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Association of the parasitic and hyperparasitic epicaridean species (Crustacea: Isopoda) with the king crab Lithodes aequispinus Benedict, 1895 in the Bering Sea with description of Eremitione rybakovi sp. nov. 白令海中与帝王蟹 Lithodes aequispinus Benedict, 1895 相关的寄生和超寄生外寄生物种（甲壳纲：等足目），以及对 Eremitione rybakovi sp.

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2024.11.004

Olga A. Golovan , Taras B. Morozov , Svetlana N. Sharina

The parasitic isopod suborder Epicaridea contains ∼800 species, all of which infest crustaceans. Until now only one species, Eremitione tuberculata (Richardson, 1904), occurring near the southern tip of South America, has been known from king crab hosts (Lithodidae). During two cruises of the Federal Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO) in 2020 and 2021, commercial king crab stocks in the western part of the Bering Sea were surveyed, including 37 juvenile specimens of the golden king crab, Lithodes aequispinus Benedict, 1895, sampled at depths of 236–450 m. Two thirds of them were infested with a species of Eremitione, new to science. Eremitione rybakovi sp. nov. morphologically closely resembles E. tuberculata, but differs in having a relatively shorter pleon in females (0.3–0.4 of total body length), a slightly distorted body (0–20°), and more developed subrectangular dorsal extensions on the pereopodal bases; males of the new species have a more slender antennule with six articles (five articles in E. tuberculata). Half of the brooding females of E. rybakovi sp. nov. were infested with the cabiropid hyperparasite Bourdonia cf. tridentata Rybakov, 1990, previously known from Bopyroides hippolytes (Kröyer, 1838). Aspects of the biology of L. aequispinus, that may be responsible for the high rates of parasite infestation, and relations within the “host–parasite–hyperparasite” system are discussed. DNA sequences are obtained from E. rybakovi sp. nov. and B. cf. tridentata for the COI and 18S rRNA genes, and the resulting phylogenetic placement of the new bopyrid species is shown.

寄生等足亚目（Epicaridea）中有 800 ∼ 800 个物种，全部侵染甲壳类动物。到目前为止，人们只知道一种寄生于南美洲南端附近的帝王蟹（石首蟹科）的 Eremitione tuberculata (Richardson, 1904)。在联邦渔业与海洋学研究所（VNIRO）2020年和2021年的两次巡航中，对白令海西部的商业帝王蟹种群进行了调查，包括在水深236-450米处采样的37只黄金帝王蟹（Lithodes aequispinus Benedict，1895年）幼蟹标本。Eremitione rybakovi sp. nov.在形态上与 E. tuberculata 非常相似，但不同之处在于雌性的褶相对较短（占身体总长的 0.3-0.4），身体略微扭曲（0-20°），围足基部的近直角背侧延长部分更加发达；新物种的雄性触角更加细长，有 6 节（E. tuberculata 为 5 节）。rybakovi sp. nov.的半数育雏雌虫感染了卡皮虫超寄生虫 Bourdonia cf. tridentata Rybakov, 1990，这种寄生虫以前是从 Bopyroides hippolytes (Kröyer, 1838) 身上发现的。本文讨论了 L. aequispinus 的生物学特性，这可能是寄生虫高感染率的原因，也讨论了 "宿主-寄生虫-超寄生虫 "系统中的关系。rybakovi sp. nov.和 B. cf. tridentata 的 COI 和 18S rRNA 基因的 DNA 序列，并显示了由此产生的新黄颡鱼种的系统发育位置。

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引用次数: 0

Kinomenclature: An analysis of scientific names of mud dragons (Kinorhyncha) 术语：泥龙（Kinorhyncha）学名分析

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2024.10.014

Fernando Pardos , Diego Cepeda

The coining of new species names is one of the most creative processes in science. Scientific names must be unique and stable over time to allow researchers to communicate knowledge on species unambiguously worldwide. Despite the importance of biological nomenclature, few studies analyze nomenclatural trends, which can offer interesting information. In the present paper, we explore different trends in naming Kinorhyncha species over time to answer questions related to kinorhynch nomenclatural acts, compare trends among the different specialists and discuss possible suggestions for future species discoveries. We focus on detecting the main practices followed by the phylum specialists when coining new specific names, temporal trends in the used language and etymological basis for creating the names and differences between author preferences. It is interesting that not all Kinorhyncha names correspond to valid species, although the proportion of not accepted and uncertain names is low. On the other hand, the usage of classical languages (Latin and Greek) remains temporarily stable when coining species names, but other modern languages such as English, Spanish, Danish and Japanese are on the rise, partly due to the nationality of the current kinorhynchologists. Regarding the etymological basis, a replacement of traditional categories (morphology, geography) by eponyms has not been detected, even though the usage of the latter has significantly increased in recent years. Finally, since the creation of names is undoubtedly subjective, personal trends among the authors are obvious, each one following their own style and preferences.

创造新的物种名称是科学中最具创造性的过程之一。科学名称必须具有唯一性和长期稳定性，以便研究人员在全球范围内明确传播物种知识。尽管生物命名非常重要，但很少有研究对命名趋势进行分析，而这却能提供有趣的信息。在本文中，我们探讨了随着时间的推移，Kinorhyncha物种命名的不同趋势，以回答与Kinorhynch命名行为相关的问题，比较不同专家之间的趋势，并讨论对未来物种发现的可能建议。我们的重点是发现门类专家在创造新的特定名称时所遵循的主要做法、所使用语言的时间趋势、创造名称的词源学基础以及作者偏好之间的差异。有趣的是，尽管未被接受和不确定名称的比例较低，但并非所有 Kinorhyncha 名称都与有效物种相对应。另一方面，在创造物种名称时，古典语言（拉丁语和希腊语）的使用暂时保持稳定，但其他现代语言，如英语、西班牙语、丹麦语和日语的使用却在增加，这部分是由于目前的金龙鱼学家的国籍造成的。在词源学基础方面，尽管近年来外来语地名的使用显著增加，但尚未发现外来语地名取代了传统类别（形态学、地理学）。最后，由于名称的创造无疑是主观的，因此作者之间的个人倾向也很明显，每个人都遵循自己的风格和偏好。

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引用次数: 0

Morphological differences on the mouthparts among six species of cockchafer (Coleoptera: Melolonthinae), with discussions on their feeding habits 六种鸡毛虫（鞘翅目：毛虫科）口器的形态差异及其食性讨论

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2024.10.012

Jia-Qi Liu , Wan-Gang Liu , Lu Jiang

Melolonthinae represent a megadiverse assemblage of scarab beetles, exhibiting dramatic diversity of feeding habits on the tribal or generic level. As the core feeding apparatus, mouthparts have been relatively underexplored morphologically among genera or tribes within Melolonthinae. In this study, we conducted a detailed dissection and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of the adult mouthparts from six species across four tribes within Melolonthinae, to provide new morphological characters. The mouthparts exhibit considerable morphological diversity, including variations in labral notches, invaginations on epipharynx, mandibular structures, and the arrangement of setae on the labia. Using SEM, we observed paired invaginations on the epipharynx in Brahmina faldermanni, Hilyotrogus bicoloreus, Polyphylla laticollis and Melolontha incana, which are absent in the Miridiba trichophora, and Apogonia niponica. The structural diversity may be linked to the different feeding habits of these beetles, a relationship that is briefly discussed in the study.

Melolonthinae 代表了猩红甲虫的一个巨型多样性集合体，在部落或属的水平上表现出摄食习性的巨大多样性。口器是猩红瘤甲虫的核心取食器官，但在猩红瘤甲虫属或族中，对口器的形态学研究相对不足。在本研究中，我们对 Melolonthinae 内四个科的六个物种的成虫口器进行了详细解剖和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析，以提供新的形态特征。口器表现出相当大的形态多样性，包括唇瓣缺口、会咽内陷、下颌结构和唇瓣上刚毛排列的变化。利用扫描电子显微镜，我们观察到 Brahmina faldermanni、Hilyotrogus bicoloreus、Polyphylla laticollis 和 Melolontha incana 的会咽上有成对的内陷，而 Miridiba trichophora 和 Apogonia niponica 则没有。结构的多样性可能与这些甲虫不同的取食习性有关，本研究简要讨论了这种关系。

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引用次数: 0

First evidence of cryptic diversity in mud dragons (kinorhyncha) and description of Echinoderes quasae sp. nov. from the northeastern pacific coast 首次证明泥龙（kinorhyncha）的隐性多样性，并描述来自东北太平洋海岸的 Echinoderes quasae sp.

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2024.10.010

María Herranz , Brian S. Leander , Katarzyna Grzelak

The genus Echinoderes, currently consisting of over 150 known species, has seen a surge in new descriptions since 2015. Species identification traditionally relies on morphological traits and morphometrics, but distinguishing closely related species is more and more challenging due to overlapping features and character variability. Cryptic diversity, where species are genetically distinct but morphologically identical, is common in meiofauna and suspected in kinorhynchs, though not previously confirmed. This study examines the northeastern Pacific Echinoderes fauna, using newly collected material and historical collections of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. We describe a new species, Echinoderes quasae sp. nov., using a molecular and morphological approach and provide the first evidence of cryptic diversity in kinorhynchs, revealing at least two new species within a previously unrecognized cryptic complex.

棘皮动物属目前有 150 多个已知物种，自 2015 年以来，该属的新描述激增。物种鉴定传统上依赖于形态特征和形态计量学，但由于特征重叠和特征变异，区分近缘物种越来越具有挑战性。隐性多样性是指物种在基因上不同但形态上相同，这在小型底栖动物中很常见，在近缘种中也被怀疑存在隐性多样性，但之前并未得到证实。本研究利用新收集的材料和史密森尼国家自然历史博物馆的历史藏品，对东北太平洋棘皮动物群进行了研究。我们使用分子和形态学方法描述了一个新物种 Echinoderes quasae sp.

引用次数: 0

New insights into the evolutionary relationships of the genus Actus Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1974 (Nematoda, Mononchida) after the study of three Vietnamese species, with its updated taxonomy 研究三个越南物种后对 Actus Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1974 属（线虫纲，单毛目）进化关系的新见解及其最新分类法

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2024.10.009

Tam T.T. Vu , Anh D. Nguyen , Thi Mai Linh Le , Reyes Peña-Santiago

Three (one known and two new) species of the genus Actus, found in natural areas of Vietnam, are characterized, including morphological description, morphometrics, illustrations and molecular (18S, 28S rDNA) study. New data of Actus hagiangensis are provided, especially useful for comparative purposes. Actus bisexualis sp. n. is characterized by its 0.87–1.25 mm long body, lip region 20–23 μm wide, buccal cavity 25–28 μm, neck 255–320 μm long, female genital system diovarian, posterior (V = 62–65) and transverse vulva, tail conical (34–53 μm, c = 21–29, c’ = 1.6–2.2) and regularly curved, spicules 31 μm long, and 13 spaced ventromedian supplements. Actus similis sp. n. is distinguished by its 1.00–1.19 mm long body, lip region 21–22 μm wide, buccal cavity 24–25 μm long, neck 270–312 μm long, female genital system diovarian, posterior (V = 62–65) and transverse vulva, tail conical (40–46 μm, c = 24–28, c’ = 1.8–2.1) and regularly curved, and male absent. Morphologically, Actus is a very homogeneous taxon. Molecular analyses support its monophyly and its close evolutionary relationships with Sporonchulus, with Sporonchulinae being a monophyletic taxon too, but their kinship with other mononchid taxa cannot be established with certainty. The taxonomy of the genus is revised, with emended diagnosis, list of species, key to their identification and a compendium of their main morphometrics.

本文描述了在越南自然地区发现的 Actus 属的三个物种（一个已知物种和两个新物种），包括形态描述、形态计量学、图解和分子（18S、28S rDNA）研究。提供了 Actus hagiangensis 的新数据，尤其有助于进行比较。Actus bisexualis sp. n.的特征是体长 0.87-1.25 mm，唇区宽 20-23 μm，颊腔长 25-28 μm，颈长 255-320 μm，雌性生殖系统为二卵形，外阴后位（V = 62-65）且横向，尾部圆锥形（34-53 μm，c = 21-29，c' = 1.6-2.2）且规则弯曲，刺长 31 μm，腹面有 13 个间隔的补片。Actus similis sp. n.的特征是：体长 1.00-1.19 mm，唇区宽 21-22 μm，颊腔长 24-25 μm，颈长 270-312 μm，雌性生殖系统二房，外阴后位（V = 62-65）和横位，尾部圆锥形（40-46 μm，c = 24-28，c' = 1.8-2.1）和规则弯曲，雄性无。从形态上看，Actus 是一个非常同质的类群。分子分析支持其单系性及其与 Sporonchulus 的密切进化关系，Sporonchulinae 也是一个单系类群，但它们与其他单子叶类群的亲缘关系还不能确定。本报告对该属的分类进行了修订，包括修订后的诊断、种名表、识别要点以及主要形态特征简编。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of the pharyngeal structure of the genus Oreochromis for species identification through geometric morphometrics in the Aguamilpa reservoir, Nayarit, Mexico 通过几何形态计量学分析墨西哥纳亚里特 Aguamilpa 水库中 Oreochromis 鱼属的咽部结构以进行物种鉴定

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2024.10.007

Breidy L. Cuevas-Rodríguez , Wally K. Rubio-Gómez , Jasmín Granados-Amores , Jesús J. Dueñas-Romero , Francisco J. Valdez-González , Eduardo Sandoval-Castro , Claudia A. González-Huerta , Juan P. González-Hermoso , Oscar I. Zavala-Leal

Tilapia is an important fishing resource in economic terms for continental ecosystems such as dam reservoirs and lagoons. In Nayarit, the Aguamilpa Dam reservoir contributes around 50 % of the tilapia production in the state. However, despite the social and economic importance of the resource, there are few studies on it in this reservoir, and it is still unknown with certainty which species are found in the reservoir. This work is the first report for the Aguamilpa reservoir, where geometric morphometrics was used as a tool for the identification of tilapia species. The pharyngeal plate of 230 organisms was used for the geometric morphometrics analysis. According to this study, the existence of three species of the genus Oreochromis (O. aureus, O. niloticus and Oreochromis mossambicus) is confirmed; according to the analysis of canonical variables, the three species were correctly discriminated. This allows us to conclude that the use of geometric morphometrics in the pharyngeal plate is a useful structure for the identification of species in the reservoir.

从经济角度看，罗非鱼是大坝水库和泻湖等大陆生态系统的重要渔业资源。在纳亚里特州，阿瓜米尔帕水库的罗非鱼产量约占该州产量的 50%。然而，尽管罗非鱼资源具有重要的社会和经济意义，但有关该水库罗非鱼资源的研究却寥寥无几，人们仍然不清楚水库中到底有哪些物种。这项工作是阿瓜米尔帕水库的第一份报告，其中使用了几何形态计量学作为识别罗非鱼物种的工具。230条生物的咽板被用于几何形态计量学分析。根据这项研究，确认了罗非鱼属中存在三个物种（O. aureus、O. niloticus 和 Oreochromis mossambicus）；根据典型变量分析，这三个物种被正确区分。由此我们可以得出结论，使用咽板的几何形态计量学是识别水库物种的有用结构。

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引用次数: 0

Speciation in the desert: A new endemic Iberus land snail restricted to the southeastern Iberian Peninsula 沙漠中的物种分化：仅限于伊比利亚半岛东南部的伊比利亚陆地蜗牛新物种

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2024.10.008

José Liétor , Michael J. Jowers , Pedro A. Jódar , Inés Galán-Luque , Antonio R. Tudela

Arid habitats constitute harsh environments for hydrophilic animals such as land snails. Still, several land snail species appear to inhabit arid environments and such species present an array of adaptations needed to minimise water loss in dry habitats. However, different species may have found different solutions for the same problem. Here, we describe Iberus xerophilus sp. nov., a new species of arid-dwelling land snail from southeastern Spain, on the basis of phylogenetic analyses. Moreover, we show a detailed morphological description as well as a characterization of its habitat. A comparison with the shell morphology of other aridity resistant Iberus land snails casts the question of how this snail can succeed in such harsh arid environments. Southeastern Spain constitutes a hotspot for Iberus arid-dwelling species, displaying a plethora of shell morphologies. The description of this new species might contribute to our understanding of the evolution and diversification of land snails specifically adapted to drought and arid conditions.

对于陆地蜗牛等亲水性动物来说，干旱的栖息地构成了恶劣的环境。尽管如此，一些陆地蜗牛物种似乎仍能在干旱环境中栖息，这些物种展示了在干旱生境中尽量减少水分流失所需的一系列适应性。然而，不同的物种可能找到了解决同一问题的不同方法。这里，我们根据系统发育分析描述了西班牙东南部的旱栖陆蜗牛新种 Iberus xerophilus sp.nov.。此外，我们还对其形态进行了详细描述，并对其栖息地进行了描述。通过与其他耐干旱伊比利亚陆地蜗牛的外壳形态进行比较，我们提出了一个问题：这种蜗牛是如何在如此恶劣的干旱环境中生存下来的？西班牙东南部是伊比利亚旱栖物种的热点地区，其外壳形态多种多样。对这一新物种的描述可能有助于我们了解专门适应干旱条件的陆地蜗牛的进化和多样化。

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引用次数: 0

Kinorhynch assemblages on the southern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf 墨西哥湾南部大陆架的 Kinorhynch 组合

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2024.10.004

Abril Anguas-Escalante , Alberto De Jesús-Navarrete , Stephen C. Landers , Martin V. Sørensen

So far, 24 named kinorhynch species have been reported from the Southern Gulf of Mexico, and out of these only five are Echinoderes species. The present study focuses on Echinoderidae species at 29 sites from sGoM and includes new information for non-Echinoderidae species. The study revealed the presence of 28 Echinoderidae species in total, and a rich undescribed fauna, including one species of Fissuroderes and 18 Echinoderes species. The species composition through the depth gradient was significantly different. The variability of environmental conditions measured suggests a decreasing intensity of disturbance as depth increases, which influenced the diversity increasing from shallow sites (16–200 m) to medium depth sites (391–725 m) and decreasing again when reach deep sites (>953 m). The non-Echinoderidae species did not show significant trends. The total kinorhynch community was represented by 46 species and statistical analyses revealed similar trends as observed for the Echinoderidae assemblage. The richness recorded in sGoM was greater than the 32 species reported in nGoM.

迄今为止，墨西哥湾南部已报告了 24 个命名的鞘翅目物种，其中只有 5 个是棘鱼科物种。本研究侧重于墨西哥湾南部 29 个地点的棘皮动物物种，并包括非棘皮动物物种的新信息。研究发现，共存在 28 个棘皮动物科物种，以及丰富的未描述动物群，包括 1 个 Fissuroderes 物种和 18 个棘皮动物科物种。不同深度梯度的物种组成差异显著。所测得的环境条件的变化表明，随着深度的增加，干扰强度也在降低，这影响了从浅层地点（16-200 米）到中等深度地点（391-725 米）的多样性增加，而当到达深层地点（953 米）时，多样性又再次降低。非棘皮动物物种的变化趋势不明显。鞘翅目群落共有 46 个物种，统计分析显示出与棘鱼科群落相似的趋势。sGoM 中记录的物种丰富度高于 nGoM 中的 32 种。

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引用次数: 0

Head shape variations between populations of the sand fly Lutzomyia cruciata (Diptera: Phlebotominae) from two Neotropical biogeographic provinces 来自两个新热带生物地理省的沙蝇 Lutzomyia cruciata（双翅目：蝇科）种群之间的头型变化

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2024.10.006

Ana Celia Montes de Oca-Aguilar , Efraín de Luna , Sergio Ibáñez-Bernal , Eduardo Alfonso Rebollar-Téllez

Lutzomyia cruciata is a sand fly species of medical importance with a wide distribution in America. In Mexico its distribution includes nine heterogeneous biogeographic provinces in ecological and biodiversity terms. The latter could represent a strong ecological pressure on the species, giving rise to phenotypic variation mainly in those functional traits that are determining for the species. In this study, we used a broad geographic sampling of Lu. cruciata and geometric morphometric techniques to assess variation in head shape in populations from two environmentally heterogeneous biogeographic provinces, Veracruz and the Yucatán Peninsula. We also tested whether morphological variation could be related to the climatic conditions across the two biogeographical provinces. We found that head shape revealed more differences among populations within provinces than between them. Such morphological head shape variation was not associated with bioclimatic or geographical variables in either province. This pattern of morphological variation in head shape is congruent with previous evidence on the wing shape of Lu. cruciata populations. Further studies of these and other populations using genetic markers are clearly needed to allow a more precise estimate of variation or differentiation in this sand fly vector.

Lutzomyia cruciata 是一种具有重要医学价值的沙蝇，在美洲分布广泛。在墨西哥，从生态和生物多样性的角度来看，它的分布包括九个不同的生物地理区域。后者可能对该物种造成了强大的生态压力，导致其主要在对该物种起决定性作用的功能特征方面出现表型变异。在这项研究中，我们利用广泛的地理采样和几何形态计量学技术，评估了来自两个环境异质性生物地理省（韦拉克鲁斯和尤卡坦半岛）种群头部形状的变异。我们还测试了形态变异是否与两个生物地理省的气候条件有关。我们发现，省内不同种群之间的头型差异大于省间差异。这种形态上的头型差异与这两个省的生物气候或地理变量都没有关系。这种头形的形态变异模式与之前关于Lu.cruciata种群翅形的证据是一致的。显然需要利用遗传标记对这些种群和其他种群进行进一步研究，以便更准确地估计这种沙蝇媒介的变异或分化情况。

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引用次数: 0

Sphenoderes japonicus sp. nov. – The first deep water representative of the family Semnoderidae (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) in the sea of Japan Sphenoderes japonicus sp.

IF 1.2 3区生物学 Q2 ZOOLOGY

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2024.10.003

A.V. Adrianov , A.S. Maiorova

A new species of semnoderid kinorhynchs, Sphenoderes japonicus sp. nov. collected from oxidized brown silt on the steep slope of the deepest depression in the Sea of Japan, Northwestern Pacific, is described using light and scanning electron microscopy. This new representative of the family Semnoderidae is characterized by the structure of the first trunk segment consisting of externally closed cuticular ring with indistinct intracuticular tergosternal junctions. Cuticular ring of the first trunk segment is with deep and narrow middorsal incision and much broader midventral incision filled by large midventral placid. Acicular lateroventral spines on trunk segments 3–9. Lateroventral accessory spines are minute, only on trunk segment 5. Trunk segment 10 with acicular spines in laterodorsal position in female and in midlateral position in male. S. japonicus sp. nov. constitutes the first bathial species of this family and the first species of Semnoderidae in the Sea of Japan.

利用光显微镜和扫描电子显微镜描述了从西北太平洋日本海最深洼地陡坡上的氧化棕色淤泥中采集到的半知母科新物种 Sphenoderes japonicus sp.这种半知更鸟科的新代表的特征是其第一躯干节的结构由外部封闭的角质环和不明显的节内第三躯干节连接组成。第一躯干节的角质环具有深而窄的中背切口和宽得多的中腹部切口，由大的中腹部胎座填充。躯干第 3-9 节上有针状的侧腹棘。侧腹附属刺很小，仅分布在躯干第 5 节上。雌性躯干第 10 节背侧具针状刺，雄性躯干第 10 节中侧具针状刺。S. japonicus sp.nov.是该科的第一个蝙蝠科物种，也是日本海的第一个半知更鸟科物种。

引用次数: 0