Technovation最新文献_第4页

Balancing resilience and circularity in an artificial intelligence-augmented humanitarian aid supply chain: A practice-based view of Yin–Yang dialectical systems 在人工智能增强的人道主义援助供应链中平衡弹性和循环：基于实践的阴阳辩证系统观点

IF 10.9 1区管理学 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Technovation

Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103427

Tachia Chin , Zhibin Zhang , Asif Nazrul , Shouyang Wang

Escalating climate change and geopolitical conflicts are widening humanitarian crises, creating an urgent need for AI-enabled humanitarian aid supply chains (HASCs) that are both resilient and circular. However, in practice, resilience and circularity often compete for crucial resources. To address this issue, this paper conceptualizes an AI-assisted HASC as a stratified system spanning governments, humanitarian organizations, and affected populations. It adopts a practice-based, dialectical systems view grounded in Yin–Yang philosophy to explore the dynamic balance of resilience and circularity in AI-assisted HASCs in different emergencies. More specifically, we create a Yin–Yang dialectical strategic map that characterises eight resource positions with various contradictions between the resource slack and the constraints in an AI-assisted HASC. Based on this, we propose eight possible strategies to resolve the above-mentioned resource tensions. To achieve a better understanding, we also construct a simulation model to examine the applicability of our novel paradigm. The key contribution lies in using an unconventional, practice-oriented Yin-Yang dialectical systems view to holistically explain how to balance resource slack and constraints while co-building resilience and circularity in AI-assisted HASCs. Practically, it highlights leveraging evolving AI as digital innovation to tackle traditional HASC challenges involving resource availability, environmental pressures, and societal concerns.

不断升级的气候变化和地缘政治冲突正在扩大人道主义危机，迫切需要具有弹性和循环性的人工智能人道主义援助供应链。然而，在实践中，弹性和循环往往会争夺关键资源。为了解决这个问题，本文将人工智能辅助的HASC概念化为跨越政府、人道主义组织和受影响人群的分层系统。本文采用以实践为基础的辩证系统观点，以阴阳哲学为基础，探讨人工智能辅助的HASCs在不同紧急情况下的弹性和循环性的动态平衡。更具体地说，我们创建了一个阴阳辩证的战略地图，该地图表征了人工智能辅助HASC中资源松弛和约束之间存在各种矛盾的八个资源位置。在此基础上，我们提出了解决上述资源紧张的八种可能策略。为了获得更好的理解，我们还构建了一个模拟模型来检验我们的新范式的适用性。关键贡献在于使用非传统的、以实践为导向的阴阳辩证系统观点，全面解释如何平衡资源松弛和约束，同时在人工智能辅助的HASCs中共同建立弹性和循环。实际上，它强调利用不断发展的人工智能作为数字创新来解决涉及资源可用性、环境压力和社会问题的传统HASC挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring how artificial intelligence capabilities impact corporate sustainability performance: Insights from Chinese manufacturing firms 探索人工智能能力如何影响企业可持续发展绩效：来自中国制造企业的见解

IF 10.9 1区管理学 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Technovation

Pub Date : 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103429

Chen Renfei , Li Zhongwen , Yang Guangfei , Li Wenli , Guo Zitong

In the context of digital transformation, the driving mechanism of Artificial Intelligence capabilities (AIC) on corporate sustainability performance (CSP) and its organizational boundary requirements have emerged as a key topic in advancing digital sustainability, both in theory and practice. This study is based on dynamic capabilities theory (DCT) and sustainable development theory, and reveals the micro-mechanisms and boundary conditions of AIC driving CSP. By extending the traditional application of AI and dynamic capabilities from competitive advantage to sustainability, this study provides a novel theoretical lens for digital sustainability. This study empirically analyzes data from Chinese manufacturing enterprises through the PLS-SEM method. The findings reveal that AIC significantly enhances CSP through a tiered enabling mechanism, but prescriptive capabilities fail to achieve their intended effects. The type of manufacturing firm constitutes a core boundary condition, and there is significant variability in the sustainable performance of AIC exerted under traditional manufacturing and Industry 4.0 manufacturing firms. The impact of AIC on CSP is significantly weaker in traditional manufacturing firms than in Industry 4.0 manufacturing firms. By adopting a dynamic capabilities perspective, this study examines the role of DCT-based AIC in enhancing CSP, expanding the prevailing technical viewpoint on their interrelationship and providing a compelling justification for integrating AI into digital sustainability frameworks. These findings offer manufacturers actionable insights for harnessing AI technologies to achieve sustainable performance during digital transformation.

在数字化转型背景下，人工智能能力（AIC）对企业可持续发展绩效（CSP）的驱动机制及其组织边界要求已成为推进数字化可持续发展的重要理论和实践课题。本文基于动态能力理论（DCT）和可持续发展理论，揭示了AIC驱动CSP的微观机制和边界条件。通过将人工智能和动态能力的传统应用从竞争优势扩展到可持续性，本研究为数字可持续性提供了一个新的理论视角。本研究通过PLS-SEM方法对中国制造企业的数据进行实证分析。研究结果表明，AIC通过分层使能机制显著增强了CSP，但规定性能力未能达到预期效果。制造业企业类型构成核心边界条件，传统制造业和工业4.0制造业下AIC可持续绩效存在显著差异。传统制造业企业AIC对CSP的影响明显弱于工业4.0制造业企业。通过采用动态能力视角，本研究考察了基于dct的AIC在增强CSP中的作用，扩展了关于它们之间相互关系的主流技术观点，并为将人工智能纳入数字可持续发展框架提供了令人信服的理由。这些发现为制造商在数字化转型过程中利用人工智能技术实现可持续绩效提供了可行的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Trust in Moral Machines: How automation, morality, and media framing drive cross-cultural adoption of autonomous vehicles 对道德机器的信任：自动化、道德和媒体框架如何推动自动驾驶汽车的跨文化采用

IF 10.9 1区管理学 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Technovation

Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103428

Thomas Teychenié , Julien Cloarec , Lars Meyer-Waarden

We conducted a large-scale, tri-national experiment drawing on the Moral Machine clusters—Western individualist (U.S.), Latin-American transitional (Mexico), and East Asian collectivist (China)—to examine how autonomy level (SAE Level 2 vs. Level 5), moral programming (self-protective vs. utilitarian), and accident-severity framing (low vs. high) jointly shape performance trust in autonomous vehicles. In balanced samples of 300 respondents per country, participants were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions and then reported on performance trust, performance risk, hedonic well-being, and behavioral intentions. A robust three-way interaction predicted performance trust in all three contexts, but with opposite patterns: utilitarian framing enhanced the trust advantage of full autonomy under high-severity scenarios in the U.S. and Mexico, whereas in China it did so only when accidents were mild and undermined trust when accidents were severe. These results demonstrate that cultural worldviews condition how ethical programming and risk context interact to shape trust, offering actionable guidance for culturally sensitive AV design and policy.

我们利用道德机器集群——西方个人主义者（美国）、拉丁美洲过渡主义者（墨西哥）和东亚集体主义者（中国）——进行了一项大规模的三国实验，研究自主水平（SAE 2级vs 5级）、道德规划（自我保护vs功利主义）和事故严重程度框架（低vs高）如何共同塑造对自动驾驶汽车的性能信任。在每个国家300名受访者的平衡样本中，参与者被随机分配到八种情况中的一种，然后报告绩效信任、绩效风险、享乐幸福感和行为意图。一个强大的三方互动预测了所有三种情境下的绩效信任，但具有相反的模式：在美国和墨西哥，功利主义框架在高严重情景下增强了完全自主的信任优势，而在中国，它只在事故轻微时起作用，在事故严重时破坏信任。这些结果表明，文化世界观决定了道德规划和风险环境如何相互作用以形成信任，为具有文化敏感性的自动驾驶汽车设计和政策提供了可行的指导。

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引用次数: 0

Getting a deal: A study on innovation and acquisition value 达成交易：创新与收购价值研究

IF 10.9 1区管理学 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Technovation

Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103423

Joshua B. Sears

The value of technological acquisitions has continued to climb, with an increasing volume of megadeals exceeding $5 billion. While there has been a plethora of research focused on either post-acquisition innovative productivity or value creation, there has been a lack of research that accounts for the post-acquisition innovative productivity of the target employees relative to the cost to acquire the target. We utilize social identity theory to explicate how technological overlap and similarity in technological prestige affect the antecedents of organizational identification (i.e., distinctiveness, prestige, and continuity) and thus, post-acquisition innovative productivity, while we utilize a strategic factor market perspective to examine their effect on the price paid for the target. In doing so, we develop a measure of innovation return on innovation (i.e., innovative productivity/target price). We submit and find evidence that technological overlap and similarity in prestige facilitate identification as the acquirer receives a greater innovation ROI with target and acquirer collaboration; however, we find that the target having higher prestige negatively influences collaborative innovation ROI. Finally, we find that the acquisition value moderates the effects that technological overlap, similarity in prestige, and the target being more prestigious have on innovation ROI from target and acquirer collaboration.

技术收购的价值继续攀升，大型交易的数量不断增加，超过50亿美元。虽然有大量的研究集中在收购后的创新生产力或价值创造上，但相对于收购目标的成本，目标员工的收购后创新生产力的研究一直缺乏。我们利用社会认同理论来解释技术声望中的技术重叠和相似性如何影响组织认同的前因（即独特性、声望和连续性），从而影响收购后的创新生产率，同时我们利用战略因素市场视角来研究它们对收购目标所支付价格的影响。在此过程中，我们开发了一种衡量创新回报的方法（即创新生产率/目标价格）。我们提交并发现证据表明，技术重叠和声誉相似性有助于识别，因为收购方在目标和收购方合作下获得更大的创新投资回报率；然而，我们发现拥有更高声望的目标对协同创新的投资回报率有负向影响。最后，我们发现收购价值调节了技术重叠、声望相似和目标更有声望对并购双方合作创新投资回报率的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Manifoldness of services firms: Did R&D lead to better performance after the global financial crisis? 服务业多元性：全球金融危机后研发是否带来更好的绩效？

IF 10.9 1区管理学 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Technovation

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103426

Sihong Wu , Rekha Rao-Nicholson , Yiyi Su , Di Fan

While prior research on service innovation has primarily emphasized R&D drivers and the characteristics of novel service offerings, limited attention has been given to how R&D impacts firm performance across distinct service sub-sectors—particularly during and after periods of economic disruption such as the global financial crisis (GFC). Adopting a service systems framework, this study classifies service firms according to two dimensions: the degree of service intangibility and the extent of customer involvement. Leveraging an unbalanced panel dataset spanning 2003 to 2013, the analysis investigates how returns on R&D investments vary across different service industry categories and how these patterns shift in the aftermath of the GFC. Results indicate that R&D yields positive returns across both classification criteria, though the effect is more pronounced for firms delivering intangible services and those with intensive customer participation. Post-GFC, however, the advantage of R&D investment appears greater among firms offering more tangible services. Moreover, service providers characterized by high customer engagement continued to derive superior R&D benefits in the post-crisis era. These insights contribute to both theoretical advancement and managerial practice, while also suggesting several avenues for future inquiry.

虽然先前对服务创新的研究主要强调研发驱动因素和新服务产品的特征，但很少关注研发如何影响不同服务子行业的公司绩效，特别是在全球金融危机等经济中断期间和之后。本研究采用服务系统架构，从服务无形化程度和顾客参与程度两个维度对服务企业进行分类。利用2003年至2013年的不平衡面板数据集，该分析调查了不同服务行业类别的研发投资回报如何变化，以及这些模式在全球金融危机之后如何变化。结果表明，研发在两种分类标准下都能产生正回报，尽管对于提供无形服务的公司和那些有大量客户参与的公司来说，这种影响更为明显。然而，全球金融危机后，研发投资的优势在提供更多有形服务的公司中显得更大。此外，在后危机时代，以高客户参与度为特征的服务提供商继续获得卓越的研发效益。这些见解有助于理论进步和管理实践，同时也为未来的研究提供了一些途径。

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引用次数: 0

Business-to-business ecosystem smartification for manufacturing: A definition, an integrative framework, and future directions 面向制造业的企业对企业生态系统智能化：定义、整合框架和未来方向

IF 10.9 1区管理学 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Technovation

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103425

Mauro Estefano Kowalski , Leonardo Augusto de Vasconcelos Gomes , Felipe Mendes Borini , Roberto Carlos Bernardes

This study investigates how firms reconfigure their ecosystems in response to the growing integration of artificial intelligence (AI). While many B2B platforms have embraced digital transformation (DT), few studies examine how ecosystems evolve post-DT, as AI becomes embedded in platforms to enable adaptive processes and offerings. Drawing on a systematic literature review, we develop an integrative framework that identifies three interrelated phases, reconfiguring, experimenting, and expanding, through which smartification unfolds. Each phase presents specific governance mechanisms, coordination challenges, and strategic tensions among ecosystem actors. We define smartification as the integration of AI to create autonomous, context-aware, and self-improving solutions that support the development of business models and strategies. Our findings contribute to the literature on B2B platform ecosystems by clarifying the structural, organizational, and governance transformations that underpin AI adoption.

本研究探讨了企业如何重新配置其生态系统，以应对人工智能（AI）的日益整合。虽然许多B2B平台已经接受了数字化转型（DT），但很少有研究考察生态系统在数字化转型后是如何演变的，因为人工智能被嵌入到平台中，以实现自适应流程和产品。在系统文献综述的基础上，我们开发了一个综合框架，确定了三个相互关联的阶段，即重新配置、实验和扩展，通过这些阶段，智能化得以展开。每个阶段都提出了特定的治理机制、协调挑战和生态系统参与者之间的战略紧张关系。我们将智能定义为人工智能的集成，以创建自主的、上下文感知的、自我改进的解决方案，支持商业模式和战略的发展。我们的发现通过阐明支撑人工智能采用的结构、组织和治理转型，为B2B平台生态系统的文献做出了贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Digital divide and artificial intelligence for health 数字鸿沟和人工智能促进健康

IF 10.9 1区管理学 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Technovation

Pub Date : 2025-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103392

Jean Clara , Bussotti Jean-Flavien , Cecere Grazia , Omrani Nessrine , Papotti Paolo

Social media platforms have become key intermediaries for ad campaigns, but concerns persist regarding the veracity of information presented in ads. In the health sector, false or unsupported claims in ad content can have real-world public health consequences. On these platforms, the display of ads is managed by recommendation systems that match the content of the ad to the interests of the user. This paper investigates whether the use of AI algorithms to recommend ads on social media platforms may help progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We collected ads across all US states on Meta and Instagram during a period marked by increased public health concerns. Using a fine-tuned deep learning model, we fact-checked the content of these ads. The results of the fact-check show that only 0.2 % of the ads were classified as misinformation, and 15.41 % of the ads were classified as ambiguous. Both types of ads are less likely to be recommended to users located in wealthier states especially when health-related. Also, health-related ads classified as misinformation are more likely to be recommended to users in states with high percentage of people without health insurance. We argue that the use of recommendation systems contributes to widening the digital divide, which can hinder the achievement of SDGs.

社交媒体平台已成为广告活动的关键中介，但人们对广告中所提供信息的真实性仍然存在担忧。在卫生部门，广告内容中的虚假或未经证实的说法可能对现实世界的公共卫生造成影响。在这些平台上，广告的显示由推荐系统管理，该系统将广告内容与用户的兴趣相匹配。本文研究了使用人工智能算法在社交媒体平台上推荐广告是否有助于实现可持续发展目标（sdg）。在公共卫生问题日益严重的时期，我们在Meta和Instagram上收集了美国所有州的广告。使用微调的深度学习模型，我们对这些广告的内容进行了事实检查。事实检查的结果显示，只有0.2%的广告被归类为错误信息，15.41%的广告被归类为模棱两可。这两种类型的广告都不太可能被推荐给富裕州的用户，尤其是与健康相关的广告。此外，被归类为错误信息的健康相关广告更有可能被推荐给那些没有医疗保险的人比例很高的州的用户。我们认为，推荐系统的使用会导致数字鸿沟的扩大，从而阻碍可持续发展目标的实现。

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引用次数: 0

Market, R&D and multi-technology Co-evolution: An explorative study on metaverse 市场、研发与多技术协同进化：基于元宇宙的探索性研究

IF 10.9 1区管理学 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Technovation

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103406

Dong Huo, Xinyuan Cui, Xiaolin Huang

Innovation is inherently characterized by significant uncertainty, particularly in emerging industries centered on complex technologies. A profound understanding of the inherent nature of complex technologies and their interplay with firm R&D strategy and market environment is paramount for achieving technology leadership. From an evolutionary perspective, we model and simulate the multi-technology co-evolution process across different scenarios. Meanwhile, we conduct empirical analyses on both simulation data (1,072,500 observations) and patent data (17,532 US patents), which confirm the robustness and applicability of the model. Further, we focus on metaverse as a typical case of emerging complex technologies. Specifically, we identify metaverse-relevant technologies and utilize approximately three million US patents from 1926 to 2020 to parameterize the model. This allows us to perform simulations to analyze the process and performance of the metaverse system. The results from the above analyses demonstrate that, first, the effects of internal and external coupling on average fitness are quite complex and jointly depend on their interaction, while stronger internal coupling or weaker external coupling consistently enhances efficacy. Second, a balanced R&D strategy generally leads to higher average fitness and efficacy, while an aggressive strategy, despite early gains, prolongs the time to equilibrium except in the high external coupling state. Third, a stable market environment improves average fitness and efficacy of the system. Fourth, the metaverse system is currently in a state of strong internal and external coupling, which necessitates a long time to reach equilibrium; in the current turbulent market environment, a balanced R&D strategy emerges as the optimal choice.

创新本质上具有显著的不确定性，特别是在以复杂技术为中心的新兴产业中。对复杂技术的内在本质及其与公司研发战略和市场环境的相互作用的深刻理解对于实现技术领先至关重要。从进化的角度，我们对不同场景下的多技术协同进化过程进行了建模和模拟。同时，我们对模拟数据（1,072,500个观测值）和专利数据（17,532项美国专利）进行了实证分析，验证了模型的稳健性和适用性。此外，我们将把元宇宙作为新兴复杂技术的典型案例来关注。具体来说，我们确定了与元宇宙相关的技术，并利用1926年至2020年的大约300万项美国专利来参数化模型。这允许我们执行模拟来分析元系统的流程和性能。以上分析结果表明，首先，内外耦合对平均适应度的影响相当复杂，并共同依赖于它们之间的相互作用，内耦合越强或外耦合越弱，效力越强。其次，均衡的研发策略通常会带来更高的平均适应度和效率，而积极的研发策略虽然会提前获得收益，但除了在高外部耦合状态下，达到均衡的时间会延长。第三，稳定的市场环境提高了系统的平均适应度和有效性。第四，元宇宙系统目前处于内外强耦合状态，需要较长时间才能达到平衡；在当前动荡的市场环境下，平衡的研发战略成为企业的最佳选择。

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引用次数: 0

Mapping the determinants influencing the adoption of blockchain innovations in SMEs: A multi-stage pythagorean fuzzy decision-making framework 影响中小企业采用区块链创新的决定因素：一个多阶段毕达哥拉斯模糊决策框架

IF 10.9 1区管理学 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Technovation

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103402

Hannan Amoozad Mahdiraji , Aliasghar Abbasi-Kamardi , Fatemeh Yaftiyan , Demetris Vrontis , Qingyu Zhang

Expanding blockchain applications is a novel issue in emerging countries and developed economies. Therefore, studying the effective adoption of this technology is a fundamental requirement for its successful implementation. The dimensions that should be considered in these studies are those that lead to the effective adoption of blockchain innovations, which have not been deeply investigated. Hence, the current research employs an embedded mixed method to identify and analyse these factors. First, a systematic literature review (SLR) and thematic analysis (TA) are conducted using the SPAR-4-SLR protocol to identify the key factors in blockchain adoption. In addition, the extracted factors are screened and finalised in the next step using a Pythagorean fuzzy Delphi (PFD) method. Afterwards, a Pythagorean fuzzy (PF)-interpretive structural modelling (ISM)-cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) investigates the cause and effect of the screened factors and provides a level-based conceptual framework. As a result of implementing the SLR-TA, 15 factors/themes are extracted, nine of which are selected as the most determinant factors based on the PFD method. Three drivers, one dependent, and five linkage factors are identified using the PF-ISM-MICMAC method. Based on these findings, a four-level conceptual framework is proposed to map the key determinants influencing the adoption of blockchain innovations in SMEs within an emerging economy.

在新兴国家和发达经济体中，扩大区块链应用是一个新问题。因此，研究该技术的有效采用是其成功实施的基本要求。在这些研究中应该考虑的维度是那些导致有效采用区块链创新的维度，这一点尚未得到深入研究。因此，目前的研究采用嵌入式混合方法来识别和分析这些因素。首先，使用SPAR-4-SLR协议进行系统文献综述（SLR）和专题分析（TA），以确定区块链采用的关键因素。此外，提取的因素进行筛选，并在下一步使用毕达哥拉斯模糊德尔菲（PFD）方法确定。然后，毕达哥拉斯模糊(PF)-解释结构模型(ISM)-交叉影响矩阵乘法应用于分类（MICMAC）调查筛选因素的因果关系，并提供了一个基于层次的概念框架。作为实施SLR-TA的结果，提取了15个因素/主题，其中9个是基于PFD方法选出的最具决定性的因素。使用PF-ISM-MICMAC方法确定了三个驱动因素，一个依赖因素和五个联动因素。基于这些发现，本文提出了一个四级概念框架，以绘制影响新兴经济体中小企业采用区块链创新的关键决定因素。

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引用次数: 0

Identifying firm-specific technology opportunities: Heterogeneous graph neural network-based link prediction 识别公司特定的技术机会：基于异构图神经网络的链接预测

IF 10.9 1区管理学 Q1 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Technovation

Pub Date : 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103405

Yingwen Wu , Zhouzhou Lin , Yangjian Ji , Fu Gu

A firm’s technological innovation is influenced by both its internal capabilities and external technological trends. However, previous firm-specific technology opportunity discovery (TOD) studies have predominantly focused on structural associations between technologies within a firm’s internal and external contexts, with limited exploration of deeper semantic relationships. This paper proposes a novel firm-specific TOD approach that considers both structural and semantic associations. Our methodology consists of four modules: (1) collecting patent data; (2) constructing a technological innovation heterogeneous graph; (3) identifying the target firm’s technology opportunities using Multi-Attention Graph Link Prediction (MAG-LP), which captures both structural and semantic information from the graph; and (4) evaluating technology opportunities using indicators of technology competitiveness, technology growth, and technology maturity. The efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed approach are demonstrated through its application to Honda Motor Company. This work contributes to a comprehensive understanding of potential R&D directions for the target firm.

企业的技术创新受到企业内部能力和外部技术趋势的双重影响。然而，之前的企业特定技术机会发现（TOD）研究主要集中在企业内部和外部环境中技术之间的结构关联上，对更深层次的语义关系的探索有限。本文提出了一种新的企业特定TOD方法，该方法同时考虑了结构和语义关联。我们的方法包括四个模块：(1)收集专利数据；(2)构建技术创新异构图；(3)利用多注意图链接预测（MAG-LP）识别目标公司的技术机会，该预测从图中捕获结构和语义信息；(4)利用技术竞争力、技术成长性和技术成熟度指标评价技术机会。通过对本田汽车公司的应用，证明了该方法的效率和有效性。这项工作有助于全面了解目标公司潜在的研发方向。

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引用次数: 0