Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献_第5页

Spatiotemporal evolution of deep fault slip and its coupled dynamic loading influence zone 深断层滑动时空演化及其耦合动载影响带

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110021

Bo Zhang , Hongbao Zhao , Guang Yang , Xuebing Wang , Lu Gao , Dongliang Ji

Deep mining can induce fault slip, leading to significant dynamic loading effects. This study presents a comprehensive analysis to elucidate the mechanical mechanisms driving deep fault activation caused by mining-induced disturbances and to delineate the mutual feedback influence zone between mining activities and fault activation. The bottom extraction roadway in the Third Eastern mining area of the Dashuitou mine serves as the engineering case study. This roadway experiences dynamic loading effects from both upper coal seam mining and fault activation during excavation and subsequent reuse. An elastic mechanical model of the fault and surrounding rock under mining-induced stress is developed to reveal the mechanism by which mining stresses trigger fault activation. Additionally, an evaluation model for fault slip is proposed, based on the changes in the mechanical state of fault elements before and after unloading. A FLAC^3D numerical model incorporating a fault is constructed to assess fault slip in relation to mining progress and spatial stress variations within the fault. Results indicate that as mining approaches the fault, the likelihood of slip increases significantly, with the fault slip index exhibiting an oscillatory wave pattern. Fault-type rockbursts result from the combined effects of high static loading on fault coal pillars, dynamic loading induced by mining stresses, and dynamic loading from fault activation. Numerical simulations, corroborated by in situ microseismic monitoring, establish the mutual feedback influence range between mining and fault activation as approximately 150 m. Accordingly, enhanced support measures are implemented within this coupled dynamic load influence zone to ensure the stability of the bottom extraction roadway. These findings offer valuable insights for assessing fault activation in working faces with similar geological settings.

深部开采可诱发断层滑动，导致显著的动加载效应。本文综合分析了采动扰动诱发深部断层活化的力学机制，并圈定了采动与断层活化的相互反馈影响带。以大水头矿东三采区底采巷道为工程实例。该巷道在开挖及回用过程中既有上煤层开采的动荷载作用，也有断层活化的动荷载作用。建立了采动应力作用下断层及围岩的弹性力学模型，揭示了采动应力触发断层活化的机理。在此基础上，提出了基于卸荷前后断层单元力学状态变化的断层滑动评价模型。构建了包含断层的FLAC3D数值模型，以评估断层滑动与采矿进度和断层内空间应力变化的关系。结果表明，随着采矿向断层靠近，断层滑动的可能性显著增加，断层滑动指数呈现振荡波型。断层型地压是断层煤柱高静载荷、采动应力诱发动载荷和断层活化动载荷共同作用的结果。数值模拟结果与现场微震监测结果相吻合，确定采动与断层活化的相互反馈影响范围约为150 m。据此，在该耦合动荷载影响区内实施强化支护措施，保证底部抽采巷道的稳定。这些发现为评估具有类似地质背景的工作面断层活化提供了有价值的见解。

{"title":"Spatiotemporal evolution of deep fault slip and its coupled dynamic loading influence zone","authors":"Bo Zhang , Hongbao Zhao , Guang Yang , Xuebing Wang , Lu Gao , Dongliang Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep mining can induce fault slip, leading to significant dynamic loading effects. This study presents a comprehensive analysis to elucidate the mechanical mechanisms driving deep fault activation caused by mining-induced disturbances and to delineate the mutual feedback influence zone between mining activities and fault activation. The bottom extraction roadway in the Third Eastern mining area of the <em>Dashuitou</em> mine serves as the engineering case study. This roadway experiences dynamic loading effects from both upper coal seam mining and fault activation during excavation and subsequent reuse. An elastic mechanical model of the fault and surrounding rock under mining-induced stress is developed to reveal the mechanism by which mining stresses trigger fault activation. Additionally, an evaluation model for fault slip is proposed, based on the changes in the mechanical state of fault elements before and after unloading. A FLAC<sup>3D</sup> numerical model incorporating a fault is constructed to assess fault slip in relation to mining progress and spatial stress variations within the fault. Results indicate that as mining approaches the fault, the likelihood of slip increases significantly, with the fault slip index exhibiting an oscillatory wave pattern. Fault-type rockbursts result from the combined effects of high static loading on fault coal pillars, dynamic loading induced by mining stresses, and dynamic loading from fault activation. Numerical simulations, corroborated by in situ microseismic monitoring, establish the mutual feedback influence range between mining and fault activation as approximately 150 m. Accordingly, enhanced support measures are implemented within this coupled dynamic load influence zone to ensure the stability of the bottom extraction roadway. These findings offer valuable insights for assessing fault activation in working faces with similar geological settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110021"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A locally resonant seismic metamaterial with a low-frequency broadband bandgap 具有低频宽带带隙的局部共振地震超材料

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110142

Hongyang Sun , Hong Hai , Wei Wang , Weikai Xu , Shasha Yuan

Earthquakes pose significant risks due to their unpredictability, causing extensive damage to human life, socio-economic structures, and the environment. This has led to the development of earthquake-resistant and mitigation technologies aimed at minimizing structural damage. However, traditional seismic isolation technologies often fall short of meeting seismic resistance standards due to inherent limitations, underscoring the need for innovative seismic solutions. This paper introduces a new seismic metamaterial characterized by locally resonant zero-frequency band gaps. The material consists of a number of steel box-type components buried regularly in the soil with internal oscillators. Through analytical derivation and finite element analysis, it has been established that the upper limit of the seismic metamaterial's zero-frequency band gap coincides with the fundamental frequency of the plate. Additionally, the attenuation of elastic waves in a harmonic state as they pass through the metamaterial is elucidated. Further investigation reveals the band gap generation mechanism and examines the influence of geometric parameters on the metamaterial's band gap. Comprehensive frequency and time domain analyses validate the band gap of this innovative seismic metamaterial. Findings suggest that the metamaterial demonstrates superior performance in creating low-frequency band gaps. Employing straightforward configurations and practical placement strategies, it is possible to achieve extremely low-frequency band gaps within the range of earthquake frequencies.

地震由于其不可预测性而构成重大风险，对人类生活、社会经济结构和环境造成广泛破坏。这导致了旨在尽量减少结构破坏的抗震和减灾技术的发展。然而，由于固有的局限性，传统的隔震技术往往达不到抗震标准，因此需要创新的抗震解决方案。介绍了一种以局部共振零频带隙为特征的新型地震超材料。该材料由许多带内部振荡器的钢盒型组件定期埋在土壤中组成。通过解析推导和有限元分析，确定了地震超材料的零频带隙上限与板的基频重合。此外，还解释了弹性波在谐波状态下通过超材料时的衰减。进一步研究揭示了带隙的产生机理，并考察了几何参数对材料带隙的影响。综合频域和时域分析验证了这种创新的地震超材料的带隙。研究结果表明，该超材料在制造低频带隙方面表现出优异的性能。采用简单的配置和实用的放置策略，可以在地震频率范围内实现极低频带隙。

{"title":"A locally resonant seismic metamaterial with a low-frequency broadband bandgap","authors":"Hongyang Sun , Hong Hai , Wei Wang , Weikai Xu , Shasha Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earthquakes pose significant risks due to their unpredictability, causing extensive damage to human life, socio-economic structures, and the environment. This has led to the development of earthquake-resistant and mitigation technologies aimed at minimizing structural damage. However, traditional seismic isolation technologies often fall short of meeting seismic resistance standards due to inherent limitations, underscoring the need for innovative seismic solutions. This paper introduces a new seismic metamaterial characterized by locally resonant zero-frequency band gaps. The material consists of a number of steel box-type components buried regularly in the soil with internal oscillators. Through analytical derivation and finite element analysis, it has been established that the upper limit of the seismic metamaterial's zero-frequency band gap coincides with the fundamental frequency of the plate. Additionally, the attenuation of elastic waves in a harmonic state as they pass through the metamaterial is elucidated. Further investigation reveals the band gap generation mechanism and examines the influence of geometric parameters on the metamaterial's band gap. Comprehensive frequency and time domain analyses validate the band gap of this innovative seismic metamaterial. Findings suggest that the metamaterial demonstrates superior performance in creating low-frequency band gaps. Employing straightforward configurations and practical placement strategies, it is possible to achieve extremely low-frequency band gaps within the range of earthquake frequencies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110142"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cyclic response analysis of air-injected calcareous sand: An experimental study on excess pore water pressure development and volumetric strain changes 注气钙质砂的循环响应分析——超孔隙水压力发展与体积应变变化的实验研究

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110143

Saeed Sarajpoor , Yumin Chen , Zijun Wang , Sina Akhyani , Runze Chen

Liquefaction in sandy soils poses significant threats during seismic events, necessitating effective mitigation strategies. This study investigates the performance of the Induced Partial Saturation (IPS) technique in mitigating liquefaction by reducing the generated excess pore water pressure and volumetric strain in calcareous sand under cyclic loading. A series of 35 cyclic shear tests was performed on saturated and partially saturated samples. The air injection method was used as an IPS technique for preparing partially saturated samples, with a maximum volumetric strain of 0–4 %. The results demonstrated that increasing the maximum volumetric strain considerably reduced excess pore water pressure generation and volumetric strain during cyclic loading. The sample volume change was observed in three stages: air injection, undrained cyclic loading, and pore water pressure dissipation. Air injection caused negligible volume change, while significant volume changes occurred during the cyclic loading and pore water pressure dissipation stages. Moreover, predictive equations were proposed to estimate excess pore water pressure generation and volumetric strain during seismic events to further contribute to geotechnical engineering practices. Finally, to assess the durability of the air injection method as a liquefaction mitigation technique, the influence of applied cyclic loading on the maximum volumetric strain changes before and after the cyclic loading was evaluated.

沙质土壤的液化在地震事件中构成重大威胁，需要有效的缓解策略。研究了在循环荷载作用下，诱导部分饱和（IPS）技术通过降低钙质砂产生的超孔隙水压力和体积应变来缓解液化的性能。对饱和和部分饱和试样进行了35次循环剪切试验。采用空气注入法制备部分饱和样品，最大体积应变为0 ~ 4%。结果表明，增大最大体积应变可显著降低循环加载过程中产生的超孔隙水压力和体积应变。试样的体积变化分为注气、不排水循环加载和孔隙水压力耗散三个阶段。注入空气对体积变化的影响可以忽略不计，而在循环加载和孔隙水压力消散阶段，体积变化显著。此外，还提出了地震过程中超孔隙水压力产生和体应变的预测方程，以进一步促进岩土工程实践。最后，为了评估空气喷射作为液化缓解技术的耐久性，评估了施加循环加载对循环加载前后最大体积应变变化的影响。

{"title":"Cyclic response analysis of air-injected calcareous sand: An experimental study on excess pore water pressure development and volumetric strain changes","authors":"Saeed Sarajpoor , Yumin Chen , Zijun Wang , Sina Akhyani , Runze Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquefaction in sandy soils poses significant threats during seismic events, necessitating effective mitigation strategies. This study investigates the performance of the Induced Partial Saturation (IPS) technique in mitigating liquefaction by reducing the generated excess pore water pressure and volumetric strain in calcareous sand under cyclic loading. A series of 35 cyclic shear tests was performed on saturated and partially saturated samples. The air injection method was used as an IPS technique for preparing partially saturated samples, with a maximum volumetric strain of 0–4 %. The results demonstrated that increasing the maximum volumetric strain considerably reduced excess pore water pressure generation and volumetric strain during cyclic loading. The sample volume change was observed in three stages: air injection, undrained cyclic loading, and pore water pressure dissipation. Air injection caused negligible volume change, while significant volume changes occurred during the cyclic loading and pore water pressure dissipation stages. Moreover, predictive equations were proposed to estimate excess pore water pressure generation and volumetric strain during seismic events to further contribute to geotechnical engineering practices. Finally, to assess the durability of the air injection method as a liquefaction mitigation technique, the influence of applied cyclic loading on the maximum volumetric strain changes before and after the cyclic loading was evaluated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110143"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A comprehensive framework for assessing critical behavior of lead rubber bearings under Multiaxial-Loading: Numerical, theoretical, collapse probability, and seismic analysis 评估铅橡胶支座在多轴载荷下临界行为的综合框架：数值、理论、倒塌概率和地震分析

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110141

Ying Zhou , Mohammed Samier Sebaq

This study proposes a standardized and reusable finite element (FE)-based framework to evaluate the critical behavior of lead rubber bearings (LRBs) under multiaxial loading (bidirectional shear deformation and axial pressure) in comparison with biaxial loading (unidirectional shear and axial pressure). The objectives of this study are: 1) to develop an advanced ABAQUS-based FE model capable of capturing the critical response of LRBs under both biaxial- and multiaxial-loading; 2) to investigate the critical behavior of LRBs under multiaxial-loading paths, including circular, box, and figure-eight orbits with varying the first and second shape factors; 3) to derive empirical formulations for predicting the normalized critical load under biaxial- and multiaxial-loading; 4) to develop collapse probabilities of LRBs as functions of shear-strain; and 5) to assess the influence of LRBs' multiaxial behavior on the seismic response of a three-dimensional, four-story steel-building subjected to 88-ground-motions. The results demonstrate that the critical shear strain of LRBs under multiaxial loading is defined as the maximum of the X- and Y-direction values, ensuring consistent and meaningful comparisons across varying loading paths. The figure-eight loading orbit significantly reduces the critical deformation capacity of LRBs and increases the probability of collapse compared to biaxial loading. Furthermore, the multiaxial behavior of LRBs leads to increased deformation, acceleration, and base shear of steel-building by 22.0 %, 22.3 %, and 27.2 % in the X-direction, and by 29.0 %, 22.6 %, and 30.3 % in the Y-direction, respectively, relative to the biaxial behavior. The findings support performance-based design tools by enabling data-driven and modeling framework of LRBs under multiaxial-loading.

本研究提出了一个标准化和可重复使用的基于有限元（FE）的框架来评估铅橡胶支座（LRBs）在多轴载荷（双向剪切变形和轴压）下与双向载荷（单向剪切和轴压）下的临界行为。本研究的目标是：1)开发一种先进的基于abaqus的有限元模型，该模型能够捕获LRBs在双轴和多轴载荷下的临界响应；2)研究了LRBs在不同第一和第二形状因子的多轴加载路径下的临界行为，包括圆形、箱形和8字形轨道；3)推导双轴和多轴载荷下归一化临界荷载的经验公式；4)建立了随剪切应变变化的LRBs倒塌概率；5)评价了LRBs的多轴特性对88次地震动作用下三维四层钢结构建筑地震响应的影响。结果表明，多轴加载下LRBs的临界剪切应变定义为X和y方向值的最大值，确保了不同加载路径下的一致性和有意义的比较。与双轴加载相比，8字形加载轨道显著降低了LRBs的临界变形能力，增加了LRBs坍塌的概率。此外，与双轴行为相比，LRBs的多轴行为导致钢结构在x方向上的变形、加速度和基础剪力分别增加22.0%、22.3%和27.2%，在y方向上分别增加29.0%、22.6%和30.3%。研究结果支持基于性能的设计工具，支持数据驱动和多轴加载下LRBs建模框架。

{"title":"A comprehensive framework for assessing critical behavior of lead rubber bearings under Multiaxial-Loading: Numerical, theoretical, collapse probability, and seismic analysis","authors":"Ying Zhou , Mohammed Samier Sebaq","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a standardized and reusable finite element (FE)-based framework to evaluate the critical behavior of lead rubber bearings (LRBs) under multiaxial loading (bidirectional shear deformation and axial pressure) in comparison with biaxial loading (unidirectional shear and axial pressure). The objectives of this study are: 1) to develop an advanced ABAQUS-based FE model capable of capturing the critical response of LRBs under both biaxial- and multiaxial-loading; 2) to investigate the critical behavior of LRBs under multiaxial-loading paths, including circular, box, and figure-eight orbits with varying the first and second shape factors; 3) to derive empirical formulations for predicting the normalized critical load under biaxial- and multiaxial-loading; 4) to develop collapse probabilities of LRBs as functions of shear-strain; and 5) to assess the influence of LRBs' multiaxial behavior on the seismic response of a three-dimensional, four-story steel-building subjected to 88-ground-motions. The results demonstrate that the critical shear strain of LRBs under multiaxial loading is defined as the maximum of the X- and Y-direction values, ensuring consistent and meaningful comparisons across varying loading paths. The figure-eight loading orbit significantly reduces the critical deformation capacity of LRBs and increases the probability of collapse compared to biaxial loading. Furthermore, the multiaxial behavior of LRBs leads to increased deformation, acceleration, and base shear of steel-building by 22.0 %, 22.3 %, and 27.2 % in the X-direction, and by 29.0 %, 22.6 %, and 30.3 % in the Y-direction, respectively, relative to the biaxial behavior. The findings support performance-based design tools by enabling data-driven and modeling framework of LRBs under multiaxial-loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110141"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Directionality characteristics of ground motion and sliding-block displacement from the 2022 Luding Ms6.8 earthquake, China 2022年泸定6.8级地震地面运动和滑块位移的方向性特征

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110144

Jian Song , Sheng Zhang , Gui Yang , Shengwei Wang , Denghui Dai , Yongxin Wu , Changwei Yang , Yufeng Gao

This study investigates the directionality in the 2022 Luding Ms6.8 earthquake with strike-slip faulting in China. Both the orientational variations in the ground motion intensity and the Newmark sliding-block displacement (D) for different k_y/PGA_RotD50 ratios (i.e., yield acceleration of slope to the median peak ground acceleration over all orientations) are analyzed. The ground motion intensity measures include the spectral acceleration (Sa) at various oscillator periods and the more advanced energetic length scale parameter (L_e). The orientational dependency is observed in both the ground motion intensity and D, with the latter much more pronounced (especially for larger k_y/PGA_RotD50 ratios). The orientation associated with the maximum Sa is found to be close to the transverse orientation (perpendicular to the orientation at a given site pointing to the epicenter), which is consistent with previous observations for other strike-slip earthquakes. Moreover, this preferential polarization of transverse orientation is also exhibited in L_e and D at all considered k_y/PGA_RotD50 ratios. The orientational D is strongly correlated with the angular difference with respect to the transverse orientation, suggesting that the site-source orientation could be used to estimate D at the specific slope aspect. The L_e parameter generally shows the most excellent correlation of the maximum orientation with D across all k_y/PGA_RotD50 values. The results demonstrate the predominant orientation of epicentral transverse orientation representing the maximum ground motion intensity and the induced sliding-block displacement of the slope. This could facilitate future development of orientation-dependent seismic landslide hazard assessment in strike-slip earthquakes, including both fault and slope orientations.

本文研究了2022年禄定6.8级地震与中国走滑断裂的方向性。分析了不同ky/PGARotD50比率（即斜坡屈服加速度与地面加速度中值的比值）下地面运动强度和Newmark滑块位移(D)的方向变化。地面运动强度测量包括不同振子周期的谱加速度（Sa）和更高级的能量长度尺度参数（Le）。在地面运动强度和D中都观察到方向依赖性，后者更为明显（特别是对于较大的ky/PGARotD50比率）。发现与最大Sa相关的方向接近横向方向（垂直于指向震中的给定位置的方向），这与以前对其他走滑地震的观测结果一致。此外，在考虑ky/PGARotD50比时，Le和D也表现出这种横向取向的优先极化。方向D与相对于横向方向的角差密切相关，表明在特定坡向上，可以使用站点-源方向来估计D。在所有的ky/PGARotD50值中，Le参数通常显示出最大取向与D的最佳相关性。结果表明，震中横向方向占主导地位，代表了最大地震动强度和边坡的诱发滑块位移。这有助于今后发展基于方位的走滑地震地震滑坡危险性评价，包括断层和斜坡的方位。

{"title":"Directionality characteristics of ground motion and sliding-block displacement from the 2022 Luding Ms6.8 earthquake, China","authors":"Jian Song , Sheng Zhang , Gui Yang , Shengwei Wang , Denghui Dai , Yongxin Wu , Changwei Yang , Yufeng Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the directionality in the 2022 Luding Ms6.8 earthquake with strike-slip faulting in China. Both the orientational variations in the ground motion intensity and the Newmark sliding-block displacement (<em>D</em>) for different <em>k</em><sub><em>y</em></sub>/PGA<sub>RotD50</sub> ratios (i.e., yield acceleration of slope to the median peak ground acceleration over all orientations) are analyzed. The ground motion intensity measures include the spectral acceleration (<em>Sa</em>) at various oscillator periods and the more advanced energetic length scale parameter (<em>L</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>). The orientational dependency is observed in both the ground motion intensity and <em>D</em>, with the latter much more pronounced (especially for larger <em>k</em><sub><em>y</em></sub>/PGA<sub>RotD50</sub> ratios). The orientation associated with the maximum <em>Sa</em> is found to be close to the transverse orientation (perpendicular to the orientation at a given site pointing to the epicenter), which is consistent with previous observations for other strike-slip earthquakes. Moreover, this preferential polarization of transverse orientation is also exhibited in <em>L</em><sub><em>e</em></sub> and <em>D</em> at all considered <em>k</em><sub><em>y</em></sub>/PGA<sub>RotD50</sub> ratios. The orientational <em>D</em> is strongly correlated with the angular difference with respect to the transverse orientation, suggesting that the site-source orientation could be used to estimate <em>D</em> at the specific slope aspect. The <em>L</em><sub><em>e</em></sub> parameter generally shows the most excellent correlation of the maximum orientation with <em>D</em> across all <em>k</em><sub><em>y</em></sub>/PGA<sub>RotD50</sub> values. The results demonstrate the predominant orientation of epicentral transverse orientation representing the maximum ground motion intensity and the induced sliding-block displacement of the slope. This could facilitate future development of orientation-dependent seismic landslide hazard assessment in strike-slip earthquakes, including both fault and slope orientations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110144"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A novel bedrock power spectral model incorporating seismic magnitude-distance effects for structural reliability analysis and safety assessment 一种考虑震级距离效应的基岩功率谱模型，用于结构可靠性分析和安全评估

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110136

Dengke Jiu , Yan-Gang Zhao , Haizhong Zhang

Power spectral density models are used to characterize the frequency-domain properties of seismic ground motions and are widely applied in structural reliability analysis and safety assessment. Existing power spectral models are typically categorized as stationary and nonstationary based on the temporal variability of seismic excitations, which are commonly employed to generate synthetic seismic waves for structural dynamic analysis randomly. However, most existing models assume the bedrock seismic motions as white-noise processes and do not consider the influence of earthquake magnitude and distance on amplitude and spectral content. This can introduce bias into the characterization of the energy distribution, thereby reducing the accuracy of structural response prediction and failure-probability assessment. To address these limitations, this study proposes a bedrock power spectral density model that explicitly incorporates earthquake magnitude and distance, and reveals their physical influence mechanisms. The model is developed based on the comprehensive statistical analysis of seismic records from two datasets, which quantifies the effects of earthquake magnitude and distance on power spectral characteristics. To validate the proposed model, synthetic seismic motions are generated and used to compute the seismic responses and failure probabilities of a case-study structure, providing quantitative evidence for transitioning seismic input modeling from a “single-assumption” paradigm to a magnitude-distance-conditioned characterization. Overall, the proposed model introduces an interpretable magnitude-distance modulation mechanism into bedrock frequency-domain modeling, providing a more targeted representation of seismic input for structural reliability analysis and seismic safety assessment.

功率谱密度模型用于描述地震地震动的频域特性，在结构可靠性分析和安全评价中得到了广泛的应用。现有的功率谱模型通常基于地震激励的时间变异性分为平稳和非平稳两种，通常用于随机生成用于结构动力分析的合成地震波。然而，现有模型大多将基岩地震运动假设为白噪声过程，未考虑地震震级和距离对振幅和频谱含量的影响。这可能会在能量分布表征中引入偏差，从而降低结构响应预测和失效概率评估的准确性。为了解决这些局限性，本研究提出了一个明确包含地震震级和距离的基岩功率谱密度模型，并揭示了它们的物理影响机制。该模型基于对两组地震记录的综合统计分析，量化了地震震级和距离对功率谱特征的影响。为了验证所提出的模型，生成了合成地震运动，并用于计算案例研究结构的地震响应和破坏概率，为将地震输入模型从“单一假设”范式过渡到震级距离条件表征提供了定量证据。总的来说，该模型在基岩频域建模中引入了可解释的震级-距离调制机制，为结构可靠性分析和地震安全性评估提供了更有针对性的地震输入表示。

{"title":"A novel bedrock power spectral model incorporating seismic magnitude-distance effects for structural reliability analysis and safety assessment","authors":"Dengke Jiu , Yan-Gang Zhao , Haizhong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Power spectral density models are used to characterize the frequency-domain properties of seismic ground motions and are widely applied in structural reliability analysis and safety assessment. Existing power spectral models are typically categorized as stationary and nonstationary based on the temporal variability of seismic excitations, which are commonly employed to generate synthetic seismic waves for structural dynamic analysis randomly. However, most existing models assume the bedrock seismic motions as white-noise processes and do not consider the influence of earthquake magnitude and distance on amplitude and spectral content. This can introduce bias into the characterization of the energy distribution, thereby reducing the accuracy of structural response prediction and failure-probability assessment. To address these limitations, this study proposes a bedrock power spectral density model that explicitly incorporates earthquake magnitude and distance, and reveals their physical influence mechanisms. The model is developed based on the comprehensive statistical analysis of seismic records from two datasets, which quantifies the effects of earthquake magnitude and distance on power spectral characteristics. To validate the proposed model, synthetic seismic motions are generated and used to compute the seismic responses and failure probabilities of a case-study structure, providing quantitative evidence for transitioning seismic input modeling from a “single-assumption” paradigm to a magnitude-distance-conditioned characterization. Overall, the proposed model introduces an interpretable magnitude-distance modulation mechanism into bedrock frequency-domain modeling, providing a more targeted representation of seismic input for structural reliability analysis and seismic safety assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110136"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

SV wave scattering by a circular-arc depositional canyon in an unsaturated site 非饱和场地圆弧沉积峡谷的SV波散射

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110132

Tianyu Shi , Qiang Ma , Zichen Zhang

Building on unsaturated porous-medium theory, a semi-analytical solution, via a Fourier–Bessel series, is developed for SV wave scattering by a circular-arc depositional canyon. The effects of geometry, incidence angle, frequency, saturation and thickness of the half-space and cover layer on the surface-displacement response are systematically evaluated. Under normal incidence, the scattered field is symmetric about the canyon axis; prominent peaks occur at the shoulders (

x / a \approx \pm 1

), whereas vertical displacement at the canyon floor remains low. With increasing incidence angle, the response becomes strongly asymmetric, with greater peak amplification on the shadow side. Increasing frequency densifies spatial oscillations and increases peak amplitudes; amplification concentrates inside the canyon and near the shoulders, and a semicircular geometry yields a broader oscillation band with higher peaks. Sensitivity analysis indicates that half-space saturation primarily affects the vertical component—especially at the shoulders—whereas cover layer saturation more strongly modulates the horizontal component. As

S_{r} \to 0.99

, the

| u_{x} |

curves away from the canyon nearly coincide, indicating negligible far-field differences. A thicker cover layer strengthens amplification inside the canyon and at the shoulders and produces denser oscillations, whereas an extremely thin cover layer rapidly suppresses the response.

在不饱和多孔介质理论的基础上，利用傅里叶-贝塞尔级数推导了圆弧沉积峡谷SV波散射的半解析解。系统地评价了半空间和覆盖层的几何形状、入射角、频率、饱和度和厚度对地表位移响应的影响。在法向入射下，散射场围绕峡谷轴线对称；突出的峰值出现在肩部（x/a≈±1），而峡谷底部的垂直位移仍然很低。随着入射角的增加，响应变得强烈不对称，阴影侧的峰值放大更大。频率的增加使空间振荡更加密集，峰值幅度增大；放大集中在峡谷内部和肩部附近，半圆形几何形状产生更宽的振荡带和更高的峰值。灵敏度分析表明，半空间饱和度主要影响垂直分量，尤其是在肩带，而覆盖层饱和度对水平分量的调节作用更强。当Sr→0.99时，远离峡谷的|和|曲线几乎重合，表明远场差异可以忽略不计。较厚的覆盖层加强了峡谷内部和肩部的放大，并产生了更密集的振荡，而极薄的覆盖层迅速抑制了响应。

{"title":"SV wave scattering by a circular-arc depositional canyon in an unsaturated site","authors":"Tianyu Shi , Qiang Ma , Zichen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building on unsaturated porous-medium theory, a semi-analytical solution, via a Fourier–Bessel series, is developed for SV wave scattering by a circular-arc depositional canyon. The effects of geometry, incidence angle, frequency, saturation and thickness of the half-space and cover layer on the surface-displacement response are systematically evaluated. Under normal incidence, the scattered field is symmetric about the canyon axis; prominent peaks occur at the shoulders (<span><math><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>≈</mo><mo>±</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>), whereas vertical displacement at the canyon floor remains low. With increasing incidence angle, the response becomes strongly asymmetric, with greater peak amplification on the shadow side. Increasing frequency densifies spatial oscillations and increases peak amplitudes; amplification concentrates inside the canyon and near the shoulders, and a semicircular geometry yields a broader oscillation band with higher peaks. Sensitivity analysis indicates that half-space saturation primarily affects the vertical component—especially at the shoulders—whereas cover layer saturation more strongly modulates the horizontal component. As <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>S</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mo>→</mo><mn>0.99</mn></mrow></math></span>, the <span><math><mrow><mo>|</mo><msub><mi>u</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>|</mo></mrow></math></span> curves away from the canyon nearly coincide, indicating negligible far-field differences. A thicker cover layer strengthens amplification inside the canyon and at the shoulders and produces denser oscillations, whereas an extremely thin cover layer rapidly suppresses the response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110132"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of rubber size and content on the cyclic and post-cyclic behaviour of Rubber-Sand Mixtures 橡胶粒径和含量对橡胶-砂混合料循环和后循环性能的影响

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110128

Akshat Srivastava , Lucia Mele , Subhadeep Banerjee , Alessandro Flora

引用次数: 0

High-precision bedrock motion inversion from surface records using decoder-only convolutional attention Transformer 高精度基岩运动反演地表记录使用仅解码器卷积注意变压器

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110113

Zilan Zhong , Jiarui Wang , Jiaxu Shen , Xiuli Du , Bo Ni , Shuanglan Wu , Kyohei Ueda

Bedrock motion inversion is a critical step in the seismic analysis of engineering structures with explicit consideration of soil–structure interaction (SSI). However, conventional inversion methods often fail to accurately capture the real nonlinear behavior of soils under seismic loading. To address this challenge, this study proposes a decoder-only convolutional attention Transformer (D-Conv-Transformer) model for directly inverting bedrock ground motion time histories from surface-recorded data. The model was trained using a total of 1680 surface-bedrock ground motion pairs from 28 KiK-net stations. The predicted time histories, peak bedrock accelerations (PBA), and the mean of spectral acceleration (MSA) are compared with the corresponding bedrock seismic records. Results demonstrate that the bedrock ground motions predicted by the proposed model closely match the records across three site classes, with low mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) for both PBA and MSA. Compared to the conventional equivalent-linear method, the proposed model reduces MAE, RMSE, and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the predicted PBA and MSA by approximately 60 % and 65 %, respectively, while increasing the coefficient of determination (R²) by 65 % and 90 %. Furthermore, the model exhibits consistent performance across different stations. In summary, the proposed D-Conv-Transformer model achieves high-precision bedrock ground motion inversion.

基岩运动反演是明确考虑土-结构相互作用（SSI）的工程结构地震分析的关键步骤。然而，传统的反演方法往往不能准确地捕捉地震荷载作用下土体的真实非线性行为。为了应对这一挑战，本研究提出了一种仅解码的卷积注意力变压器（d - convl -Transformer）模型，用于从地面记录数据直接反演基岩地面运动时程。该模型使用来自28个KiK-net站点的1680个地表-基岩地面运动对进行训练。将预测时程、基岩加速度峰值（PBA）和谱加速度均值（MSA）与相应的基岩地震记录进行了比较。结果表明，该模型预测的基岩地面运动与三个站点类别的记录非常吻合，PBA和MSA的平均绝对误差（MAE）和均方根误差（RMSE）都很低。与传统的等效线性方法相比，该模型预测PBA和MSA的MAE、RMSE和平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）分别降低了约60%和65%，而决定系数（R2）分别提高了65%和90%。此外，该模型在不同台站表现出一致的性能。综上所述，d - v- transformer模型实现了高精度基岩地震动反演。

{"title":"High-precision bedrock motion inversion from surface records using decoder-only convolutional attention Transformer","authors":"Zilan Zhong , Jiarui Wang , Jiaxu Shen , Xiuli Du , Bo Ni , Shuanglan Wu , Kyohei Ueda","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bedrock motion inversion is a critical step in the seismic analysis of engineering structures with explicit consideration of soil–structure interaction (SSI). However, conventional inversion methods often fail to accurately capture the real nonlinear behavior of soils under seismic loading. To address this challenge, this study proposes a decoder-only convolutional attention Transformer (D-Conv-Transformer) model for directly inverting bedrock ground motion time histories from surface-recorded data. The model was trained using a total of 1680 surface-bedrock ground motion pairs from 28 KiK-net stations. The predicted time histories, peak bedrock accelerations (PBA), and the mean of spectral acceleration (MSA) are compared with the corresponding bedrock seismic records. Results demonstrate that the bedrock ground motions predicted by the proposed model closely match the records across three site classes, with low mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) for both PBA and MSA. Compared to the conventional equivalent-linear method, the proposed model reduces MAE, RMSE, and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the predicted PBA and MSA by approximately 60 % and 65 %, respectively, while increasing the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) by 65 % and 90 %. Furthermore, the model exhibits consistent performance across different stations. In summary, the proposed D-Conv-Transformer model achieves high-precision bedrock ground motion inversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110113"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Combined influence of fine/gravel particle contents on liquefaction resistance of wide-graded soils 细粒/砾粒含量对宽级配土抗液化能力的综合影响

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110139

Xueqian Ni , Yu Zhou , Zhao Zhang , Sheng Zhang , Feng Zhang

Field investigations have demonstrated that even well-graded soils with a high relative density can experience severe liquefaction-induced damage during earthquakes. Soil with only fines or gravels has been investigated intensively while the liquefaction behavior of wide-graded soils draws limited attention. While the proportion of fines to gravels significantly governs the macro- and microscopic behavior of wide-graded soils under cyclic loading, the combined influence of these fractions on the mechanical response has not been clearly established. In this study, a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on wide-graded soils with varying fines/gravel contents. Test results indicated that the fines/gravel contents significantly affect liquefaction resistance, and there exists specific thresholds beyond which the liquefaction resistance tends to decline more noticeably. Based on liquefaction behavior observed in the tests, a parameter denoted by R accounting for the contributions of fines/gravel content, is proposed to demonstrate a unique relationship for liquefaction resistance. The structure formed by different fines/gravel contents is also correlated rationally to R value. Finally, an empirical equation for the liquefaction resistance of wide-graded soil with different fines/gravel fractions is proposed and verified, by which it is possible, in practical engineering, to preliminarily determine the liquefaction resistance of the wide-graded soils.

实地调查表明，即使是相对密度高的分级良好的土壤，在地震中也会经历严重的液化引起的破坏。细粒或砾石土的液化特性研究较多，而宽级配土的液化特性研究较少。虽然细粒与砾石的比例在循环荷载作用下显著控制着宽级配土的宏观和微观行为，但这些比例对力学响应的综合影响尚未明确确立。在本研究中，对不同细粒/砾石含量的宽级配土进行了一系列不排水循环三轴试验。试验结果表明，细粒/碎石含量对液化阻力有显著影响，且存在一定的阈值，超过该阈值，液化阻力下降趋势更为明显。根据试验中观察到的液化行为，提出了一个R表示的参数，代表细粒/砾石含量的贡献，以表明液化阻力的独特关系。不同细粒/砾石含量形成的结构也与R值有合理的相关性。最后，提出并验证了不同细粒/砾石组分宽级配土抗液化能力的经验方程，为在工程实际中初步确定宽级配土的抗液化能力提供了可能。

{"title":"Combined influence of fine/gravel particle contents on liquefaction resistance of wide-graded soils","authors":"Xueqian Ni , Yu Zhou , Zhao Zhang , Sheng Zhang , Feng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Field investigations have demonstrated that even well-graded soils with a high relative density can experience severe liquefaction-induced damage during earthquakes. Soil with only fines or gravels has been investigated intensively while the liquefaction behavior of wide-graded soils draws limited attention. While the proportion of fines to gravels significantly governs the macro- and microscopic behavior of wide-graded soils under cyclic loading, the combined influence of these fractions on the mechanical response has not been clearly established. In this study, a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on wide-graded soils with varying fines/gravel contents. Test results indicated that the fines/gravel contents significantly affect liquefaction resistance, and there exists specific thresholds beyond which the liquefaction resistance tends to decline more noticeably. Based on liquefaction behavior observed in the tests, a parameter denoted by <em>R</em> accounting for the contributions of fines/gravel content, is proposed to demonstrate a unique relationship for liquefaction resistance. The structure formed by different fines/gravel contents is also correlated rationally to <em>R</em> value. Finally, an empirical equation for the liquefaction resistance of wide-graded soil with different fines/gravel fractions is proposed and verified, by which it is possible, in practical engineering, to preliminarily determine the liquefaction resistance of the wide-graded soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110139"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0