Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献_第3页

The combined amplification effects of topography and stratigraphy of layered rock slopes under vertically and obliquely incident seismic waves

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109331

Hui Shen , Yaqun Liu , Xinping Li , Haibo Li , Liangjun Wang , Wenxu Huang

Both the topography and stratigraphy of slopes significantly affect the ground motions of slopes during earthquakes, and oblique incidence of seismic waves can further aggravate amplification. This study aims to parametrically explore the combined effects of the topography and stratigraphy of layered rock slopes on seismic amplification subjected to vertical and oblique propagating waves and provide qualitative and quantitative insight into this phenomenon. The spectral element method used to obtain the seismic response of slopes is introduced and verified by two examples. The influences of the slope angle, material properties of the layers, surface layer conditions, and incident angle of the seismic waves on the seismic amplification are then investigated. The results indicate that the peak horizontal and vertical amplification factors for layered rock slopes subjected to vertical and oblique incidence of seismic waves are in the ranges of 1.3–7.6 and 0.3–5.2, respectively. Among the various factors, the thickness and shear wave velocity of the surface layer of slopes have the greatest influence on the amplification effect, especially for obliquely incident waves. At oblique incidence, the maximum horizontal and vertical normalized acceleration amplification factors for the soft-surface-layer slope are 4.4 and 7.4 times greater than those for the hard-surface cases, respectively, whereas at vertical incidence, these values are only 2.8 and 4.3, respectively. When the impedance ratio between the surface layer and the underlying layer is 0.5 (i.e., the soft surface layer), unusual vertical amplification is observed where the maximum vertical amplification factor reaches 5.2. The findings of this study may provide useful reference and guidance for the seismic design of slope engineering and building structures near slopes.

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引用次数: 0

Omnidirectional input energy spectrum and directionality of ground motions

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109333

Yong Huang , Yachen Xie , Zhihui Zhu , Yuexiang Wu , Liang Tian

It is well known that the intensity of horizontal ground motion can vary significantly with changes in orientation. Studying the directionality of earthquakes is of significance for anticipating possible geological disasters and structural damage. Currently, most studies analyze the directionality of bidirectional ground motions using acceleration response spectra, but there have been no studies employing input energy spectra for this purpose. This paper proposes the omnidirectional input energy spectrum, which provides a detailed and clear view of seismic directionality characteristics by displaying input energy values across different horizontal orientations and periods. The effects of factors such as constitutive model, rupture distance, fault type, and epicenter distance on the omnidirectional input energy spectrum were investigated. The directionality characteristics of several earthquakes were analyzed. It was found that the choice of constitutive model has a minor impact on the directionality of the omnidirectional input energy spectrum. The ductility level and damping ratio have little effect on the directionality of the omnidirectional input energy spectrum. For the strike-slip event, the predominant orientation turns from fault-normal to fault-parallel as the rupture distance increases, and the predominant orientation is not always close to the transverse orientation relative to the epicenter. The predominant orientation of the hanging wall of the thrust fault is close to the fault-normal direction at the medium rupture distance, while that of the normal fault earthquake does not exhibit a clear pattern with changes in rupture distance. The predominant orientation of Chi-Chi earthquake tends to shift from fault-normal to fault-parallel with the increase of epicenter distance, whereas the Turkey earthquake and the Central Italy earthquake have no obvious regularity.

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引用次数: 0

An extension to the procedure for developing uncertainty-consistent shear wave velocity profiles from inversion of experimental surface wave dispersion data

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109329

Joseph P. Vantassel , Brady R. Cox

Measurements of shear wave velocity (Vs) with uncertainty are critical for site-specific probabilistic seismic hazard studies. However, rigorously quantifying the uncertainty in Vs over large enough areas and great enough depths remains challenging. In 2021, Vantassel and Cox (i.e., VC21) proposed a procedure for developing suites of Vs profiles from surface wave testing whose uncertainty were consistent with the experimental dispersion data's uncertainty. The VC21 procedure was a significant step forward, however, it requires a full dispersion data matrix to compute inter-wavelength phase velocity correlations. While applicable to many practical cases, VC21 could not be applied to the case where multiple surface wave arrays of different sizes were deployed at a site as a means of developing broadband dispersion data and deeper Vs profiles. In response, this work extends the VC21 procedure using two possible approaches for estimating a full dispersion data matrix. Approach 1 uses a selection of theoretical dispersion curves from an initial, traditional surface wave inversion. Approach 2 estimates the full data matrix by combining pieces of the data matrix obtained from the experimental dispersion measurements. Both approaches are evaluated using two synthetic datasets; one relatively-simple, three-layered model and one more-complex, five-layered model. Approach 1 and Approach 2 were able to reasonably estimate the true correlation matrix and recover uncertainty-consistent Vs profiles similar to the true distribution of Vs. While the uncertainty of the recovered Vs profiles were higher than is often assumed, the engineering proxies computed from those Vs profiles, namely the time averaged shear wave velocity in upper 30 m and the fundamental site period, showed substantially less uncertainty indicating the Vs profiles, while uncertain, are effective at capturing a site's engineering behavior. Both approaches were applied to real data from the Garner Valley Downhole Array (GVDA) site and found to yield better estimates of small-strain site amplification than achieved previously.

测量剪切波速度（Vs）的不确定性对于特定地点的地震危险概率研究至关重要。然而，在足够大的范围和足够深的深度内严格量化 Vs 的不确定性仍然具有挑战性。2021 年，Vantassel 和 Cox（即 VC21）提出了一套程序，用于从表面波测试中提取 Vs 剖面，其不确定性与实验频散数据的不确定性相一致。VC21 程序是向前迈出的重要一步，但它需要完整的频散数据矩阵来计算波长间相位速度相关性。虽然 VC21 适用于许多实际情况，但它无法应用于在一个地点部署多个不同大小的面波阵列，以开发宽带频散数据和更深的 Vs 剖面的情况。为此，这项工作扩展了 VC21 程序，使用两种可能的方法来估算完整的频散数据矩阵。方法 1 使用从最初的传统面波反演中选择的理论频散曲线。方法 2 通过组合从实验频散测量中获得的数据矩阵片段来估算完整的数据矩阵。使用两个合成数据集对这两种方法进行了评估；一个是相对简单的三层模型，另一个是较为复杂的五层模型。方法 1 和方法 2 能够合理地估计真实的相关矩阵，并恢复出与真实 Vs 分布相似的不确定性一致的 Vs 曲线。虽然恢复出的 Vs 剖面的不确定性比通常假设的要高，但根据这些 Vs 剖面计算出的工程代用指标（即上 30 米的时间平均剪切波速度和基本场地周期）的不确定性却大大降低，这表明 Vs 剖面虽然不确定，但却能有效捕捉场地的工程行为。这两种方法都应用于加纳谷井下阵列（GVDA）站点的实际数据，结果发现对小应变站点放大的估计比以前取得的结果更好。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical investigation of cyclic load effects on geogrid-encased stone columns using a 3D coupled method

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109332

Meixiang Gu, Xiaocong Cai, Yi Lu, Daoling Han

Geosynthetic-encased stone columns (GESCs) represent an efficient and cost-effective solution for enhancing weak soil foundations. The deformation and load-bearing mechanisms of GESC-improved foundations under traffic flow are complicated due to substantial particle movements and soil disruption. A three-dimensional discrete-continuum coupled numerical model was proposed in this study to investigate the cyclic behavior of GESC-improved soft soil. The reliability and accuracy of proposed model was validated through experimental data. The effect of cyclic loads, bearing stratum, and geogrid encasement was investigated. Microscopic investigation of particle movement, contact force distribution, and stress transfer mechanism was performed. The vertical loads transferred from the column to the surrounding soil with the interaction effect between the aggregates and the soil. The stress concentration ratio decreased with the increase in depth. The geogrid encasement facilitated the load transfer process by effectively confining the particles and enhancing the column stiffness. The particles in the low segment of floating column exhibited large downward displacements and punching deformation. The geogrid encasement and cyclic loads contributed to enhanced compaction and coordination number of the aggregates.

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引用次数: 0

Identification of the strong velocity pulse considering three-dimensional ground motion

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109328

Zhiyuan Li , Hemanta Hazarika , Guangqi Chen , Zishuang Han , Chaofan Feng

Pulse-like ground motions (PLGMs) exhibit pronounced orientation-dependent characteristics, underscoring the necessity of identifying the strong velocity pulse across all orientations. This study aims to address the limitations of prior studies that identified the pulse by considering only the horizontal components. Utilizing typical seismic records from the NGA-West2 database, the study focuses on the pulse identification in three-dimensional (3D) space. Initially, the study examines the spatial amplitude characteristics of PLGMs, emphasizing the impact of the vertical component on PLGMs. Subsequently, a method for identifying the pulse based on the maximum peak ground velocity (PGV) of three orthogonal orientations is proposed. By comparing the identification results of the proposed method with those obtained by the widely adopted Baker (2014) method, its applicability and accuracy are confirmed. Furthermore, the pulse orientation is assessed by examining the inelastic response of the structure, suggesting its applicability in seismic engineering practice to estimate the maximum seismic demand on structures.

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引用次数: 0

The effect of frequency-filtered earthquakes for optimum base isolation parameters across varied soil conditions

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109330

Elif Cagda Kandemir

Structural optimization problems often involve computationally heavy procedures due to the great number of design parameters, diverse optimization objectives and extensive numerical analyses to be performed. In this regard, this study proposes the discrete wavelet transform to decompose earthquake ground motions and thus, reduce the computational cost of optimization of the base isolation system parameters. A comprehensive five-level decomposition has been applied to all selected seismic events to uncouple the intrinsic low and high frequency components of the earthquake waves. Fifteen acceleration records have been selected from diverse soil types. The isolator parameters, such as period and damping ratio, have been determined employing genetic algorithm with the aim of minimizing the acceleration response at the top story while maintaining base displacement within predefined limits. The resultant optimal isolator parameters, derived from both original and decomposed seismic datasets, are compiled and presented in detail. Additionally, the temporal efficacy of the analyses has been rigorously assessed, with the duration of each optimization analysis. Resorting the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to genetic algorithm (GA) can significantly reduce the computation time of optimal design parameters of base-isolation system. The findings reveal that while DWT successfully filters noise and enhances dominant components in some earthquake records, the amplification of low-frequency content in soft soils creates difficulties in satisfying optimization constraints.

{"title":"The effect of frequency-filtered earthquakes for optimum base isolation parameters across varied soil conditions","authors":"Elif Cagda Kandemir","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Structural optimization problems often involve computationally heavy procedures due to the great number of design parameters, diverse optimization objectives and extensive numerical analyses to be performed. In this regard, this study proposes the discrete wavelet transform to decompose earthquake ground motions and thus, reduce the computational cost of optimization of the base isolation system parameters. A comprehensive five-level decomposition has been applied to all selected seismic events to uncouple the intrinsic low and high frequency components of the earthquake waves. Fifteen acceleration records have been selected from diverse soil types. The isolator parameters, such as period and damping ratio, have been determined employing genetic algorithm with the aim of minimizing the acceleration response at the top story while maintaining base displacement within predefined limits. The resultant optimal isolator parameters, derived from both original and decomposed seismic datasets, are compiled and presented in detail. Additionally, the temporal efficacy of the analyses has been rigorously assessed, with the duration of each optimization analysis. Resorting the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to genetic algorithm (GA) can significantly reduce the computation time of optimal design parameters of base-isolation system. The findings reveal that while DWT successfully filters noise and enhances dominant components in some earthquake records, the amplification of low-frequency content in soft soils creates difficulties in satisfying optimization constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 109330"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance analysis of Timoshenko beams on transversely isotropic porous subgrade due to moving loads considering thermal effects

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109286

Zhi Yong Ai, Li Wei Shi, Gan Lin Gu, Xiao Ming Wang

This paper analyses the performance of Timoshenko beams on transversely isotropic (TI) porous subgrade considering the effects of moving loads and thermal loads. Firstly, the basic equations of the beam and TI porous subgrade are acquired by considering the thermodynamics, poroelastic mechanics and Timoshenko beam theory. Then, by combining the boundary and continuity conditions, the expressions for the performance analysis of the beam-subgrade system are deduced in the transformed domain. After introducing the extended precise integration solution of the subgrade and adopting the numerical inverse transform, the steady-state solution for the beam-subgrade system in spatial domain is achieved. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified and the effects of thermal loads and thermal-mechanical properties of the beam are further discussed. Moreover, a comparative study is conducted on the performance of the Timoshenko beam and Euler-Bernoulli beam. Analysis results show that the thermal load, linear thermal expansion coefficient, and beam cross-section shape have significant effects on the beam-subgrade performance. Furthermore, in the soft beam-hard subgrade system, the performance of two beam models is quite different, while their performance appears nearly identical in the hard beam-soft subgrade system.

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and analytical study on dynamic response of foundation beam with local void under moving load

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109312

Qinfeng Pan, Bingqiang Zhang, Chenhao Gao, Xiang Liu

To explore the influence of local void of foundation beam under moving load, model experiments were carried out, and the dynamic response of beams considering local void was obtained using DIC technology. The impact of various parameters on the response of beams was then examined. In addition, by using the separated variable approach, the free vibration mode control equation was calculated, and the dynamic response control equation of the foundation beam with local void under moving load was established. The locally void foundation beam's free vibration frequency and mode expression were then determined analytically. Next, the mode superposition approach was applied to determine the steady-state response analytical solution of the locally void foundation beam under moving load. The accuracy of the analytical model was verified through comparison with experimental results. Lastly, analytical equations were used to investigate the effects of void length, sectional bending stiffness of the beam, foundation elasticity stiffness, and load movement speed on the dynamic response of foundation beams. The results show that the foundation beam's natural frequency is directly impacted by the sectional flexural stiffness, void length and foundation stiffness, and the void length will also affect the excitation frequency. When the excitation frequency approaches the natural frequency, the dynamic response of the beam will rapidly increase. In addition, even when there is a large difference between the excitation frequency and the natural frequency, high-order resonance and cancellation phenomena still occur. The effect of void length on beam deformation is significant, with a deformation increase of 400–500 % when the ratio of void length to beam thickness increased from 1.25 to 7.5. Raising the foundation's stiffness can lessen the beam's distortion, but after it reaches a certain point (over 70 MPa), changes in the foundation's stiffness have minimal impact on the beam's deformation.

为探讨移动荷载作用下地基梁局部空隙的影响，进行了模型试验，并利用 DIC 技术获得了考虑局部空隙的梁动态响应。然后研究了各种参数对梁响应的影响。此外，利用分离变量法计算了自由振动模式控制方程，并建立了带局部空隙地基梁在移动荷载作用下的动态响应控制方程。然后分析确定了局部空隙地基梁的自由振动频率和模态表达式。接着，应用模态叠加法确定了局部空隙地基梁在移动荷载作用下的稳态响应解析解。通过与实验结果对比，验证了分析模型的准确性。最后，利用分析方程研究了空隙长度、梁的截面弯曲刚度、地基弹性刚度和荷载移动速度对地基梁动态响应的影响。结果表明，地基梁的固有频率直接受截面弯曲刚度、空隙长度和地基刚度的影响，空隙长度也会影响激励频率。当激励频率接近固有频率时，梁的动态响应将迅速增加。此外，即使激振频率与固有频率相差很大，仍会出现高阶共振和抵消现象。空隙长度对梁变形的影响非常显著，当空隙长度与梁厚度的比值从 1.25 增加到 7.5 时，梁的变形将增加 400-500%。提高地基刚度可减轻梁的变形，但当变形达到一定程度（超过 70 兆帕）后，地基刚度的变化对梁变形的影响微乎其微。

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引用次数: 0

Liquefaction effects in the 2020 Mw 6.4 Petrinja, Croatia, earthquake

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109262

Zorana Mijic , Sonja Zlatović , Jack Montgomery , Katerina Ziotopoulou , Verica Gjetvaj

The 2020 M_w 6.4 Petrinja, Croatia, earthquake triggered widespread liquefaction along the Kupa, Glina, and Sava rivers. The locations of liquefaction ejecta and lateral spreading were identified through a combination of field reconnaissance and interrogation of aerial photographs. Superimposing those locations on the regional geologic map revealed the liquefaction vulnerability of Holocene terrace and flood deposits, Holocene deluvium-proluvium, and Pleistocene loess deposits. Liquefaction caused damage to the land and structures, with ejecta observed both near and far from residential structures. In the free field, the ejection of silty and sandy soil accompanied the extensive ground fracturing. At residential properties, ejecta led to differential settlement, cracks in foundations, walls, and floors, and contamination of water wells. Lateral spreading resulted in the formation of ground and building cracks, house sliding and tilting, pipe breakage, and pavement damage. This article documents these observations of liquefaction and draws conclusions regarding the patterns of liquefaction observed in this earthquake. These observations will be a valuable addition to liquefaction triggering databases as there are relatively few earthquakes with magnitudes less than 6.5 that triggered extensive liquefaction, and they provide additional case histories of liquefaction in Pleistocene deposits.

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引用次数: 0

Genetic algorithm-enhanced Housner intensity measure for seismic vulnerability analysis of reinforced concrete column-steel beam (RCS) frame structure

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109320

Yantai Zhang , Binjie Xia , Xiang Guo , Baoyin Sun , Die Hu , Yang Wei

Efficient ground motion intensity measures can significantly reduce the variability in predicting structural response, making the selection of appropriate measures a critical step in seismic vulnerability analysis. This study conducts vulnerability analyses on a six-story reinforced concrete column-steel beam (RCS) frame under three damage limit states: immediate occupancy (IO), life safety (LS), and collapse prevention (CP). The structural model is developed in the open-source software OpenSees, simulating both shear deformation and vertical bearing failure at beam-column joints. To account for the characteristics of seismic motions, two sets of ground motions—far-field and near-field—are selected. The efficiency of 22 chosen intensity measures (IMs) is evaluated and compared using the log-normal standard deviation β_RTR in vulnerability analysis. Results indicate that velocity-related measures, specifically Housner Intensity (HI) and Velocity Spectrum Intensity (VSI), perform well. To further enhance the HI measure's effectiveness across damage states, an optimized ground motion intensity measure, HI_IMP, is proposed using the global optimization capabilities of a genetic algorithm (GA). As the damage limit state deepens, the proposed HI_IMP measure achieves higher upper integration limits, increasing the influence of the softening period. Finally, the applicability of HI_IMP to RCS structures is demonstrated from the perspectives of sufficiency and scaling robustness.

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引用次数: 0