Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献_第2页

Directionality characteristics of ground motion and sliding-block displacement from the 2022 Luding Ms6.8 earthquake, China 2022年泸定6.8级地震地面运动和滑块位移的方向性特征

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110144

Jian Song , Sheng Zhang , Gui Yang , Shengwei Wang , Denghui Dai , Yongxin Wu , Changwei Yang , Yufeng Gao

This study investigates the directionality in the 2022 Luding Ms6.8 earthquake with strike-slip faulting in China. Both the orientational variations in the ground motion intensity and the Newmark sliding-block displacement (D) for different k_y/PGA_RotD50 ratios (i.e., yield acceleration of slope to the median peak ground acceleration over all orientations) are analyzed. The ground motion intensity measures include the spectral acceleration (Sa) at various oscillator periods and the more advanced energetic length scale parameter (L_e). The orientational dependency is observed in both the ground motion intensity and D, with the latter much more pronounced (especially for larger k_y/PGA_RotD50 ratios). The orientation associated with the maximum Sa is found to be close to the transverse orientation (perpendicular to the orientation at a given site pointing to the epicenter), which is consistent with previous observations for other strike-slip earthquakes. Moreover, this preferential polarization of transverse orientation is also exhibited in L_e and D at all considered k_y/PGA_RotD50 ratios. The orientational D is strongly correlated with the angular difference with respect to the transverse orientation, suggesting that the site-source orientation could be used to estimate D at the specific slope aspect. The L_e parameter generally shows the most excellent correlation of the maximum orientation with D across all k_y/PGA_RotD50 values. The results demonstrate the predominant orientation of epicentral transverse orientation representing the maximum ground motion intensity and the induced sliding-block displacement of the slope. This could facilitate future development of orientation-dependent seismic landslide hazard assessment in strike-slip earthquakes, including both fault and slope orientations.

本文研究了2022年禄定6.8级地震与中国走滑断裂的方向性。分析了不同ky/PGARotD50比率（即斜坡屈服加速度与地面加速度中值的比值）下地面运动强度和Newmark滑块位移(D)的方向变化。地面运动强度测量包括不同振子周期的谱加速度（Sa）和更高级的能量长度尺度参数（Le）。在地面运动强度和D中都观察到方向依赖性，后者更为明显（特别是对于较大的ky/PGARotD50比率）。发现与最大Sa相关的方向接近横向方向（垂直于指向震中的给定位置的方向），这与以前对其他走滑地震的观测结果一致。此外，在考虑ky/PGARotD50比时，Le和D也表现出这种横向取向的优先极化。方向D与相对于横向方向的角差密切相关，表明在特定坡向上，可以使用站点-源方向来估计D。在所有的ky/PGARotD50值中，Le参数通常显示出最大取向与D的最佳相关性。结果表明，震中横向方向占主导地位，代表了最大地震动强度和边坡的诱发滑块位移。这有助于今后发展基于方位的走滑地震地震滑坡危险性评价，包括断层和斜坡的方位。

{"title":"Directionality characteristics of ground motion and sliding-block displacement from the 2022 Luding Ms6.8 earthquake, China","authors":"Jian Song , Sheng Zhang , Gui Yang , Shengwei Wang , Denghui Dai , Yongxin Wu , Changwei Yang , Yufeng Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the directionality in the 2022 Luding Ms6.8 earthquake with strike-slip faulting in China. Both the orientational variations in the ground motion intensity and the Newmark sliding-block displacement (<em>D</em>) for different <em>k</em><sub><em>y</em></sub>/PGA<sub>RotD50</sub> ratios (i.e., yield acceleration of slope to the median peak ground acceleration over all orientations) are analyzed. The ground motion intensity measures include the spectral acceleration (<em>Sa</em>) at various oscillator periods and the more advanced energetic length scale parameter (<em>L</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>). The orientational dependency is observed in both the ground motion intensity and <em>D</em>, with the latter much more pronounced (especially for larger <em>k</em><sub><em>y</em></sub>/PGA<sub>RotD50</sub> ratios). The orientation associated with the maximum <em>Sa</em> is found to be close to the transverse orientation (perpendicular to the orientation at a given site pointing to the epicenter), which is consistent with previous observations for other strike-slip earthquakes. Moreover, this preferential polarization of transverse orientation is also exhibited in <em>L</em><sub><em>e</em></sub> and <em>D</em> at all considered <em>k</em><sub><em>y</em></sub>/PGA<sub>RotD50</sub> ratios. The orientational <em>D</em> is strongly correlated with the angular difference with respect to the transverse orientation, suggesting that the site-source orientation could be used to estimate <em>D</em> at the specific slope aspect. The <em>L</em><sub><em>e</em></sub> parameter generally shows the most excellent correlation of the maximum orientation with <em>D</em> across all <em>k</em><sub><em>y</em></sub>/PGA<sub>RotD50</sub> values. The results demonstrate the predominant orientation of epicentral transverse orientation representing the maximum ground motion intensity and the induced sliding-block displacement of the slope. This could facilitate future development of orientation-dependent seismic landslide hazard assessment in strike-slip earthquakes, including both fault and slope orientations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110144"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A novel bedrock power spectral model incorporating seismic magnitude-distance effects for structural reliability analysis and safety assessment 一种考虑震级距离效应的基岩功率谱模型，用于结构可靠性分析和安全评估

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110136

Dengke Jiu , Yan-Gang Zhao , Haizhong Zhang

Power spectral density models are used to characterize the frequency-domain properties of seismic ground motions and are widely applied in structural reliability analysis and safety assessment. Existing power spectral models are typically categorized as stationary and nonstationary based on the temporal variability of seismic excitations, which are commonly employed to generate synthetic seismic waves for structural dynamic analysis randomly. However, most existing models assume the bedrock seismic motions as white-noise processes and do not consider the influence of earthquake magnitude and distance on amplitude and spectral content. This can introduce bias into the characterization of the energy distribution, thereby reducing the accuracy of structural response prediction and failure-probability assessment. To address these limitations, this study proposes a bedrock power spectral density model that explicitly incorporates earthquake magnitude and distance, and reveals their physical influence mechanisms. The model is developed based on the comprehensive statistical analysis of seismic records from two datasets, which quantifies the effects of earthquake magnitude and distance on power spectral characteristics. To validate the proposed model, synthetic seismic motions are generated and used to compute the seismic responses and failure probabilities of a case-study structure, providing quantitative evidence for transitioning seismic input modeling from a “single-assumption” paradigm to a magnitude-distance-conditioned characterization. Overall, the proposed model introduces an interpretable magnitude-distance modulation mechanism into bedrock frequency-domain modeling, providing a more targeted representation of seismic input for structural reliability analysis and seismic safety assessment.

功率谱密度模型用于描述地震地震动的频域特性，在结构可靠性分析和安全评价中得到了广泛的应用。现有的功率谱模型通常基于地震激励的时间变异性分为平稳和非平稳两种，通常用于随机生成用于结构动力分析的合成地震波。然而，现有模型大多将基岩地震运动假设为白噪声过程，未考虑地震震级和距离对振幅和频谱含量的影响。这可能会在能量分布表征中引入偏差，从而降低结构响应预测和失效概率评估的准确性。为了解决这些局限性，本研究提出了一个明确包含地震震级和距离的基岩功率谱密度模型，并揭示了它们的物理影响机制。该模型基于对两组地震记录的综合统计分析，量化了地震震级和距离对功率谱特征的影响。为了验证所提出的模型，生成了合成地震运动，并用于计算案例研究结构的地震响应和破坏概率，为将地震输入模型从“单一假设”范式过渡到震级距离条件表征提供了定量证据。总的来说，该模型在基岩频域建模中引入了可解释的震级-距离调制机制，为结构可靠性分析和地震安全性评估提供了更有针对性的地震输入表示。

{"title":"A novel bedrock power spectral model incorporating seismic magnitude-distance effects for structural reliability analysis and safety assessment","authors":"Dengke Jiu , Yan-Gang Zhao , Haizhong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Power spectral density models are used to characterize the frequency-domain properties of seismic ground motions and are widely applied in structural reliability analysis and safety assessment. Existing power spectral models are typically categorized as stationary and nonstationary based on the temporal variability of seismic excitations, which are commonly employed to generate synthetic seismic waves for structural dynamic analysis randomly. However, most existing models assume the bedrock seismic motions as white-noise processes and do not consider the influence of earthquake magnitude and distance on amplitude and spectral content. This can introduce bias into the characterization of the energy distribution, thereby reducing the accuracy of structural response prediction and failure-probability assessment. To address these limitations, this study proposes a bedrock power spectral density model that explicitly incorporates earthquake magnitude and distance, and reveals their physical influence mechanisms. The model is developed based on the comprehensive statistical analysis of seismic records from two datasets, which quantifies the effects of earthquake magnitude and distance on power spectral characteristics. To validate the proposed model, synthetic seismic motions are generated and used to compute the seismic responses and failure probabilities of a case-study structure, providing quantitative evidence for transitioning seismic input modeling from a “single-assumption” paradigm to a magnitude-distance-conditioned characterization. Overall, the proposed model introduces an interpretable magnitude-distance modulation mechanism into bedrock frequency-domain modeling, providing a more targeted representation of seismic input for structural reliability analysis and seismic safety assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110136"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

SV wave scattering by a circular-arc depositional canyon in an unsaturated site 非饱和场地圆弧沉积峡谷的SV波散射

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110132

Tianyu Shi , Qiang Ma , Zichen Zhang

Building on unsaturated porous-medium theory, a semi-analytical solution, via a Fourier–Bessel series, is developed for SV wave scattering by a circular-arc depositional canyon. The effects of geometry, incidence angle, frequency, saturation and thickness of the half-space and cover layer on the surface-displacement response are systematically evaluated. Under normal incidence, the scattered field is symmetric about the canyon axis; prominent peaks occur at the shoulders (

x / a \approx \pm 1

), whereas vertical displacement at the canyon floor remains low. With increasing incidence angle, the response becomes strongly asymmetric, with greater peak amplification on the shadow side. Increasing frequency densifies spatial oscillations and increases peak amplitudes; amplification concentrates inside the canyon and near the shoulders, and a semicircular geometry yields a broader oscillation band with higher peaks. Sensitivity analysis indicates that half-space saturation primarily affects the vertical component—especially at the shoulders—whereas cover layer saturation more strongly modulates the horizontal component. As

S_{r} \to 0.99

, the

| u_{x} |

curves away from the canyon nearly coincide, indicating negligible far-field differences. A thicker cover layer strengthens amplification inside the canyon and at the shoulders and produces denser oscillations, whereas an extremely thin cover layer rapidly suppresses the response.

在不饱和多孔介质理论的基础上，利用傅里叶-贝塞尔级数推导了圆弧沉积峡谷SV波散射的半解析解。系统地评价了半空间和覆盖层的几何形状、入射角、频率、饱和度和厚度对地表位移响应的影响。在法向入射下，散射场围绕峡谷轴线对称；突出的峰值出现在肩部（x/a≈±1），而峡谷底部的垂直位移仍然很低。随着入射角的增加，响应变得强烈不对称，阴影侧的峰值放大更大。频率的增加使空间振荡更加密集，峰值幅度增大；放大集中在峡谷内部和肩部附近，半圆形几何形状产生更宽的振荡带和更高的峰值。灵敏度分析表明，半空间饱和度主要影响垂直分量，尤其是在肩带，而覆盖层饱和度对水平分量的调节作用更强。当Sr→0.99时，远离峡谷的|和|曲线几乎重合，表明远场差异可以忽略不计。较厚的覆盖层加强了峡谷内部和肩部的放大，并产生了更密集的振荡，而极薄的覆盖层迅速抑制了响应。

{"title":"SV wave scattering by a circular-arc depositional canyon in an unsaturated site","authors":"Tianyu Shi , Qiang Ma , Zichen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building on unsaturated porous-medium theory, a semi-analytical solution, via a Fourier–Bessel series, is developed for SV wave scattering by a circular-arc depositional canyon. The effects of geometry, incidence angle, frequency, saturation and thickness of the half-space and cover layer on the surface-displacement response are systematically evaluated. Under normal incidence, the scattered field is symmetric about the canyon axis; prominent peaks occur at the shoulders (<span><math><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>≈</mo><mo>±</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>), whereas vertical displacement at the canyon floor remains low. With increasing incidence angle, the response becomes strongly asymmetric, with greater peak amplification on the shadow side. Increasing frequency densifies spatial oscillations and increases peak amplitudes; amplification concentrates inside the canyon and near the shoulders, and a semicircular geometry yields a broader oscillation band with higher peaks. Sensitivity analysis indicates that half-space saturation primarily affects the vertical component—especially at the shoulders—whereas cover layer saturation more strongly modulates the horizontal component. As <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>S</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mo>→</mo><mn>0.99</mn></mrow></math></span>, the <span><math><mrow><mo>|</mo><msub><mi>u</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>|</mo></mrow></math></span> curves away from the canyon nearly coincide, indicating negligible far-field differences. A thicker cover layer strengthens amplification inside the canyon and at the shoulders and produces denser oscillations, whereas an extremely thin cover layer rapidly suppresses the response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110132"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of rubber size and content on the cyclic and post-cyclic behaviour of Rubber-Sand Mixtures 橡胶粒径和含量对橡胶-砂混合料循环和后循环性能的影响

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110128

Akshat Srivastava , Lucia Mele , Subhadeep Banerjee , Alessandro Flora

引用次数: 0

High-precision bedrock motion inversion from surface records using decoder-only convolutional attention Transformer 高精度基岩运动反演地表记录使用仅解码器卷积注意变压器

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110113

Zilan Zhong , Jiarui Wang , Jiaxu Shen , Xiuli Du , Bo Ni , Shuanglan Wu , Kyohei Ueda

Bedrock motion inversion is a critical step in the seismic analysis of engineering structures with explicit consideration of soil–structure interaction (SSI). However, conventional inversion methods often fail to accurately capture the real nonlinear behavior of soils under seismic loading. To address this challenge, this study proposes a decoder-only convolutional attention Transformer (D-Conv-Transformer) model for directly inverting bedrock ground motion time histories from surface-recorded data. The model was trained using a total of 1680 surface-bedrock ground motion pairs from 28 KiK-net stations. The predicted time histories, peak bedrock accelerations (PBA), and the mean of spectral acceleration (MSA) are compared with the corresponding bedrock seismic records. Results demonstrate that the bedrock ground motions predicted by the proposed model closely match the records across three site classes, with low mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) for both PBA and MSA. Compared to the conventional equivalent-linear method, the proposed model reduces MAE, RMSE, and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the predicted PBA and MSA by approximately 60 % and 65 %, respectively, while increasing the coefficient of determination (R²) by 65 % and 90 %. Furthermore, the model exhibits consistent performance across different stations. In summary, the proposed D-Conv-Transformer model achieves high-precision bedrock ground motion inversion.

基岩运动反演是明确考虑土-结构相互作用（SSI）的工程结构地震分析的关键步骤。然而，传统的反演方法往往不能准确地捕捉地震荷载作用下土体的真实非线性行为。为了应对这一挑战，本研究提出了一种仅解码的卷积注意力变压器（d - convl -Transformer）模型，用于从地面记录数据直接反演基岩地面运动时程。该模型使用来自28个KiK-net站点的1680个地表-基岩地面运动对进行训练。将预测时程、基岩加速度峰值（PBA）和谱加速度均值（MSA）与相应的基岩地震记录进行了比较。结果表明，该模型预测的基岩地面运动与三个站点类别的记录非常吻合，PBA和MSA的平均绝对误差（MAE）和均方根误差（RMSE）都很低。与传统的等效线性方法相比，该模型预测PBA和MSA的MAE、RMSE和平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）分别降低了约60%和65%，而决定系数（R2）分别提高了65%和90%。此外，该模型在不同台站表现出一致的性能。综上所述，d - v- transformer模型实现了高精度基岩地震动反演。

{"title":"High-precision bedrock motion inversion from surface records using decoder-only convolutional attention Transformer","authors":"Zilan Zhong , Jiarui Wang , Jiaxu Shen , Xiuli Du , Bo Ni , Shuanglan Wu , Kyohei Ueda","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bedrock motion inversion is a critical step in the seismic analysis of engineering structures with explicit consideration of soil–structure interaction (SSI). However, conventional inversion methods often fail to accurately capture the real nonlinear behavior of soils under seismic loading. To address this challenge, this study proposes a decoder-only convolutional attention Transformer (D-Conv-Transformer) model for directly inverting bedrock ground motion time histories from surface-recorded data. The model was trained using a total of 1680 surface-bedrock ground motion pairs from 28 KiK-net stations. The predicted time histories, peak bedrock accelerations (PBA), and the mean of spectral acceleration (MSA) are compared with the corresponding bedrock seismic records. Results demonstrate that the bedrock ground motions predicted by the proposed model closely match the records across three site classes, with low mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) for both PBA and MSA. Compared to the conventional equivalent-linear method, the proposed model reduces MAE, RMSE, and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the predicted PBA and MSA by approximately 60 % and 65 %, respectively, while increasing the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) by 65 % and 90 %. Furthermore, the model exhibits consistent performance across different stations. In summary, the proposed D-Conv-Transformer model achieves high-precision bedrock ground motion inversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110113"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Combined influence of fine/gravel particle contents on liquefaction resistance of wide-graded soils 细粒/砾粒含量对宽级配土抗液化能力的综合影响

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110139

Xueqian Ni , Yu Zhou , Zhao Zhang , Sheng Zhang , Feng Zhang

Field investigations have demonstrated that even well-graded soils with a high relative density can experience severe liquefaction-induced damage during earthquakes. Soil with only fines or gravels has been investigated intensively while the liquefaction behavior of wide-graded soils draws limited attention. While the proportion of fines to gravels significantly governs the macro- and microscopic behavior of wide-graded soils under cyclic loading, the combined influence of these fractions on the mechanical response has not been clearly established. In this study, a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on wide-graded soils with varying fines/gravel contents. Test results indicated that the fines/gravel contents significantly affect liquefaction resistance, and there exists specific thresholds beyond which the liquefaction resistance tends to decline more noticeably. Based on liquefaction behavior observed in the tests, a parameter denoted by R accounting for the contributions of fines/gravel content, is proposed to demonstrate a unique relationship for liquefaction resistance. The structure formed by different fines/gravel contents is also correlated rationally to R value. Finally, an empirical equation for the liquefaction resistance of wide-graded soil with different fines/gravel fractions is proposed and verified, by which it is possible, in practical engineering, to preliminarily determine the liquefaction resistance of the wide-graded soils.

实地调查表明，即使是相对密度高的分级良好的土壤，在地震中也会经历严重的液化引起的破坏。细粒或砾石土的液化特性研究较多，而宽级配土的液化特性研究较少。虽然细粒与砾石的比例在循环荷载作用下显著控制着宽级配土的宏观和微观行为，但这些比例对力学响应的综合影响尚未明确确立。在本研究中，对不同细粒/砾石含量的宽级配土进行了一系列不排水循环三轴试验。试验结果表明，细粒/碎石含量对液化阻力有显著影响，且存在一定的阈值，超过该阈值，液化阻力下降趋势更为明显。根据试验中观察到的液化行为，提出了一个R表示的参数，代表细粒/砾石含量的贡献，以表明液化阻力的独特关系。不同细粒/砾石含量形成的结构也与R值有合理的相关性。最后，提出并验证了不同细粒/砾石组分宽级配土抗液化能力的经验方程，为在工程实际中初步确定宽级配土的抗液化能力提供了可能。

{"title":"Combined influence of fine/gravel particle contents on liquefaction resistance of wide-graded soils","authors":"Xueqian Ni , Yu Zhou , Zhao Zhang , Sheng Zhang , Feng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Field investigations have demonstrated that even well-graded soils with a high relative density can experience severe liquefaction-induced damage during earthquakes. Soil with only fines or gravels has been investigated intensively while the liquefaction behavior of wide-graded soils draws limited attention. While the proportion of fines to gravels significantly governs the macro- and microscopic behavior of wide-graded soils under cyclic loading, the combined influence of these fractions on the mechanical response has not been clearly established. In this study, a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on wide-graded soils with varying fines/gravel contents. Test results indicated that the fines/gravel contents significantly affect liquefaction resistance, and there exists specific thresholds beyond which the liquefaction resistance tends to decline more noticeably. Based on liquefaction behavior observed in the tests, a parameter denoted by <em>R</em> accounting for the contributions of fines/gravel content, is proposed to demonstrate a unique relationship for liquefaction resistance. The structure formed by different fines/gravel contents is also correlated rationally to <em>R</em> value. Finally, an empirical equation for the liquefaction resistance of wide-graded soil with different fines/gravel fractions is proposed and verified, by which it is possible, in practical engineering, to preliminarily determine the liquefaction resistance of the wide-graded soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110139"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of the seismic response and ultimate lateral resistance of pile–superstructure systems considering ground settlement due to pore water dissipation 考虑孔隙水耗散沉降的桩-上部结构体系地震响应及极限侧阻力试验研究

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110050

Mutsuki Sato, Yoshihiro Kimura

This study investigates the seismic response and ultimate lateral resistance of pile–superstructure systems subjected to repeated earthquake loadings in liquefiable ground. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted using scaled specimens (1/40 scale) to reproduce the progressive process of ground settlement, pile head exposure, and pile failure under multiple shakings. The tests successfully simulated liquefaction-induced ground settlement and consolidation, leading to pile damage dominated by local buckling near the pile head. Spectral analyses of acceleration records before liquefaction revealed that, while settlement and soil densification had only a limited influence on the system's natural period, pile plasticization played a dominant role in lengthening the period. Comparison between inertial forces of the superstructure and measured pile head shear forces demonstrated good agreement, validating the data correction methods and skeleton curve adopted. It was observed that, when liquefaction occurred, superstructure responses decreased markedly, and pile axial forces fluctuated less. Plastic hinge development was traced through bending moment histories, and final failure was attributed to local buckling, consistent with visual inspection of the specimens. The ultimate lateral resistance of the pile foundation, accounting for ground settlement, was found to decrease by approximately 8.3 % compared to the initial state. These findings highlight the significance of time-dependent ground changes, such as consolidation-induced settlement and liquefaction, in long-life structures. The results contribute to establishing design methodologies for pile foundations that explicitly incorporate inevitable ground property changes during service life.

本文研究了液化地基中桩-上部结构体系在重复地震荷载作用下的地震反应和极限侧向抗力。采用1/40比例尺进行了一系列离心模型试验，再现了多次震动作用下地基沉降、桩顶暴露、桩破坏的渐进过程。试验成功地模拟了液化引起的地基沉降固结，从而导致桩的破坏以桩头附近的局部屈曲为主。液化前加速度记录的频谱分析表明，沉降和土壤致密化对系统自然周期的影响有限，桩体塑化对系统自然周期的延长起主导作用。上部结构惯性力与实测桩顶剪力的对比结果吻合较好，验证了所采用的数据校正方法和骨架曲线。观察到，当液化发生时，上部结构响应明显减小，桩轴力波动较小。塑性铰的发展是通过弯矩历史来追踪的，最终的破坏归因于局部屈曲，与目视检查的试样一致。与初始状态相比，考虑地面沉降的桩基极限侧阻力降低了约8.3%。这些发现强调了随时间变化的地面变化的重要性，如固结引起的沉降和液化，在长寿命结构中。研究结果有助于建立明确考虑在使用寿命期间不可避免的地面性质变化的桩基设计方法。

{"title":"Experimental investigation of the seismic response and ultimate lateral resistance of pile–superstructure systems considering ground settlement due to pore water dissipation","authors":"Mutsuki Sato, Yoshihiro Kimura","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the seismic response and ultimate lateral resistance of pile–superstructure systems subjected to repeated earthquake loadings in liquefiable ground. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted using scaled specimens (1/40 scale) to reproduce the progressive process of ground settlement, pile head exposure, and pile failure under multiple shakings. The tests successfully simulated liquefaction-induced ground settlement and consolidation, leading to pile damage dominated by local buckling near the pile head. Spectral analyses of acceleration records before liquefaction revealed that, while settlement and soil densification had only a limited influence on the system's natural period, pile plasticization played a dominant role in lengthening the period. Comparison between inertial forces of the superstructure and measured pile head shear forces demonstrated good agreement, validating the data correction methods and skeleton curve adopted. It was observed that, when liquefaction occurred, superstructure responses decreased markedly, and pile axial forces fluctuated less. Plastic hinge development was traced through bending moment histories, and final failure was attributed to local buckling, consistent with visual inspection of the specimens. The ultimate lateral resistance of the pile foundation, accounting for ground settlement, was found to decrease by approximately 8.3 % compared to the initial state. These findings highlight the significance of time-dependent ground changes, such as consolidation-induced settlement and liquefaction, in long-life structures. The results contribute to establishing design methodologies for pile foundations that explicitly incorporate inevitable ground property changes during service life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110050"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Non-parametric ground motion duration and energy-based intensity measure models: A novel stacking ensemble model using regional seismic data 非参数地震动持续时间和基于能量的强度测量模型：一种基于区域地震数据的叠加系综模型

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110135

Tugce Tetik , Pınar Cihan

This study leverages data-driven Machine Learning (ML) algorithms and Türkiye's regional ground motion (GM) database (1983–2025) to predict significant durations (D_5–75, D_5–95, D_20–80), Cumulative Absolute Velocity (CAV), and Housner Intensity (SI). The models evaluated include Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR), Linear Regression (LR), and two stacking ensemble models. The Stacking-GBR model yielded the best performance, with R² values of 0.987 and 0.988 for SI and CAV, respectively. Compared with established empirical equations (e.g., BSA09 for duration and CB19 for CAV), the proposed framework achieves a 20–25 % reduction in total variability (σ) for duration metrics. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis reveals that moment magnitude (M_w) and rupture distance govern scaling and attenuation, whereas Vs₃₀ and basin-depth proxies capture site-amplification effects, supporting the model's physical interpretability of the model. Crucially, a SHAP-informed model reduction further demonstrates that physically motivated predictors (M_w, R_RUP, Vs₃₀) retain strong predictive capability for energy-based intensity measures, supporting practical applicability when detailed source parameters are unavailable. Residual analyses indicate that duration metrics are more sensitive to source and site variability, particularly at smaller magnitudes and in softer soils, while energy-based measures, especially SI, exhibit greater stability and lower model uncertainty. The findings highlight that the integration of ML with explainability methods enhances the predictive accuracy and physical interpretability of seismic intensity measures, supporting performance-based earthquake engineering and regional hazard assessment.

本研究利用数据驱动的机器学习（ML）算法和 rkiye的区域地面运动（GM）数据库（1983-2025）来预测显著持续时间（D5-75、D5-95、D20-80）、累积绝对速度（CAV）和豪斯纳强度（SI）。评估的模型包括极端梯度增强（XGBoost）、随机森林（RF）、梯度增强回归（GBR）、线性回归（LR）和两个堆叠集成模型。以Stacking-GBR模型表现最佳，SI和CAV的R2分别为0.987和0.988。与已建立的经验方程（例如，持续时间的BSA09和CAV的CB19）相比，所提出的框架在持续时间度量的总变异性（σ）上降低了20 - 25%。SHapley加性解释（SHAP）分析表明，矩量级（Mw）和破裂距离控制着尺度和衰减，而Vs30和基底深度代理捕获了场地放大效应，支持了模型的物理可解释性。至关重要的是，基于shap的模型简化进一步证明了物理驱动的预测因子（Mw、RRUP、Vs30）对基于能量的强度测量保留了强大的预测能力，支持在无法获得详细源参数时的实际适用性。残差分析表明，持续时间指标对震源和场地变率更敏感，特别是在较小震级和较软的土壤中，而基于能量的测量，特别是SI，表现出更大的稳定性和更低的模型不确定性。研究结果表明，ML与可解释性方法的结合提高了地震烈度测量的预测精度和物理可解释性，为基于性能的地震工程和区域灾害评估提供了支持。

{"title":"Non-parametric ground motion duration and energy-based intensity measure models: A novel stacking ensemble model using regional seismic data","authors":"Tugce Tetik , Pınar Cihan","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study leverages data-driven Machine Learning (ML) algorithms and Türkiye's regional ground motion (GM) database (1983–2025) to predict significant durations (D<sub>5–75</sub>, D<sub>5–95</sub>, D<sub>20–80</sub>), Cumulative Absolute Velocity (CAV), and Housner Intensity (SI). The models evaluated include Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR), Linear Regression (LR), and two stacking ensemble models. The Stacking-GBR model yielded the best performance, with R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.987 and 0.988 for SI and CAV, respectively. Compared with established empirical equations (e.g., BSA09 for duration and CB19 for CAV), the proposed framework achieves a 20–25 % reduction in total variability (σ) for duration metrics. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis reveals that moment magnitude (M<sub>w</sub>) and rupture distance govern scaling and attenuation, whereas Vs<sub>30</sub> and basin-depth proxies capture site-amplification effects, supporting the model's physical interpretability of the model. Crucially, a SHAP-informed model reduction further demonstrates that physically motivated predictors (M<sub>w</sub>, R<sub>RUP</sub>, Vs<sub>30</sub>) retain strong predictive capability for energy-based intensity measures, supporting practical applicability when detailed source parameters are unavailable. Residual analyses indicate that duration metrics are more sensitive to source and site variability, particularly at smaller magnitudes and in softer soils, while energy-based measures, especially SI, exhibit greater stability and lower model uncertainty. The findings highlight that the integration of ML with explainability methods enhances the predictive accuracy and physical interpretability of seismic intensity measures, supporting performance-based earthquake engineering and regional hazard assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110135"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An enhanced semi-active nonlinear negative stiffness control strategy based on isolation-story displacement triggering 基于隔层位移触发的增强型半主动非线性负刚度控制策略

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110134

Yafei Zhang , Ning Li , Yuchen Hu , Tianchang Li

This study proposes a displacement-triggered semi-active nonlinear negative stiffness device (DTSA-NNSD) control strategy to enhance the seismic resilience of base-isolated structures. The device employs a helical spring-based nonlinear mechanism that provides adaptive negative stiffness under controlled compression. A key innovation of the DTSA-NNSD is its displacement-triggered activation: the negative stiffness mechanism engages in response to real-time isolation story displacement, keeping the spring within the elastic range and reducing fatigue-induced performance degradation. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is validated through combining real-time hybrid simulation with dual servo-hydraulic actuators and numerical simulations under multiple seismic intensity levels. Compared with passive NNSD control and uncontrolled cases, DTSA-NNSD achieves 40 %–60 % reduction in peak isolation displacement and up to 40 % reduction in superstructure acceleration, while generating stronger nonlinear negative stiffness forces for enhanced energy dissipation. Sensitivity analysis further highlights the crucial role of the compression ratio in controlling performance. The results demonstrate that the DTSA-NNSD offers a practical semi-active approach to balance adaptability, structural safety, and long-term efficiency in seismic isolation systems. Future work may focus on real-time optimization of control parameters and integration with data-driven monitoring frameworks for robust seismic protection.

为提高基础隔震结构的抗震能力，提出了一种位移触发半主动非线性负刚度装置（DTSA-NNSD）控制策略。该装置采用基于螺旋弹簧的非线性机构，在受控压缩下提供自适应负刚度。DTSA-NNSD的一个关键创新是其位移触发激活：负刚度机制响应实时隔离层位移，使弹簧保持在弹性范围内，减少疲劳引起的性能下降。通过双伺服液压作动器实时混合仿真和多烈度下的数值模拟，验证了该策略的有效性。与被动NNSD控制和不受控制的情况相比，dsa -NNSD可使隔震峰值位移减小40% - 60%，上层结构加速度减小40%，同时产生更强的非线性负刚度力，以增强能量耗散。灵敏度分析进一步强调了压缩比在控制性能中的关键作用。结果表明，DTSA-NNSD为隔震系统的平衡适应性、结构安全性和长期效率提供了一种实用的半主动方法。未来的工作可能集中在控制参数的实时优化和与数据驱动的监测框架的集成上，以实现强大的地震防护。

{"title":"An enhanced semi-active nonlinear negative stiffness control strategy based on isolation-story displacement triggering","authors":"Yafei Zhang , Ning Li , Yuchen Hu , Tianchang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a displacement-triggered semi-active nonlinear negative stiffness device (DTSA-NNSD) control strategy to enhance the seismic resilience of base-isolated structures. The device employs a helical spring-based nonlinear mechanism that provides adaptive negative stiffness under controlled compression. A key innovation of the DTSA-NNSD is its displacement-triggered activation: the negative stiffness mechanism engages in response to real-time isolation story displacement, keeping the spring within the elastic range and reducing fatigue-induced performance degradation. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is validated through combining real-time hybrid simulation with dual servo-hydraulic actuators and numerical simulations under multiple seismic intensity levels. Compared with passive NNSD control and uncontrolled cases, DTSA-NNSD achieves 40 %–60 % reduction in peak isolation displacement and up to 40 % reduction in superstructure acceleration, while generating stronger nonlinear negative stiffness forces for enhanced energy dissipation. Sensitivity analysis further highlights the crucial role of the compression ratio in controlling performance. The results demonstrate that the DTSA-NNSD offers a practical semi-active approach to balance adaptability, structural safety, and long-term efficiency in seismic isolation systems. Future work may focus on real-time optimization of control parameters and integration with data-driven monitoring frameworks for robust seismic protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110134"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamic seepage analysis of unsaturated subgrade bed for ballastless track considering rainfall and train loading 考虑降雨和列车荷载的非饱和路基路基动力渗流分析

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110130

Yanfei Pei , Yipeng Lai , Kaiwen Liu , Rui Su , Ping Wang

The migration and storage of moisture within the subgrade critically effect the long-term stability of ballastless tracks. Accordingly, this study presents two principal innovations: 1) a computational model for subgrade moisture migration under coupled rainfall infiltration and train loading, and 2) an analysis of pore-water migration pathways and dynamic pore-water pressure characteristics. First, the soil-water characteristic curve of the subgrade bed layer was obtained. A coupled static–dynamic model for unsaturated seepage in the subgrade was then established and validated through model tests, slope rainfall–infiltration simulations, and wheel-rail coupling analyses. Results indicate that moisture transport within the subgrade bed exhibits a horn-shaped distribution, with higher water content at the base and gradual reduction toward both sides. The wetting pattern is progressive and spatially non-uniform. As the wetting front advances downward, the location of maximum dynamic pore-water pressure progressively shifts downward. Train-induced vibration accelerates unsaturated infiltration from slow to fast. When the wetting front reaches the bottom of the subgrade bed surface layer and forms a perched water zone, the maximum dynamic pore-water pressure remains at approximately 30 cm above the base.

路基内水分的迁移和储存对无砟轨道的长期稳定性有着至关重要的影响。因此，本研究提出了两个主要创新点：1)建立了降雨入渗和列车加载耦合作用下的路基水分迁移计算模型；2)分析了孔隙水迁移路径和动态孔隙水压力特征。首先，获得了路基床层的土水特征曲线；建立了路基非饱和渗流的动静耦合模型，并通过模型试验、坡面降雨入渗模拟和轮轨耦合分析进行了验证。结果表明：路基内水分输运呈“喇叭”形分布，底部含水量较高，两侧逐渐减少；润湿模式具有递进性和空间不均匀性。随着润湿锋向下推进，最大动孔水压力位置逐渐向下移动。列车振动使非饱和渗透由慢变快。当润湿锋到达路基床面层底部形成悬泊水区时，最大动孔水压力保持在地基上方约30cm处。

{"title":"Dynamic seepage analysis of unsaturated subgrade bed for ballastless track considering rainfall and train loading","authors":"Yanfei Pei , Yipeng Lai , Kaiwen Liu , Rui Su , Ping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The migration and storage of moisture within the subgrade critically effect the long-term stability of ballastless tracks. Accordingly, this study presents two principal innovations: 1) a computational model for subgrade moisture migration under coupled rainfall infiltration and train loading, and 2) an analysis of pore-water migration pathways and dynamic pore-water pressure characteristics. First, the soil-water characteristic curve of the subgrade bed layer was obtained. A coupled static–dynamic model for unsaturated seepage in the subgrade was then established and validated through model tests, slope rainfall–infiltration simulations, and wheel-rail coupling analyses. Results indicate that moisture transport within the subgrade bed exhibits a horn-shaped distribution, with higher water content at the base and gradual reduction toward both sides. The wetting pattern is progressive and spatially non-uniform. As the wetting front advances downward, the location of maximum dynamic pore-water pressure progressively shifts downward. Train-induced vibration accelerates unsaturated infiltration from slow to fast. When the wetting front reaches the bottom of the subgrade bed surface layer and forms a perched water zone, the maximum dynamic pore-water pressure remains at approximately 30 cm above the base.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110130"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0