Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae075
Piero G Giulianini, Claude De Broyer, Ed A Hendrycks, Samuele Greco, Elisa D’Agostino, Sandro Donato, Anita Giglio, Marco Gerdol, Alberto Pallavicini, Chiara Manfrin
The purpose of this paper is to describe a new species of Antarctic amphipod of the genus Orchomenella Sars, 1890, Orchomenella rinamontiae sp. nov., and to investigate whether high-resolution images of the surface anatomy obtained ‘in situ’ with synchrotron radiation X-ray phase-contrast micro-tomography (SR-PhC micro-CT) can replace classical approaches to describe a new species. The phylogenetic analyses based on the gene COI support the morphologically based taxonomic assignment. The SR-PhC micro-CT was useful for viewing the three-dimensional reconstructions, with the great advantages that the specimen could be rotated around all axes and that it was possible digitally to remove sections of the image that might have obscured areas of the amphipod on which we were focusing. However, it is not yet a completely reliable technique to describe a new species fully. Classical descriptions using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy are still necessary. Nevertheless, SR-PhC micro-CT is a promising technique that has the potential to revolutionize the way we study biological samples, accelerating the study of biodiversity.
本文旨在描述南极片脚类动物 Orchomenella Sars，1890 年属的一个新种 Orchomenella rinamontiae sp.nov.，并研究利用同步辐射 X 射线相位对比显微层析成像技术（SR-PhC micro-CT）"原位 "获得的高分辨率表面解剖图像能否取代传统方法来描述一个新种。基于 COI 基因的系统发生学分析支持基于形态学的分类分配。SR-PhC 显微计算机断层扫描对观察三维重建非常有用，它的最大优点是标本可以围绕所有轴线旋转，而且可以通过数字方式去除图像中可能遮挡我们所关注的片脚类动物区域的部分。不过，这还不是全面描述一个新物种的完全可靠的技术。使用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜进行经典描述仍然是必要的。不过，SR-PhC 显微计算机断层扫描是一种很有前途的技术，它有可能彻底改变我们研究生物样本的方式，加速生物多样性的研究。
{"title":"A new Antarctic species of Orchomenella G.O. Sars, 1890 (Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea: Tryphosidae): is phase-contrast micro-tomography a mature technique for digital holotypes?","authors":"Piero G Giulianini, Claude De Broyer, Ed A Hendrycks, Samuele Greco, Elisa D’Agostino, Sandro Donato, Anita Giglio, Marco Gerdol, Alberto Pallavicini, Chiara Manfrin","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae075","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to describe a new species of Antarctic amphipod of the genus Orchomenella Sars, 1890, Orchomenella rinamontiae sp. nov., and to investigate whether high-resolution images of the surface anatomy obtained ‘in situ’ with synchrotron radiation X-ray phase-contrast micro-tomography (SR-PhC micro-CT) can replace classical approaches to describe a new species. The phylogenetic analyses based on the gene COI support the morphologically based taxonomic assignment. The SR-PhC micro-CT was useful for viewing the three-dimensional reconstructions, with the great advantages that the specimen could be rotated around all axes and that it was possible digitally to remove sections of the image that might have obscured areas of the amphipod on which we were focusing. However, it is not yet a completely reliable technique to describe a new species fully. Classical descriptions using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy are still necessary. Nevertheless, SR-PhC micro-CT is a promising technique that has the potential to revolutionize the way we study biological samples, accelerating the study of biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae077
Ying Zhang, Yu Fu, Peter Vďačný, Fasheng Liang, Huan Dou, Alan Warren, Lifang Li
Ciliated protists are unicellular eukaryotic organisms characterized by their morphological diversity, ubiquitous distribution, and the important roles they play in a wide range of biological studies. The class Litostomatea is a morphologically diverse ciliate group that comprises hundreds of free-living and endosymbiotic species. Here, we sequenced 14 predatory litostomateans, i.e. 12 haptorians and two rhynchostomatians. A comparative analysis was performed with other published omics’ data on litostomateans. Our first phylogenomic analysis of litostomateans showed the monophyly of the subclasses Trichostomatia and Rhynchostomatia, the non-monophyly of the subclass Haptoria, and the monophyly of all orders and families that were analysed. Evolutionary history analysis suggested that Litostomatea diverged during the Late Neoproterozoic, the family Chaeneidae was the earliest diverging haptorian lineage, and the Rhynchostomatia probably separated from the order Lacrymariida (subclass Haptoria) during the Early Palaeozoic. Stop codon usage analysis of 28 litostomateans showed that they use TAA as the biased stop codon and reassign the other two stop codons (TAG and TGA) to code for amino acids. In addition, the preferred codons in the 14 newly sequenced litostomateans are strongly biased towards A/U bases in the third position, very probably due to the comparatively low GC content. Genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) are more diversified in the endosymbiotic Trichostomatia than in the free-living predatory Rhynchostomatia and Haptoria, suggesting that trichostomes have the strongest capability of carbohydrate utilization. Notably, we found that three free-living litostomateans (Didinium sp.1, Myriokaryon sp., and Apodileptus visscheri) exhibit substantial differences from other free-living ciliates in terms of their number of CAZymes. Considering the potency and versatility of CAZymes in the degradation and biotransformation of carbohydates, we propose that the multifarious CAZymes in these three ciliates could be a survival strategy for nutrient acquisition and niche adaptation. Finally, the functional annotation of significantly expanded gene families in these three ciliates revealed their vigorous potency in biochemical metabolism. These findings will facilitate wider omic-scale phylogenetic analyses of Litostomatea and deepen our understanding of this group from an evolutionary standpoint.
{"title":"Comparative genomics reveals the evolutionary history of the unicellular eukaryote class Litostomatea and its adaptive evolution based on biochemical metabolic capacity","authors":"Ying Zhang, Yu Fu, Peter Vďačný, Fasheng Liang, Huan Dou, Alan Warren, Lifang Li","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae077","url":null,"abstract":"Ciliated protists are unicellular eukaryotic organisms characterized by their morphological diversity, ubiquitous distribution, and the important roles they play in a wide range of biological studies. The class Litostomatea is a morphologically diverse ciliate group that comprises hundreds of free-living and endosymbiotic species. Here, we sequenced 14 predatory litostomateans, i.e. 12 haptorians and two rhynchostomatians. A comparative analysis was performed with other published omics’ data on litostomateans. Our first phylogenomic analysis of litostomateans showed the monophyly of the subclasses Trichostomatia and Rhynchostomatia, the non-monophyly of the subclass Haptoria, and the monophyly of all orders and families that were analysed. Evolutionary history analysis suggested that Litostomatea diverged during the Late Neoproterozoic, the family Chaeneidae was the earliest diverging haptorian lineage, and the Rhynchostomatia probably separated from the order Lacrymariida (subclass Haptoria) during the Early Palaeozoic. Stop codon usage analysis of 28 litostomateans showed that they use TAA as the biased stop codon and reassign the other two stop codons (TAG and TGA) to code for amino acids. In addition, the preferred codons in the 14 newly sequenced litostomateans are strongly biased towards A/U bases in the third position, very probably due to the comparatively low GC content. Genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) are more diversified in the endosymbiotic Trichostomatia than in the free-living predatory Rhynchostomatia and Haptoria, suggesting that trichostomes have the strongest capability of carbohydrate utilization. Notably, we found that three free-living litostomateans (Didinium sp.1, Myriokaryon sp., and Apodileptus visscheri) exhibit substantial differences from other free-living ciliates in terms of their number of CAZymes. Considering the potency and versatility of CAZymes in the degradation and biotransformation of carbohydates, we propose that the multifarious CAZymes in these three ciliates could be a survival strategy for nutrient acquisition and niche adaptation. Finally, the functional annotation of significantly expanded gene families in these three ciliates revealed their vigorous potency in biochemical metabolism. These findings will facilitate wider omic-scale phylogenetic analyses of Litostomatea and deepen our understanding of this group from an evolutionary standpoint.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae074
Sergio Sánchez-Fenollosa, Fernando Escaso, Alberto Cobos
Dacentrurus armatus was the first stegosaur described in the European Upper Jurassic at the end of the 19th century. The description of a second dacentrurine taxon, ‘Miragaia longicollum’, diagnosed from material non-comparable with the D. armatus holotype, has been controversial, and its validity has been challenged. In this study, we describe a new relatively complete stegosaurian postcranial skeleton from the Villar del Arzobispo Formation (Upper Jurassic, Spain). The systematic study of this new specimen and a comprehensive taxonomic assessment of the material not attributed to Stegosaurus from the Upper Jurassic of Europe, reveal high morphological homogeneity and an absence of morphological criteria for distinguishing two dacentrurine taxa. Therefore, ‘Mi. longicollum’ is proposed as a subjective junior synonym of D. armatus. Moreover, a new diagnosis for D. armatus is suggested based on the holotype and referred specimens. As a result, only two stegosaurian species, Stegosaurus stenops and D. armatus, are recognized in Europe during the Late Jurassic. Finally, the species longispinus from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic, USA) is returned to the genus Alcovasaurus.
{"title":"A new specimen of Dacentrurus armatus Owen, 1875 (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic of Spain and its taxonomic relevance in the European stegosaurian diversity","authors":"Sergio Sánchez-Fenollosa, Fernando Escaso, Alberto Cobos","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae074","url":null,"abstract":"Dacentrurus armatus was the first stegosaur described in the European Upper Jurassic at the end of the 19th century. The description of a second dacentrurine taxon, ‘Miragaia longicollum’, diagnosed from material non-comparable with the D. armatus holotype, has been controversial, and its validity has been challenged. In this study, we describe a new relatively complete stegosaurian postcranial skeleton from the Villar del Arzobispo Formation (Upper Jurassic, Spain). The systematic study of this new specimen and a comprehensive taxonomic assessment of the material not attributed to Stegosaurus from the Upper Jurassic of Europe, reveal high morphological homogeneity and an absence of morphological criteria for distinguishing two dacentrurine taxa. Therefore, ‘Mi. longicollum’ is proposed as a subjective junior synonym of D. armatus. Moreover, a new diagnosis for D. armatus is suggested based on the holotype and referred specimens. As a result, only two stegosaurian species, Stegosaurus stenops and D. armatus, are recognized in Europe during the Late Jurassic. Finally, the species longispinus from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic, USA) is returned to the genus Alcovasaurus.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141448689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spiders and ants are infrequent types of prey in the diet of spiders. Both spider- and ant-eating were found in thomisid (crab) spiders but their origin remains unclear. Our goal was to gather data on spider- and ant-eating habits in thomisid spiders, construct a family-level phylogeny, and estimate when these habits evolved. Using prey acceptance experiments, we found 21 spider- and 18 ant-eating genera; based on photographic evidence there were 14 spider- and 20 ant-eating genera; and based on literature there were six spider- and seven ant-eating genera. Altogether we found evidence for 28 spider- and 30 ant-eating genera. We performed the most extensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of Thomisidae to date, using representatives of 75 nominal genera. The resulting topology was congruent with previous studies: Thomisidae were shown to be monophyletic; the genus Borboropactus was identified as a sister group to the remaining thomisids; the current subfamilies emerged as para- or polyphyletic, and Aphantochilinae was monophyletic and rendered Strophiinae paraphyletic within the ‘Thomisus clade’. Ancestral state reconstruction estimated both spider- and ant-eating as ancestral states, suggesting that common ancestors of Thomisidae were euryphagous predators that included spiders but also ants in their diet.
{"title":"Evolution of spider- and ant-eating habits in crab spiders (Araneae: Thomisidae)","authors":"Stano Pekár, Vladimíra Šoltysová, Ruan Booysen, Miquel Arnedo","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae068","url":null,"abstract":"Spiders and ants are infrequent types of prey in the diet of spiders. Both spider- and ant-eating were found in thomisid (crab) spiders but their origin remains unclear. Our goal was to gather data on spider- and ant-eating habits in thomisid spiders, construct a family-level phylogeny, and estimate when these habits evolved. Using prey acceptance experiments, we found 21 spider- and 18 ant-eating genera; based on photographic evidence there were 14 spider- and 20 ant-eating genera; and based on literature there were six spider- and seven ant-eating genera. Altogether we found evidence for 28 spider- and 30 ant-eating genera. We performed the most extensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of Thomisidae to date, using representatives of 75 nominal genera. The resulting topology was congruent with previous studies: Thomisidae were shown to be monophyletic; the genus Borboropactus was identified as a sister group to the remaining thomisids; the current subfamilies emerged as para- or polyphyletic, and Aphantochilinae was monophyletic and rendered Strophiinae paraphyletic within the ‘Thomisus clade’. Ancestral state reconstruction estimated both spider- and ant-eating as ancestral states, suggesting that common ancestors of Thomisidae were euryphagous predators that included spiders but also ants in their diet.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141448750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae058
Richard P Dearden, Anthony Herrel, Alan Pradel
Acanthodes has long been the primary source of information on the pharyngeal skeleton of ‘acanthodians’. Because of this its anatomy has played a disproportionate role in attempts to understand the evolution of the jawed vertebrate pharynx and the clade as a whole. However, the anatomy of the pharynx of Acanthodes, now understood to be a stem-group chondrichthyan, remains poorly characterized and subject to several competing interpretations. We used computed tomography to image the articulated pharyngeal skeletons of three specimens of Acanthodes confusus from Lebach, Germany. Acanthodes has a mélange of osteichthyan-like and chondrichthyan-like morphologies in its pharyngeal skeleton. Like many other chondrichthyans, Acanthodes lacked hypohyals, and had four pairs of posteriorly oriented pharyngobranchials. Like osteichthyans, Acanthodes possessed an interhyal, but lacked the separate infra- and supra-pharyngobranchial elements present in osteichthyans and the crown-chondrichthyan Ozarcus. Using these new data we built and animated a digital 3D model of the pharyngeal endoskeleton in Acanthodes, showing that the jaws could have swung outwards during the opening cycle, increasing the anteriorly facing area of the gape for suspension feeding. These new data provide a more definitive picture of the anatomy of a taxon that has long been of great significance in early vertebrate palaeontology.
{"title":"The pharynx of the iconic stem-group chondrichthyan Acanthodes Agassiz, 1833 revisited with micro-computed tomography","authors":"Richard P Dearden, Anthony Herrel, Alan Pradel","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae058","url":null,"abstract":"Acanthodes has long been the primary source of information on the pharyngeal skeleton of ‘acanthodians’. Because of this its anatomy has played a disproportionate role in attempts to understand the evolution of the jawed vertebrate pharynx and the clade as a whole. However, the anatomy of the pharynx of Acanthodes, now understood to be a stem-group chondrichthyan, remains poorly characterized and subject to several competing interpretations. We used computed tomography to image the articulated pharyngeal skeletons of three specimens of Acanthodes confusus from Lebach, Germany. Acanthodes has a mélange of osteichthyan-like and chondrichthyan-like morphologies in its pharyngeal skeleton. Like many other chondrichthyans, Acanthodes lacked hypohyals, and had four pairs of posteriorly oriented pharyngobranchials. Like osteichthyans, Acanthodes possessed an interhyal, but lacked the separate infra- and supra-pharyngobranchial elements present in osteichthyans and the crown-chondrichthyan Ozarcus. Using these new data we built and animated a digital 3D model of the pharyngeal endoskeleton in Acanthodes, showing that the jaws could have swung outwards during the opening cycle, increasing the anteriorly facing area of the gape for suspension feeding. These new data provide a more definitive picture of the anatomy of a taxon that has long been of great significance in early vertebrate palaeontology.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141182440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-27DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae071
Lucía Alarcón-Ríos, Guillermo Velo-Antón
The evolution of matrotrophic viviparity creates new scenarios within which evolutionary processes can operate, including postcopulatory events, family conflicts, and selective processes, which are expected to intensify with polyandry. We evaluated the effect of matrotrophic viviparity and polyandry on the reproductive output and offspring fitness of a bimodal reproductive vertebrate, the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra), which presents two forms of viviparity: larviparity (i.e. females deliver many aquatic larvae) and pueriparity (i.e. females deliver a few terrestrial juveniles). Polyandry is present in both strategies, but matrotrophy only occurs in pueriparity. Analyses of paternity and offspring life-history traits in 18 pueriparous and 13 larviparous mother–offspring arrays suggest the presence of sibling conflicts in pueriparous salamanders, especially with polyandry. However, these postcopulatory processes did not increase reproductive skew in the pueriparous strategy compared to the larviparous one or lead to fitness differences across sires within a clutch, suggesting other selective processes operating earlier in the reproductive sequence. Observed male–female pairs were found to be genetically more similar than other potential pairings, although no relationship between males’ genetic traits and reproductive success was detected. This work advances our understanding of how sibling conflicts and sexual selection affect the evolution of viviparous matrotrophy and mating strategies.
{"title":"Matrotrophy and polyandry partially regulate postcopulatory mechanisms and sexual selection in a bimodal viviparous salamander","authors":"Lucía Alarcón-Ríos, Guillermo Velo-Antón","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae071","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of matrotrophic viviparity creates new scenarios within which evolutionary processes can operate, including postcopulatory events, family conflicts, and selective processes, which are expected to intensify with polyandry. We evaluated the effect of matrotrophic viviparity and polyandry on the reproductive output and offspring fitness of a bimodal reproductive vertebrate, the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra), which presents two forms of viviparity: larviparity (i.e. females deliver many aquatic larvae) and pueriparity (i.e. females deliver a few terrestrial juveniles). Polyandry is present in both strategies, but matrotrophy only occurs in pueriparity. Analyses of paternity and offspring life-history traits in 18 pueriparous and 13 larviparous mother–offspring arrays suggest the presence of sibling conflicts in pueriparous salamanders, especially with polyandry. However, these postcopulatory processes did not increase reproductive skew in the pueriparous strategy compared to the larviparous one or lead to fitness differences across sires within a clutch, suggesting other selective processes operating earlier in the reproductive sequence. Observed male–female pairs were found to be genetically more similar than other potential pairings, although no relationship between males’ genetic traits and reproductive success was detected. This work advances our understanding of how sibling conflicts and sexual selection affect the evolution of viviparous matrotrophy and mating strategies.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141165185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae055
Xiaochen Feng, Wenbao Zhuang, Ran Li, Xiaozhong Hu
Urostomides is an obligate anaerobic ciliate genus in the family Apometopidae (Metopida). Although most congeners have been described using modern criteria, detailed ontogenetic data for both the family and genus have not been reported yet. In this study, we investigate the morphogenesis of two Urostomides species, viz., U. minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. and U. striatus (type species) in detail. Our findings reveal that the process closely resembles that of several described Metopidae species, except for a notable difference in the origin of the new adoral membranelles either from all perizonal rows or from other somatic kineties. Additionally, the data of U. minimus on the ciliature and SSU rRNA gene sequence are provided and those of U. striatus are supplemented based on Chinese isolates. We show the diplostichomonad morphology of the paroral membrane, a feature not previously observed in Urostomides species. Furthermore, our phylogenetic analyses confirm the monophyly of Urostomides.
纤毛虫属（Urostomides）是厌氧纤毛虫科（Apometopidae）中的一个属。虽然大多数同属种都已用现代标准进行了描述，但该科和该属的详细个体发育数据尚未见报道。在本研究中，我们详细研究了两个 Urostomides 种，即 U. minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. 和 U. striatus（模式种）的形态发生。我们的研究结果表明，该过程与已描述的几个 Metopidae 物种的过程非常相似，只是在新的口膜的起源上有明显的不同，有的来自所有的周围行，有的来自其他体节。此外，我们还提供了 U. minimus 的纤毛器和 SSU rRNA 基因序列数据，并根据中国分离物补充了 U. striatus 的数据。我们展示了口旁膜的二叠单胞菌形态，这是以前在 Urostomides 物种中未观察到的特征。此外，我们的系统进化分析证实了 Urostomides 的单系性。
{"title":"Ontogeny and phylogeny of the anaerobic genus Urostomides with supplementing morphological characterization of the type and one little-known species (Alveolata: Ciliophora: Armophorea)","authors":"Xiaochen Feng, Wenbao Zhuang, Ran Li, Xiaozhong Hu","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae055","url":null,"abstract":"Urostomides is an obligate anaerobic ciliate genus in the family Apometopidae (Metopida). Although most congeners have been described using modern criteria, detailed ontogenetic data for both the family and genus have not been reported yet. In this study, we investigate the morphogenesis of two Urostomides species, viz., U. minimus (Kahl, 1927) comb. nov. and U. striatus (type species) in detail. Our findings reveal that the process closely resembles that of several described Metopidae species, except for a notable difference in the origin of the new adoral membranelles either from all perizonal rows or from other somatic kineties. Additionally, the data of U. minimus on the ciliature and SSU rRNA gene sequence are provided and those of U. striatus are supplemented based on Chinese isolates. We show the diplostichomonad morphology of the paroral membrane, a feature not previously observed in Urostomides species. Furthermore, our phylogenetic analyses confirm the monophyly of Urostomides.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141096686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae060
Heather E White, Abigail S Tucker, Anjali Goswami
Cranial sutures, both open and closed, support a myriad of skull functions, including redistributing strain, accommodating brain expansion, supporting cranial bone growth, and protecting the brain. Thus, variation in the degree, timing, and pattern of suture fusion has functional implications. Using a comparative ontogenetic framework across Mammalia, we quantified degree and pattern of suture fusion through ontogeny for 22 mammalian species (N = 165). Suture closure was scored on a discrete scale for 31 cranial sutures and used to calculate closure scores for individual sutures and specimens. Ancestral state estimations found the degree of ancestral marsupial fusion to be more derived, differing from both the ancestral placental and ancestral therian. The average placental pattern followed the Krogman pattern of suture fusion (cranial vault, cranial base, circum-meatal, palatal, facial, and cranio-facial), whereas marsupials showed a distinct pattern. We propose a new pattern of suture fusion for marsupials: vault, cranio-facial, facial, circum-meatal, palate, cranial base. Delayed fusion of the marsupial cranial base is hypothesized here to support prolonged postnatal growth of the marsupial brain. Collectively, our study has identified a clear marsupial-placental dichotomy in the degree, timing, and pattern of suture fusion, with implications for understanding skull function and ontogeny.
{"title":"Divergent patterns of cranial suture fusion in marsupial and placental mammals","authors":"Heather E White, Abigail S Tucker, Anjali Goswami","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae060","url":null,"abstract":"Cranial sutures, both open and closed, support a myriad of skull functions, including redistributing strain, accommodating brain expansion, supporting cranial bone growth, and protecting the brain. Thus, variation in the degree, timing, and pattern of suture fusion has functional implications. Using a comparative ontogenetic framework across Mammalia, we quantified degree and pattern of suture fusion through ontogeny for 22 mammalian species (N = 165). Suture closure was scored on a discrete scale for 31 cranial sutures and used to calculate closure scores for individual sutures and specimens. Ancestral state estimations found the degree of ancestral marsupial fusion to be more derived, differing from both the ancestral placental and ancestral therian. The average placental pattern followed the Krogman pattern of suture fusion (cranial vault, cranial base, circum-meatal, palatal, facial, and cranio-facial), whereas marsupials showed a distinct pattern. We propose a new pattern of suture fusion for marsupials: vault, cranio-facial, facial, circum-meatal, palate, cranial base. Delayed fusion of the marsupial cranial base is hypothesized here to support prolonged postnatal growth of the marsupial brain. Collectively, our study has identified a clear marsupial-placental dichotomy in the degree, timing, and pattern of suture fusion, with implications for understanding skull function and ontogeny.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141096691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae064
Chong Chen, Camille Poitrimol, Marjolaine Matabos
Neomphaloidean gastropods are endemic to chemosynthesis-based ecosystems ranging from hot vents to organic falls, and their diversity and evolutionary history remain poorly understood. In the southwestern Pacific, deep-sea hydrothermal vents on back-arc basins and volcanic arcs are found in three geographically secluded regions: a western region around Manus Basin, an eastern region around North Fiji and Lau Basins, and the intermediate Woodlark Basin where active venting was confirmed only recently, on the 2019 R/V L’Atalante CHUBACARC expedition. Although various lineages of neomphaloidean snails have been detected, typically restricted to one of the three regions, some of these have remained without names. Here, we use integrative taxonomy to describe three of these species: the neomphalid Symmetromphalus mithril sp. nov. from Woodlark Basin and the peltospirids Symmetriapelta becki sp. nov. from the eastern region and Symmetriapelta radiata sp. nov. from Woodlark Basin. A combination of shell sculpture and radular characters allow the morphological separation of these new species from their described congeners. A molecular phylogeny reconstructed from 570 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene confirmed the placement of the three new species in their respective genera and the superfamily Neomphaloidea. The finding of these new gastropods, particularly the ones from the Woodlark Basin, provides insights and implications on the historical role of Woodlark as a dispersing centre, in addition to highlighting the uniqueness of the Woodlark faunal community.
新头足类腹足目动物是从热喷口到有机瀑布等以化学合成为基础的生态系统的特有动物，但人们对它们的多样性和进化史仍然知之甚少。在西南太平洋，弧后盆地和火山弧上的深海热液喷口分布在三个地理位置隐蔽的区域：马努斯盆地周围的西部区域、北斐济和劳盆地周围的东部区域，以及中间的伍德拉克盆地，那里的活动喷口直到最近才在2019年的R/V L'Atalante CHUBACARC考察中得到证实。虽然已经发现了新头足类蜗牛的多个品系，但通常仅限于这三个地区中的一个，其中一些品系一直没有名称。在此，我们使用综合分类法描述了其中的三个物种：来自伍德拉克盆地的新头椎蜗牛 Symmetromphalus mithril sp.nov.，来自东部地区的盾形蜗牛 Symmetriapelta becki sp.结合贝壳的雕刻和放射状特征，可以从形态学上将这些新物种与其描述的同属物种区分开来。根据线粒体细胞色素 c 氧化酶亚单位 I 基因的 570 bp 重建的分子系统发生证实了这三个新物种在各自属和新头足目超科中的位置。这些新腹足类动物的发现，尤其是来自云雀盆地的新腹足类动物的发现，除了突出了云雀动物群落的独特性之外，还对云雀作为一个扩散中心的历史作用提供了见解和影响。
{"title":"Integrative taxonomy of new neomphaloidean gastropods from deep-sea hot vents of the southwestern Pacific","authors":"Chong Chen, Camille Poitrimol, Marjolaine Matabos","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae064","url":null,"abstract":"Neomphaloidean gastropods are endemic to chemosynthesis-based ecosystems ranging from hot vents to organic falls, and their diversity and evolutionary history remain poorly understood. In the southwestern Pacific, deep-sea hydrothermal vents on back-arc basins and volcanic arcs are found in three geographically secluded regions: a western region around Manus Basin, an eastern region around North Fiji and Lau Basins, and the intermediate Woodlark Basin where active venting was confirmed only recently, on the 2019 R/V L’Atalante CHUBACARC expedition. Although various lineages of neomphaloidean snails have been detected, typically restricted to one of the three regions, some of these have remained without names. Here, we use integrative taxonomy to describe three of these species: the neomphalid Symmetromphalus mithril sp. nov. from Woodlark Basin and the peltospirids Symmetriapelta becki sp. nov. from the eastern region and Symmetriapelta radiata sp. nov. from Woodlark Basin. A combination of shell sculpture and radular characters allow the morphological separation of these new species from their described congeners. A molecular phylogeny reconstructed from 570 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene confirmed the placement of the three new species in their respective genera and the superfamily Neomphaloidea. The finding of these new gastropods, particularly the ones from the Woodlark Basin, provides insights and implications on the historical role of Woodlark as a dispersing centre, in addition to highlighting the uniqueness of the Woodlark faunal community.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141091795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on high-resolution computed tomography scanning, we provide new insights into the inner ear and stapedial morphology of Morganucodon from the Early Jurassic of St Brides. At the base of mammaliaforms, Morganucodon plays a pivotal role in understanding the sequence of character acquisition from basal cynodonts to mammals, including the detachment of the middle ear and the evolution of high-frequency hearing. Advancements in imaging technology enabled us to revise or newly describe crucial anatomy that was not accessible for the original description of Morganucodon. Based on 37 petrosals, we can confirm that the apex of the cochlear canal is expanded in Morganucodon, suggestive of a lagena macula. A gently raised crest along the abneural margin is reminiscent of (although much shallower than) the secondary lamina base of other Mesozoic mammaliaforms. The venous circum-promontorial plexus, which surrounded the inner ear in several basal mammaliaforms, was connected to the cochlear labyrinth in Morganucodon through numerous openings along the secondary lamina base. Two petrosals contain fragmentary stapes, which differ substantially from previously described isolated stapes attributed to Morganucodon in having peripherally placed crura and an oval and bullate footplate. Based on the revised stapedial morphology, we question the traditional view of an asymmetrical bicrural stapes as the plesiomorphic condition for Mammaliaformes.
{"title":"The inner ear and stapes of the basal mammaliaform Morganucodon revisited: new information on labyrinth morphology and promontorial vascularization","authors":"Simone Hoffmann, Ramza Shahid Malik, Arjun Vidyasagar, Pamela Gill","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae062","url":null,"abstract":"Based on high-resolution computed tomography scanning, we provide new insights into the inner ear and stapedial morphology of Morganucodon from the Early Jurassic of St Brides. At the base of mammaliaforms, Morganucodon plays a pivotal role in understanding the sequence of character acquisition from basal cynodonts to mammals, including the detachment of the middle ear and the evolution of high-frequency hearing. Advancements in imaging technology enabled us to revise or newly describe crucial anatomy that was not accessible for the original description of Morganucodon. Based on 37 petrosals, we can confirm that the apex of the cochlear canal is expanded in Morganucodon, suggestive of a lagena macula. A gently raised crest along the abneural margin is reminiscent of (although much shallower than) the secondary lamina base of other Mesozoic mammaliaforms. The venous circum-promontorial plexus, which surrounded the inner ear in several basal mammaliaforms, was connected to the cochlear labyrinth in Morganucodon through numerous openings along the secondary lamina base. Two petrosals contain fragmentary stapes, which differ substantially from previously described isolated stapes attributed to Morganucodon in having peripherally placed crura and an oval and bullate footplate. Based on the revised stapedial morphology, we question the traditional view of an asymmetrical bicrural stapes as the plesiomorphic condition for Mammaliaformes.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141079418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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