冰期MIS 7, 235至195 ka期间普遍存在湿润条件。另一个湿润期,25 - 16 ka,与邻近的里奥格兰德河谷国王湖的形成有关,与土壤改良的2米厚的风成沙有关。这项研究强调,在冰期和间冰期期间,可能存在与湿润条件相关的多种气候状态。而保存最厚的风成沉积物则与过渡气候期有关,与冰期准同生有关,此时劳伦泰冰盖的体积为末次冰期最大体积的80%,降水纬向环流向北移动,经向水汽通量减弱。
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引用次数: 1
Experimental investigation on the erosion-deposition characteristics around isolated plants of different shapes in a wind tunnel 风洞中不同形状孤立植物周围侵蚀-沉积特性的实验研究
IF 3.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2022.100829
Liqiang Kang , Wen Zhang , Xueyong Zou

Accurate description of the characteristics of erosion and deposition around single model plants of different shapes is important to evaluate the protective role of plants in wind erosion control. The variation of bed topography with time was measured in a wind tunnel for two flexible models and two rigid tree-like models. The bed surface height close to the plant decreases forming a deep well, while in the lee, a deposition area generally appears whose shape is affected by plant type. The local wind erosion rate on both sides usually decreases with time, and the deposition area in the lee with the local erosion rate less than zero gradually moves downwind with time while disappears for the tree-like plant model with a long trunk and a large crown. Under similar frontal areas of plants, both the erosion and deposition areas around the tree-like plant with a short trunk and conical crown, and the flexible plant with a large upper part and a small lower part are generally larger than that around the slender flexible plant. The rigid tree-like plant with a short trunk and a dense conical crown is better for erosion control due to the smallest net erosion rate and the erosion area similar to the deposition area, while the other plant models have larger net erosion rate and much larger erosion area.

准确描述不同形状的单一模式植物周围的侵蚀和沉积特征,对评价植物在风蚀防治中的保护作用具有重要意义。在风洞中测量了两种柔性模型和两种刚性树状模型的床层地形随时间的变化。靠近植物的床面高度降低形成深井,而在背风处普遍出现沉积区,其形状受植物类型的影响。两侧局地风蚀率通常随时间而减小,局地风蚀率小于零的背风面沉积区随时间逐渐下风移动,长树干大树冠的树状植物模型则消失。在植物正面面积相似的情况下,树干短、冠状的树形植物和上部大、下部小的柔性植物周围的侵蚀沉积面积普遍大于细长柔性植物周围的侵蚀沉积面积。树干较短、树冠浓密的刚性树状植物净侵蚀速率最小,侵蚀面积与沉积面积相近,对侵蚀控制效果较好,而其他植物模型净侵蚀速率较大,侵蚀面积大得多。
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引用次数: 0
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Aeolian Research
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