Air traffic management is a complex multi-disciplinary socio-technical system of systems that directly supports the air transportation industry. With the introduction of new technologies into the air traffic management system, there is a lack of understanding of the effects of new technology on people, machines, procedures, and regulatory environments. There is thus a demonstrable need for methods to determine credible requirements that can be used to outline operating procedures, policies, tools, and techniques for continued resilience. The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework using the ‘whole-of-society’ perspective and tools such as complexity theory, applying these to air traffic management in South Africa. The framework is developed further to understand the requirements for ensuring a resilient and sustained air traffic management network.
{"title":"ENSURING SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR SOUTH AFRICA WITH COMPLEXITY AND WHOLE-OF-SOCIETY THEORY APPROACHES","authors":"Linda Weiland, C. Law, B. Sunjka","doi":"10.7166/31-3-2424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7166/31-3-2424","url":null,"abstract":"Air traffic management is a complex multi-disciplinary socio-technical system of systems that directly supports the air transportation industry. With the introduction of new technologies into the air traffic management system, there is a lack of understanding of the effects of new technology on people, machines, procedures, and regulatory environments. There is thus a demonstrable need for methods to determine credible requirements that can be used to outline operating procedures, policies, tools, and techniques for continued resilience. The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework using the ‘whole-of-society’ perspective and tools such as complexity theory, applying these to air traffic management in South Africa. The framework is developed further to understand the requirements for ensuring a resilient and sustained air traffic management network.","PeriodicalId":49493,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Industrial Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"97-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41458649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of a novel method of additive manufacturing involving the support-free extrusion of a photopolymer is discussed. The objectives of the paper are the presentation of mechanical and electrical hardware developments for a freeform additive manufacturing system, a discussion of the process developments that have taken place, and the presentation of the results from tests used to validate improvements to the system. Developments include the replacement of the UV light source with lasers, and the implementation of collision avoidance algorithms. The results include a significant increase in the speed of the extrusion process, and an improved toolpath viability achieved by the implementation of the collision avoidance algorithms.
{"title":"SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT FOR THE FIVE-AXIS EXTRUSION OF A PHOTOPOLYMER","authors":"D. Kirkman, A. V. D. Merwe, I. Campbell","doi":"10.7166/31-3-2448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7166/31-3-2448","url":null,"abstract":"The development of a novel method of additive manufacturing involving the support-free extrusion of a photopolymer is discussed. The objectives of the paper are the presentation of mechanical and electrical hardware developments for a freeform additive manufacturing system, a discussion of the process developments that have taken place, and the presentation of the results from tests used to validate improvements to the system. Developments include the replacement of the UV light source with lasers, and the implementation of collision avoidance algorithms. The results include a significant increase in the speed of the extrusion process, and an improved toolpath viability achieved by the implementation of the collision avoidance algorithms.","PeriodicalId":49493,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Industrial Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"230-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45645895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The need for companies to adopt a quality management strategy has significantly increased in recent times as a result of global competition and more demanding customers. It is important to integrate quality throughout the product lifecycle, which includes the design phase. The purpose of the paper is to develop a quality assurance framework for the local production of chemical-coated sand used in the Voxeljet VX1000 printing process. The framework could be used as a basic structure to develop the necessary processes, procedures, and work instructions to ensure the quality of local chemical-coated sand.
{"title":"A QUALITY ASSURANCE FRAMEWORK FOR SULPHONIC ACID-COATED SAND USED IN 3D PRINTING APPLICATIONS","authors":"Malan van Tonder, D. D. de Beer, H. Wichers","doi":"10.7166/31-3-2447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7166/31-3-2447","url":null,"abstract":"The need for companies to adopt a quality management strategy has significantly increased in recent times as a result of global competition and more demanding customers. It is important to integrate quality throughout the product lifecycle, which includes the design phase. The purpose of the paper is to develop a quality assurance framework for the local production of chemical-coated sand used in the Voxeljet VX1000 printing process. The framework could be used as a basic structure to develop the necessary processes, procedures, and work instructions to ensure the quality of local chemical-coated sand.","PeriodicalId":49493,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Industrial Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"218-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42416039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Wessels, A. Plessis, I. Yadroitsava, J. Els, I. Yadroitsev
Effective quality control of implants made using additive manufacturing is an important task for suppliers to comply fully with existing regulations and certifications. To study the influence of porosity on the mechanical behaviour of mandibular implants produced by additive manufacturing, preliminary tests with longitudinal flat samples were performed with 3D point bending tests. Ti6Al4V Extra Low Interstitial (ELI) specimens with artificial porosity were designed and subjected to typical loads during mastication. In this work, a finite element simulation was constructed to investigate the bending behaviour of samples, which was consistent with the experimental results. The work shows that even large artificial cavities (designed up to 0.42 mm) do not significantly affect the strength of additively manufactured 2.5 mm-thick Ti6Al4V ELI specimens under typical static loads of mandibular implants, in the considered loading conditions, and for samples subjected to appropriate surface finishing and annealing heat treatment.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF LARGE ARTIFICIAL POROSITY ON BENDING BEHAVIOUR OF TI6AL4V ELI ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED SPECIMENS SUBJECTED TO TYPICAL LOADS DURING MASTICATION","authors":"A. Wessels, A. Plessis, I. Yadroitsava, J. Els, I. Yadroitsev","doi":"10.7166/31-3-2449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7166/31-3-2449","url":null,"abstract":"Effective quality control of implants made using additive manufacturing is an important task for suppliers to comply fully with existing regulations and certifications. To study the influence of porosity on the mechanical behaviour of mandibular implants produced by additive manufacturing, preliminary tests with longitudinal flat samples were performed with 3D point bending tests. Ti6Al4V Extra Low Interstitial (ELI) specimens with artificial porosity were designed and subjected to typical loads during mastication. In this work, a finite element simulation was constructed to investigate the bending behaviour of samples, which was consistent with the experimental results. The work shows that even large artificial cavities (designed up to 0.42 mm) do not significantly affect the strength of additively manufactured 2.5 mm-thick Ti6Al4V ELI specimens under typical static loads of mandibular implants, in the considered loading conditions, and for samples subjected to appropriate surface finishing and annealing heat treatment.","PeriodicalId":49493,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Industrial Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"242-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46234529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Budgets are used to predict and measure a mine’s performance. Problems arise when the budget is developed by financial resources with little focus on operational changes. The implementation of energy-saving measures, and the number of workdays or time-of-use profiles are often neglected, making the budget obsolete. Measurement and verification principles are known for their effectiveness when addressing operational changes. This paper presents a novel approach in which measurement and verification principles are altered into financial principles by developing analogies between the fields. A critical analysis of South African mines’ budgets was conducted to create these analogies. The result of the analysis highlights the need for integration, and provides a relationship between well-established measurement and verification principles as an alternative solution to budgeting. The solution was applied to a gold mine complex in South Africa. The new budget could account for an additional R26.2-million (16.8%), compared with the original budget, by successfully incorporating the measurement and verification principles.
{"title":"IMPROVED ENERGY BUDGETING PROCESS USING MEASUREMENT AND VERIFICATION PRINCIPLES","authors":"Chantelle van Aarde, A. Gous, M. Kleingeld","doi":"10.7166/31-3-2418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7166/31-3-2418","url":null,"abstract":"Budgets are used to predict and measure a mine’s performance. Problems arise when the budget is developed by financial resources with little focus on operational changes. The implementation of energy-saving measures, and the number of workdays or time-of-use profiles are often neglected, making the budget obsolete. Measurement and verification principles are known for their effectiveness when addressing operational changes. This paper presents a novel approach in which measurement and verification principles are altered into financial principles by developing analogies between the fields. A critical analysis of South African mines’ budgets was conducted to create these analogies. The result of the analysis highlights the need for integration, and provides a relationship between well-established measurement and verification principles as an alternative solution to budgeting. The solution was applied to a gold mine complex in South Africa. The new budget could account for an additional R26.2-million (16.8%), compared with the original budget, by successfully incorporating the measurement and verification principles.","PeriodicalId":49493,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Industrial Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"58-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44435436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Henry Wynand Huysamen, W. Kinnear, T. Fonternel, E. Turton, I. Yadroitsava, I. Yadroitsev
This study aims to determine whether additive manufacturing can be used to produce a safe and reliable video laryngoscope. Different designs were proposed and evaluated with a mannequin for usability. Finite element analysis (FEA) was done to estimate the stress distribution, maximum displacement at the tip, and factor of safety. A final 3D printed laryngoscope design was chosen on the basis of this evaluation. Future work on validation, whether it is safe to be used, and the limitations of the device are discussed. The device will be printed under predetermined settings and material to conform to the validation.
{"title":"3D PRINTED LARYNGOSCOPE FOR ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION","authors":"Henry Wynand Huysamen, W. Kinnear, T. Fonternel, E. Turton, I. Yadroitsava, I. Yadroitsev","doi":"10.7166/31-3-2446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7166/31-3-2446","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine whether additive manufacturing can be used to produce a safe and reliable video laryngoscope. Different designs were proposed and evaluated with a mannequin for usability. Finite element analysis (FEA) was done to estimate the stress distribution, maximum displacement at the tip, and factor of safety. A final 3D printed laryngoscope design was chosen on the basis of this evaluation. Future work on validation, whether it is safe to be used, and the limitations of the device are discussed. The device will be printed under predetermined settings and material to conform to the validation.","PeriodicalId":49493,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Industrial Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"209-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43440632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the feasibility of a parametric mandible reconstruction plate in order to reduce surgical lead time, improve fit, and reduce residual stresses. The parametric plates were generated on the basis of simulated cephalometric measurements. A finite element analysis and a reconstruction plate/mandible fit test were performed on several combinations to determine whether the parametric plate provided a suitable alternative to conventional reconstruction plates in terms of fit and structural performance. The results indicated that the parametric plate is structurally superior to a conventional plate. The comparison test indicated that the parametric plate provides a reasonable approximation of mandible geometry.
{"title":"PARAMETRIC MANDIBLE RECONSTRUCTION PLATE","authors":"Brett Giddy, J. D. Merwe","doi":"10.7166/31-3-2444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7166/31-3-2444","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the feasibility of a parametric mandible reconstruction plate in order to reduce surgical lead time, improve fit, and reduce residual stresses. The parametric plates were generated on the basis of simulated cephalometric measurements. A finite element analysis and a reconstruction plate/mandible fit test were performed on several combinations to determine whether the parametric plate provided a suitable alternative to conventional reconstruction plates in terms of fit and structural performance. The results indicated that the parametric plate is structurally superior to a conventional plate. The comparison test indicated that the parametric plate provides a reasonable approximation of mandible geometry.","PeriodicalId":49493,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Industrial Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"253-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42529892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The technological world is ever-evolving, and industries worldwide must match the pace of inevitable change. We are in the midst of the fourth industrial revolution, and many are suggesting that there may be a fifth industrial revolution in sectors where human interaction is critical. Control rooms are important functional units in many industries, which raises the question of the relevance of Industry 4.0 technologies in the modern-day control room system. A focus area of this study includes defining a generalised operational architecture of a real-world control room with event management functionality — the ‘AS-IS’ model. The impact of intelligent technologies on typical control room operations is modelled holistically (’TO-BE’), and compared with contemporary control rooms to unearth design considerations for future control room development.
{"title":"SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF AN INDUSTRY 4.0 CONTROL ROOM","authors":"Eduan Hugo, Johann E. W. Holm","doi":"10.7166/31-3-2423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7166/31-3-2423","url":null,"abstract":"The technological world is ever-evolving, and industries worldwide must match the pace of inevitable change. We are in the midst of the fourth industrial revolution, and many are suggesting that there may be a fifth industrial revolution in sectors where human interaction is critical. Control rooms are important functional units in many industries, which raises the question of the relevance of Industry 4.0 technologies in the modern-day control room system. A focus area of this study includes defining a generalised operational architecture of a real-world control room with event management functionality — the ‘AS-IS’ model. The impact of intelligent technologies on typical control room operations is modelled holistically (’TO-BE’), and compared with contemporary control rooms to unearth design considerations for future control room development.","PeriodicalId":49493,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Industrial Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46269220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electronic waste, also known as e-waste, is the fastest growing waste stream in South Africa, and poses a serious environmental risk if mismanaged. Through appropriate recycling processes and the recovery of raw materials such as gold and copper, e-waste creates substantial financial opportunities while conserving the environment and reducing the impact of climate change. To take advantage of this source of economic growth in South Africa, the collection of e-waste needs to be improved. This investigation explores consumer perceptions about and behaviours of e-waste recycling through a household consumer survey that was conducted with participants in the Gauteng area of South Africa. It was found that there is a general lack of consumer awareness about e-waste recycling and limited pro-recycling behaviours, both influenced by under-developed collection mechanisms and infrastructure. Opportunities for improving household recycling are explored by considering international collection schemes, and recommendations are made considering current local challenges.
{"title":"CONSUMER E-WASTE RECYCLING IN SOUTH AFRICA","authors":"Ruby Ichikowitz, T. Hattingh","doi":"10.7166/31-3-2416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7166/31-3-2416","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic waste, also known as e-waste, is the fastest growing waste stream in South Africa, and poses a serious environmental risk if mismanaged. Through appropriate recycling processes and the recovery of raw materials such as gold and copper, e-waste creates substantial financial opportunities while conserving the environment and reducing the impact of climate change. To take advantage of this source of economic growth in South Africa, the collection of e-waste needs to be improved. This investigation explores consumer perceptions about and behaviours of e-waste recycling through a household consumer survey that was conducted with participants in the Gauteng area of South Africa. It was found that there is a general lack of consumer awareness about e-waste recycling and limited pro-recycling behaviours, both influenced by under-developed collection mechanisms and infrastructure. Opportunities for improving household recycling are explored by considering international collection schemes, and recommendations are made considering current local challenges.","PeriodicalId":49493,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Industrial Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"44-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41426202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Computerised software systems have undeniably continued to gain recognition in the implementation of reliable maintenance policies in today’s Industries. While significant investigations corroborating the importance of management technology in developed economies abound, this study examines the level of the technology’s success in a typical manufacturing firm in South Africa. Using an analytical research approach, useful maintenance indices were established from the dataset stored in the maintenance information management system of a case example manufacturing firm, designated ‘X-Company’ in this research for the sake of confidentiality. The result shows that, as applied currently to the replacement maintenance of the case example system, the technology requires optimisation. Maintenance policies that can improve the poor correlation between the current status on the one hand, and the established trends in the maintenance engineering literature and practice on the other, are recommended.
{"title":"COMPUTERISED SOFTWARE SYSTEMS IN REPLACEMENT MAINTENANCE INFORMATION MANAGEMENT: A SOUTH AFRICAN CASE STUDY","authors":"P. Ozor, E. Nwobodo-Anyadiegwu, C. Mbohwa","doi":"10.7166/31-3-2420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7166/31-3-2420","url":null,"abstract":"Computerised software systems have undeniably continued to gain recognition in the implementation of reliable maintenance policies in today’s Industries. While significant investigations corroborating the importance of management technology in developed economies abound, this study examines the level of the technology’s success in a typical manufacturing firm in South Africa. Using an analytical research approach, useful maintenance indices were established from the dataset stored in the maintenance information management system of a case example manufacturing firm, designated ‘X-Company’ in this research for the sake of confidentiality. The result shows that, as applied currently to the replacement maintenance of the case example system, the technology requires optimisation. Maintenance policies that can improve the poor correlation between the current status on the one hand, and the established trends in the maintenance engineering literature and practice on the other, are recommended.","PeriodicalId":49493,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Industrial Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"36-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44609600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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