Pub Date : 2025-02-12DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109209
Mohammad Javad Ebrahimi, Majid Yazdandoust, Mahdi Khodaparast
A series of strain-controlled cyclic simple shear tests followed by monotonic ones were carried out on Qom marl to evaluate its pre- and post-cyclic behavior under different moisture contents and overburden pressures. A series of resonant column and bender element tests were also conducted to measure the dynamic properties of this type of marl. The results showed that the experience of a cyclic loading improved the marl shear strength in all moisture contents and overburden pressures, while the post-cyclic shear modulus of marl increased only when its moisture content was close to saturation. It was concluded that the possibility of subsidence in marl deposits after an earthquake is very likely due to the high potential of reducing the volume of the lower layers after cyclic loading, especially when the moisture content of the lower layers is high. The dependence of shear modulus degradation and damping ratio on shear strain level was found to decrease and increase, respectively, with increasing the marl moisture content. Moreover, it was observed that a cyclic load experience only had an effect on the compression index (Cc) and the swelling index (Cs) was independent of the seismic load.
{"title":"Cyclic and post-cyclic behavior of Qom marl, Iran","authors":"Mohammad Javad Ebrahimi, Majid Yazdandoust, Mahdi Khodaparast","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A series of strain-controlled cyclic simple shear tests followed by monotonic ones were carried out on Qom marl to evaluate its pre- and post-cyclic behavior under different moisture contents and overburden pressures. A series of resonant column and bender element tests were also conducted to measure the dynamic properties of this type of marl. The results showed that the experience of a cyclic loading improved the marl shear strength in all moisture contents and overburden pressures, while the post-cyclic shear modulus of marl increased only when its moisture content was close to saturation. It was concluded that the possibility of subsidence in marl deposits after an earthquake is very likely due to the high potential of reducing the volume of the lower layers after cyclic loading, especially when the moisture content of the lower layers is high. The dependence of shear modulus degradation and damping ratio on shear strain level was found to decrease and increase, respectively, with increasing the marl moisture content. Moreover, it was observed that a cyclic load experience only had an effect on the compression index (Cc) and the swelling index (Cs) was independent of the seismic load.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109209"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-12DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109290
Xiaoming Chen , Fanghong Lv , Jindong Zhang , Xiaonong Guo , Jun He , Quansheng Pan , Qingchun Wang
In the process of random seismic response analysis of structures, a large number of artificial seismic waves compatible with the design response spectrum are required. The use of numerical methods can accurately generate artificial seismic waves that meet the matching conditions, but numerical methods have the problem of long-time consumption. A feasible solution is to learn the patterns of the current seismic wave dataset through a generative model, then generate a large number of seismic waves similar to the original dataset through the trained generative model quickly. However, under complex matching conditions and existing small datasets, the generative model may lose effectiveness. The paper proposes a method for quickly and accurately generating artificial seismic waves under complex matching conditions, which achieves precise compatibility with matching conditions through an existing small dataset of artificial seismic waves and a constructed diffusion model. Numerical example shows that the method proposed in this paper improves computational efficiency by two orders of magnitude compared to numerical methods without sacrificing accuracy, and the performance of the model is better than that of existing generative adversarial models. The method proposed in this paper is applied to the expansion process of an artificial seismic wave dataset for a nuclear power structure, achieving accurate matching under complex matching conditions and improving the diversity of the artificial seismic wave dataset. By reducing the correlation coefficient between the curves in the training dataset or increasing the scale of the training dataset, the generation efficiency of DDPM can be improved. It is also essential to ensure sufficient training epochs and sampling steps to maintain the generation efficiency of DDPM.
{"title":"Artificial seismic waves generation for complex matching conditions based on diffusion model","authors":"Xiaoming Chen , Fanghong Lv , Jindong Zhang , Xiaonong Guo , Jun He , Quansheng Pan , Qingchun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the process of random seismic response analysis of structures, a large number of artificial seismic waves compatible with the design response spectrum are required. The use of numerical methods can accurately generate artificial seismic waves that meet the matching conditions, but numerical methods have the problem of long-time consumption. A feasible solution is to learn the patterns of the current seismic wave dataset through a generative model, then generate a large number of seismic waves similar to the original dataset through the trained generative model quickly. However, under complex matching conditions and existing small datasets, the generative model may lose effectiveness. The paper proposes a method for quickly and accurately generating artificial seismic waves under complex matching conditions, which achieves precise compatibility with matching conditions through an existing small dataset of artificial seismic waves and a constructed diffusion model. Numerical example shows that the method proposed in this paper improves computational efficiency by two orders of magnitude compared to numerical methods without sacrificing accuracy, and the performance of the model is better than that of existing generative adversarial models. The method proposed in this paper is applied to the expansion process of an artificial seismic wave dataset for a nuclear power structure, achieving accurate matching under complex matching conditions and improving the diversity of the artificial seismic wave dataset. By reducing the correlation coefficient between the curves in the training dataset or increasing the scale of the training dataset, the generation efficiency of DDPM can be improved. It is also essential to ensure sufficient training epochs and sampling steps to maintain the generation efficiency of DDPM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109290"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-12DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109291
Khorram Sadeghi, Mohammad Mahdi Zafarani, Alireza Emami, Mohammad Sadegh Birzhandi
Despite previous studies, this paper simultaneously addresses the challenges of soil-structure interaction (SSI) and nonlinear structural behavior in torsionally irregular building structures equipped with magnetorheological (MR) dampers, utilizing a supervisory nonlinear adaptive control procedure. This represents a significant step toward improving the design of earthquake-resisting structures. In order to consider the effects of torsional behavior on the performance of semi-active MR control systems, various inelastic asymmetric steel structures with different periods, eccentricities, and torsional-to-translational frequency ratios based on supports with different levels of flexibility were used. In these structures, the steel elements were modeled by the extended plasticity (fiber) while the support flexibility effects were accounted for based on the substructure method in OpenSees software. A new model-based nonlinear adaptive control algorithm was employed to control a wide range of structures subjected to various seismic records in bi-directional excitation, incorporating the effects of support flexibility. Results show that the MR dampers reduce the Engineering Demand Parameters (EDPs) significantly, considering the effects of the soft and stiff edges of the structure in various scenarios. Analysis of the effects of the support flexibility on the MR damper performance demonstrated the successful function of the damper in improving the seismic performance of such structures.
{"title":"Nonlinear adaptive control of flexibly-supported inelastic asymmetric steel structures equipped with MR dampers","authors":"Khorram Sadeghi, Mohammad Mahdi Zafarani, Alireza Emami, Mohammad Sadegh Birzhandi","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite previous studies, this paper simultaneously addresses the challenges of soil-structure interaction (SSI) and nonlinear structural behavior in torsionally irregular building structures equipped with magnetorheological (MR) dampers, utilizing a supervisory nonlinear adaptive control procedure. This represents a significant step toward improving the design of earthquake-resisting structures. In order to consider the effects of torsional behavior on the performance of semi-active MR control systems, various inelastic asymmetric steel structures with different periods, eccentricities, and torsional-to-translational frequency ratios based on supports with different levels of flexibility were used. In these structures, the steel elements were modeled by the extended plasticity (fiber) while the support flexibility effects were accounted for based on the substructure method in OpenSees software. A new model-based nonlinear adaptive control algorithm was employed to control a wide range of structures subjected to various seismic records in bi-directional excitation, incorporating the effects of support flexibility. Results show that the MR dampers reduce the Engineering Demand Parameters (EDPs) significantly, considering the effects of the soft and stiff edges of the structure in various scenarios. Analysis of the effects of the support flexibility on the MR damper performance demonstrated the successful function of the damper in improving the seismic performance of such structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109291"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-12DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109288
Yaxun Xiao , Shujie Chen , Guangliang Feng , Liu Liu , Shaojun Li , Junbo Zhou , Tingzhou Yan , Jianing Guo
Microseismic (MS) signals detected in tunnels feature low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) due to the complexity of the construction environment. As a result, MS events of low energy are hidden in the background noise so that separating such events from the noise using filtering is impractical. In this work, a new method is proposed to identify the arrival times of P-waves in such circumstances that does not require noise filtering. We call it the instantaneous phase difference intensity of P-waves (IPDI_P) method. The key requirement of the method (which is naturally met when monitoring MS signals in tunnels) is that the source wave travelling path difference between the target and auxiliary signals is not larger than the wavelength of the P-wave. IPDI_P functions are constructed that correspond to specific characteristics between the target and auxiliary signals. We take the first peak equal to, or close to, the maximum value of the IPDI_P curve to correspond to the P-wave arrival time of the target signal. The amplitude distributions of the two main noises in a tunnel (electrical noise and mechanical vibration) are first analyzed in the time- and frequency-domains and then accurately simulated. Then, numerical simulations and a case study are made. The results indicate that the IPDI_P method is reliable in tunnels without noise filtering and its performance is better than that of more traditional methods (STA/LTA and AIC), especially for MS signals with SNRs that are less than 30 dB (so the P-wave's SNR is less than 16–24 dB). The error in the P-wave arrival time caused by mechanical noise (vibration) is larger than that caused by electrical noise. The principles underlying auxiliary signal selection are also discussed. Our study is an important step towards the development of a fully-automatic MS-based rockburst detection system for use in deep tunnels.
{"title":"Picking P-wave arrival times from microseismic signals in tunnels with low signal-to-noise ratios without noise filtering","authors":"Yaxun Xiao , Shujie Chen , Guangliang Feng , Liu Liu , Shaojun Li , Junbo Zhou , Tingzhou Yan , Jianing Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microseismic (MS) signals detected in tunnels feature low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) due to the complexity of the construction environment. As a result, MS events of low energy are hidden in the background noise so that separating such events from the noise using filtering is impractical. In this work, a new method is proposed to identify the arrival times of P-waves in such circumstances that does not require noise filtering. We call it the instantaneous phase difference intensity of P-waves (IPDI_P) method. The key requirement of the method (which is naturally met when monitoring MS signals in tunnels) is that the source wave travelling path difference between the target and auxiliary signals is not larger than the wavelength of the P-wave. IPDI_P functions are constructed that correspond to specific characteristics between the target and auxiliary signals. We take the first peak equal to, or close to, the maximum value of the IPDI_P curve to correspond to the P-wave arrival time of the target signal. The amplitude distributions of the two main noises in a tunnel (electrical noise and mechanical vibration) are first analyzed in the time- and frequency-domains and then accurately simulated. Then, numerical simulations and a case study are made. The results indicate that the IPDI_P method is reliable in tunnels without noise filtering and its performance is better than that of more traditional methods (STA/LTA and AIC), especially for MS signals with SNRs that are less than 30 dB (so the P-wave's SNR is less than 16–24 dB). The error in the P-wave arrival time caused by mechanical noise (vibration) is larger than that caused by electrical noise. The principles underlying auxiliary signal selection are also discussed. Our study is an important step towards the development of a fully-automatic MS-based rockburst detection system for use in deep tunnels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109288"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Under cyclic loading, sand will undergo a solid-liquid phase transition during the liquefaction. This study utilizes discrete element method (DEM) to investigate the stage characteristics of sand macroscopic stress-strain response during the solid-liquid phase transition. The microscopic mechanism of sand solid-liquid phase transition is elucidated from the perspective of contact network. The results indicate that based on the sand flowability, the liquefaction process can be divided into solid phase, solid-liquid transition phase, and liquid phase stages. The strong contact network within the sand is the primary contributor to its effective stress, and the degradation of the originally well-connected strong contact network are the reasons for the sand solid-liquid phase transition. A parameter has been proposed to measure the connectivity of the strong contact network. The weak contacts between particles dominates the sliding and rolling between particles, which is the reason for the macroscopic deformation and flow of sand.
{"title":"Microscopic mechanism of solid-liquid phase transition in sand under cyclic loading: Insights from DEM simulations","authors":"Zhiyuan Chen , Yupeng Ren , Guohui Xu , Zhuangcai Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under cyclic loading, sand will undergo a solid-liquid phase transition during the liquefaction. This study utilizes discrete element method (DEM) to investigate the stage characteristics of sand macroscopic stress-strain response during the solid-liquid phase transition. The microscopic mechanism of sand solid-liquid phase transition is elucidated from the perspective of contact network. The results indicate that based on the sand flowability, the liquefaction process can be divided into solid phase, solid-liquid transition phase, and liquid phase stages. The strong contact network within the sand is the primary contributor to its effective stress, and the degradation of the originally well-connected strong contact network are the reasons for the sand solid-liquid phase transition. A parameter <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ξ</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> has been proposed to measure the connectivity of the strong contact network. The weak contacts between particles dominates the sliding and rolling between particles, which is the reason for the macroscopic deformation and flow of sand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109210
Ziyuan Huang , Aiping Tang , Konghao Wang , Delong Huang , Yuanhong Wang , Xingyu Chen
A utility tunnel is a type of long-lined underground structure that commonly crosses nonhomogeneous sites during construction. This study focuses on the seismic response of the utility tunnel system in horizontal nonhomogeneous site under transverse excitation, considering both the prefabricated utility tunnel system and the cast-in-place utility tunnel system. In the shaking table tests, the external structures were constructed using microconcrete, and internal pipes at different locations were considered. Numerical models were also built for the simulation. The relevant settings were consistent with the test conditions, and the results were in good agreement with the test results. Based on the numerical modeling results, the seismic response of the utility tunnel system in homogeneous site was obtained and carefully compared with that in nonhomogeneous site. The study results showed that the acceleration response of the prefabricated utility tunnel was generally more significant than that of the cast-in-place utility tunnel system and that there was variation in the longitudinal direction in the acceleration of the utility tunnel system in nonhomogeneous site. The maximum strain of the prefabricated utility tunnel structure was observed at the joint in nonhomogeneous site. By contrast, in homogeneous site, it was observed in the middle of the segment. The nonhomogeneous site also significantly influenced the earth pressure responses of the utility tunnel structures and the deformation of the joints in the prefabricated utility tunnel. This study provides a reference for the seismic design of the utility tunnel systems.
{"title":"Seismic response of utility tunnel system in horizontal nonhomogeneous site considering different structural forms","authors":"Ziyuan Huang , Aiping Tang , Konghao Wang , Delong Huang , Yuanhong Wang , Xingyu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A utility tunnel is a type of long-lined underground structure that commonly crosses nonhomogeneous sites during construction. This study focuses on the seismic response of the utility tunnel system in horizontal nonhomogeneous site under transverse excitation, considering both the prefabricated utility tunnel system and the cast-in-place utility tunnel system. In the shaking table tests, the external structures were constructed using microconcrete, and internal pipes at different locations were considered. Numerical models were also built for the simulation. The relevant settings were consistent with the test conditions, and the results were in good agreement with the test results. Based on the numerical modeling results, the seismic response of the utility tunnel system in homogeneous site was obtained and carefully compared with that in nonhomogeneous site. The study results showed that the acceleration response of the prefabricated utility tunnel was generally more significant than that of the cast-in-place utility tunnel system and that there was variation in the longitudinal direction in the acceleration of the utility tunnel system in nonhomogeneous site. The maximum strain of the prefabricated utility tunnel structure was observed at the joint in nonhomogeneous site. By contrast, in homogeneous site, it was observed in the middle of the segment. The nonhomogeneous site also significantly influenced the earth pressure responses of the utility tunnel structures and the deformation of the joints in the prefabricated utility tunnel. This study provides a reference for the seismic design of the utility tunnel systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109210"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109294
Shi Ming , Xu You-jun , Wang Chuang-ye , Tao Lian-jin , Wang Zhi-gang
This study investigates the liquefaction characteristics of deep soil layers and their subsequent effects on the seismic response of subway station structures, utilizing shaking table tests and inputting seismic waves of varying principal frequencies. Macroscopically, the liquefaction of deep soil strata does not result in surface manifestations such as "water spraying and sand bubbling." However, it still induces cracking and damage to the soil surrounding the structure. Analyzing from the perspective of the "pore pressure ratio" reveals that the ratio under free-field conditions is significantly lower than under structural conditions. Additionally, the "pore pressure ratio" caused by the Beijing Hotel wave is greater, followed by the Beijing artificial wave, while the Ming Shan wave results in the smallest ratio. In terms of the station structure, the structural acceleration and tensile strain increment induced by the Beijing Hotel wave are the most significant, followed by the Beijing artificial wave, with the least effect from the Ming Shan wave. This indicates that the liquefaction behavior of deep soil layers is primarily influenced by the overlying load and the frequency characteristics of seismic waves. The construction of subway stations reduces the overlying loads on soil layers, increasing the likelihood of soil layer liquefaction. Meanwhile, a lower main frequency of the seismic wave results in a higher degree of liquefaction in the deep soil layers. The seismic response of the station structure is contingent on the frequency characteristics of the seismic wave. The lower the primary frequency of the seismic wave, the higher the seismic response of the station structure. Furthermore, the liquefaction behavior of the deep soil layers also impacts the seismic response of the station structure, particularly the tensile strain response of the top and bottom slabs of the station structure.
{"title":"Shaking table tests on the seismic response of station structures in deep soil layers under different seismic wave actions","authors":"Shi Ming , Xu You-jun , Wang Chuang-ye , Tao Lian-jin , Wang Zhi-gang","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the liquefaction characteristics of deep soil layers and their subsequent effects on the seismic response of subway station structures, utilizing shaking table tests and inputting seismic waves of varying principal frequencies. Macroscopically, the liquefaction of deep soil strata does not result in surface manifestations such as \"water spraying and sand bubbling.\" However, it still induces cracking and damage to the soil surrounding the structure. Analyzing from the perspective of the \"pore pressure ratio\" reveals that the ratio under free-field conditions is significantly lower than under structural conditions. Additionally, the \"pore pressure ratio\" caused by the Beijing Hotel wave is greater, followed by the Beijing artificial wave, while the Ming Shan wave results in the smallest ratio. In terms of the station structure, the structural acceleration and tensile strain increment induced by the Beijing Hotel wave are the most significant, followed by the Beijing artificial wave, with the least effect from the Ming Shan wave. This indicates that the liquefaction behavior of deep soil layers is primarily influenced by the overlying load and the frequency characteristics of seismic waves. The construction of subway stations reduces the overlying loads on soil layers, increasing the likelihood of soil layer liquefaction. Meanwhile, a lower main frequency of the seismic wave results in a higher degree of liquefaction in the deep soil layers. The seismic response of the station structure is contingent on the frequency characteristics of the seismic wave. The lower the primary frequency of the seismic wave, the higher the seismic response of the station structure. Furthermore, the liquefaction behavior of the deep soil layers also impacts the seismic response of the station structure, particularly the tensile strain response of the top and bottom slabs of the station structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109294"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109284
Sayan Mukherjee , Mrinal Bhaumik , Tarun Naskar
High-resolution dispersive energy imaging is crucial in the multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) for accurately predicting the near-surface shear wave velocity profile. Existing wavefield transformation methods such as time intercept-phase slowness (τ-p) transform, frequency-wavenumber (f-k) transform, phase-shift method, and the high-resolution linear Radon transform (HRLRT) often face challenges in low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) environments. This study proposes a modified S-transform-based high-resolution wavefield transformation method to unambiguously image the surface wave's dispersion spectrum, even for low SNR. Following the time-frequency analysis of the raw shot-gather, the method splits the pseudo-seismogram for individual frequency. After that, slant slices along different surface wave group velocities are obtained and processed using the HRLRT. Finally, the transformed spectrum for all available group velocities is converted to the dispersion spectrum in the frequency-phase velocity - domain. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated using two synthetic datasets and three field records. Dispersion spectra produced by the proposed method are compared with those obtained with the Slant - (SFK) transform and HRLRT. The results demonstrate that the proposed method performs better than the existing high-resolution dispersion imaging methods, especially in low SNR scenarios. It effectively processes noiseless and noisy records, producing accurate, high-resolution, mode-separated dispersion spectra even under challenging conditions.
{"title":"Modified S-transform based high-resolution dispersion imaging method for multi-channel surface wave data","authors":"Sayan Mukherjee , Mrinal Bhaumik , Tarun Naskar","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-resolution dispersive energy imaging is crucial in the multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) for accurately predicting the near-surface shear wave velocity profile. Existing wavefield transformation methods such as time intercept-phase slowness (<em>τ-p</em>) transform, frequency-wavenumber (<em>f-k</em>) transform, phase-shift method, and the high-resolution linear Radon transform (HRLRT) often face challenges in low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) environments. This study proposes a modified S-transform-based high-resolution wavefield transformation method to unambiguously image the surface wave's dispersion spectrum, even for low SNR. Following the time-frequency analysis of the raw shot-gather, the method splits the pseudo-seismogram for individual frequency. After that, slant slices along different surface wave group velocities are obtained and processed using the HRLRT. Finally, the transformed spectrum for all available group velocities is converted to the dispersion spectrum in the frequency-phase velocity <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow></math></span>-<span><math><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> domain. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated using two synthetic datasets and three field records. Dispersion spectra produced by the proposed method are compared with those obtained with the Slant <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow></math></span>-<span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi></mrow></math></span> (SFK) transform and HRLRT. The results demonstrate that the proposed method performs better than the existing high-resolution dispersion imaging methods, especially in low SNR scenarios. It effectively processes noiseless and noisy records, producing accurate, high-resolution, mode-separated dispersion spectra even under challenging conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109284"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109300
Nurhan Ecemis , Cemalettin Donmez , Mustafa Karaman , Hadi Valizadeh , Korhan Deniz Dalgic
Two earthquakes, Mw = 7.8 Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcık, and Mw = 7.6 Elbistan, occurred on February 6, 2023, approximately 9 h apart. These earthquakes caused devastating effects in a total of 11 nearby cities on the east side of Türkiye (Adana, Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Gaziantep, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis, Malatya, Osmaniye, and Şanlıurfa) and the north side of Syria. These earthquakes provided an outstanding prospect to observe the effects of liquefaction in silty sand and liquefaction-like behavior in clays (cyclic softening) on the stability of structures. This paper specifically presents the post-earthquake reconnaissance at three sites and evaluations of four buildings within these sites in Adiyaman Province, Gölbaşı District. First, important role of post-earthquake piezocone penetration test (CPTu) in characterizing the subsurface conditions was presented. Then, the effect of soil liquefaction and cyclic softening on the performance of four buildings during the earthquakes was evaluated. These structures represent the typical new reinforced concrete buildings in Türkiye with 3 to 6-story, situated on shallow (raft) foundations, and demonstrated diverse structural performances from full resilience to moderate and extensive damage during the aforementioned earthquakes. Based on the interim findings from these sites, the potential factors that caused moderate to severe damage to buildings were inspected, and preliminary-immediate insights were presented on the relationship between structural design, soil properties, and the performance of buildings with shallow foundations.
{"title":"Assessment of seismic liquefaction and structural instability in Adıyaman-Gölbaşı after the February 6, 2023, earthquakes in Türki̇ye","authors":"Nurhan Ecemis , Cemalettin Donmez , Mustafa Karaman , Hadi Valizadeh , Korhan Deniz Dalgic","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two earthquakes, M<sub>w</sub> = 7.8 Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcık, and M<sub>w</sub> = 7.6 Elbistan, occurred on February 6, 2023, approximately 9 h apart. These earthquakes caused devastating effects in a total of 11 nearby cities on the east side of Türkiye (Adana, Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Gaziantep, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis, Malatya, Osmaniye, and Şanlıurfa) and the north side of Syria. These earthquakes provided an outstanding prospect to observe the effects of liquefaction in silty sand and liquefaction-like behavior in clays (cyclic softening) on the stability of structures. This paper specifically presents the post-earthquake reconnaissance at three sites and evaluations of four buildings within these sites in Adiyaman Province, Gölbaşı District. First, important role of post-earthquake piezocone penetration test (CPTu) in characterizing the subsurface conditions was presented. Then, the effect of soil liquefaction and cyclic softening on the performance of four buildings during the earthquakes was evaluated. These structures represent the typical new reinforced concrete buildings in Türkiye with 3 to 6-story, situated on shallow (raft) foundations, and demonstrated diverse structural performances from full resilience to moderate and extensive damage during the aforementioned earthquakes. Based on the interim findings from these sites, the potential factors that caused moderate to severe damage to buildings were inspected, and preliminary-immediate insights were presented on the relationship between structural design, soil properties, and the performance of buildings with shallow foundations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-08DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109257
Amir Sadeghi-Bagherabadi, Gregor Hillers
We analyze the rotational motions of 484 earthquakes in the 0.7 to 1.8 range that were induced by the 2018 geothermal stimulation in the Helsinki, Finland, metropolitan area, located in the cratonic Fennoscandian Shield environment. The rotational motions of and waves in the 2 Hz–15 Hz frequency band are calculated from translational geophone array seismograms recorded in a 1.4 km–4.9 km epicentral distance range. We observe maximum peak rocking rates of mrad/s for the wave and mrad/s for the wave. We show that the ratio of the computed peak rocking rates to the observed peak vertical acceleration yields a good approximation of the local apparent wave velocity. For this, the rotational motions are obtained in the local coordinate system that minimizes rotation about the radial axis. This analysis indicates variations in the back-azimuth from the great-circle direction which are associated with structural subsurface heterogeneities. Our comparison with results from synthetic waveforms and results from a delay-and-sum plane wave beamforming analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of the employed seismogeodetic method to compute rotational ground motion from geophone arrays, and the effectiveness of the scaling analysis for local wave velocity estimates. The obtained average magnitude dependent rocking rate relationships for and waves are important reference observations for building predictive models for rocking motions in a hard rock environment. The obtained empirical translational-to-rocking scaling relation for the wave can contribute to the development of full-waveform scaling relations.
{"title":"Scaling P and S wave translational to array-derived rocking motions: An empirical estimation of local wave propagation direction and velocity in rock site conditions","authors":"Amir Sadeghi-Bagherabadi, Gregor Hillers","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We analyze the rotational motions of 484 earthquakes in the <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>L</mtext></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo></mrow></math></span>0.7 to <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>L</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>1.8 range that were induced by the 2018 geothermal stimulation in the Helsinki, Finland, metropolitan area, located in the cratonic Fennoscandian Shield environment. The rotational motions of <span><math><mi>P</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> waves in the 2<!--> <!-->Hz–15<!--> <!-->Hz frequency band are calculated from translational geophone array seismograms recorded in a 1.4<!--> <!-->km–4.9<!--> <!-->km epicentral distance range. We observe maximum peak rocking rates of <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> mrad/s for the <span><math><mi>P</mi></math></span> wave and <span><math><mrow><mn>6</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> mrad/s for the <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> wave. We show that the ratio of the computed peak rocking rates to the observed peak vertical acceleration yields a good approximation of the local apparent wave velocity. For this, the rotational motions are obtained in the local coordinate system that minimizes rotation about the radial axis. This analysis indicates variations in the back-azimuth from the great-circle direction which are associated with structural subsurface heterogeneities. Our comparison with results from synthetic waveforms and results from a delay-and-sum plane wave beamforming analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of the employed seismogeodetic method to compute rotational ground motion from geophone arrays, and the effectiveness of the scaling analysis for local wave velocity estimates. The obtained average magnitude dependent rocking rate relationships for <span><math><mi>P</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> waves are important reference observations for building predictive models for rocking motions in a hard rock environment. The obtained empirical translational-to-rocking scaling relation for the <span><math><mi>P</mi></math></span> wave can contribute to the development of full-waveform scaling relations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 109257"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143350694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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