Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2026.107061
Kuan Qin , Ding Zhang , Biao Ma , Weidong Gao , Chengmao Cao , Xu Zhu , Junjie Lu , Wei Wang , Jun Ge , Qichun Feng , Huaizhi Liu , Siliang Liu , Yan Sun , Liangfei Fang
Soil-engaging components in the lime concretion black soil farming in the Huang Huai Hai region of China often face significant challenges due to strong resistance caused by soil adhesion. Soil adhesion to tillage tools under high moisture conditions presents a major challenge for vibration-based drag reduction methods. Conversely, surface-modified hydrophobic tillage tools exhibit relatively limited drag reduction efficiency in low-moisture soils. Herein, a hydrophobic high-frequency vibration drag reduction strategy was proposed. By combining a thin-layer hydrophobic rubbery coating with high-frequency vibration, this approach reduced the interfacial interaction between moist soil and the modified soil-engaging components, as well as the internal friction among soil particles. Specifically, a robust cross-linked physical network was formed by the rigid styrene segments and alloys, and the thin-layer (0.2 millimeter) coated rubbery styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS) was adhered firmly to soil-engaging components, achieving an adhesion energy of 37.21 J/m2. With the integration of high-frequency vibration, the hydrophobic soil-engaging components demonstrated a low adhesion amount of 0.27 g/cm2 and a drag reduction rate of 32.16 % in the soil at 21 % moisture content. All in all, this work provides significant theoretical and technical support for efficient adhesion reduction and drag reduction of agricultural machinery soil-engaging components in the Huang Huai Hai region.
{"title":"Hydrophobic high-frequency vibration collaborative strategy for reducing resistance and soil adhesion of tillage tools in lime concretion black soil","authors":"Kuan Qin , Ding Zhang , Biao Ma , Weidong Gao , Chengmao Cao , Xu Zhu , Junjie Lu , Wei Wang , Jun Ge , Qichun Feng , Huaizhi Liu , Siliang Liu , Yan Sun , Liangfei Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil-engaging components in the lime concretion black soil farming in the Huang Huai Hai region of China often face significant challenges due to strong resistance caused by soil adhesion. Soil adhesion to tillage tools under high moisture conditions presents a major challenge for vibration-based drag reduction methods. Conversely, surface-modified hydrophobic tillage tools exhibit relatively limited drag reduction efficiency in low-moisture soils. Herein, a hydrophobic high-frequency vibration drag reduction strategy was proposed. By combining a thin-layer hydrophobic rubbery coating with high-frequency vibration, this approach reduced the interfacial interaction between moist soil and the modified soil-engaging components, as well as the internal friction among soil particles. Specifically, a robust cross-linked physical network was formed by the rigid styrene segments and alloys, and the thin-layer (0.2 millimeter) coated rubbery styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS) was adhered firmly to soil-engaging components, achieving an adhesion energy of 37.21 J/m<sup>2</sup>. With the integration of high-frequency vibration, the hydrophobic soil-engaging components demonstrated a low adhesion amount of 0.27 g/cm<sup>2</sup> and a drag reduction rate of 32.16 % in the soil at 21 % moisture content. All in all, this work provides significant theoretical and technical support for efficient adhesion reduction and drag reduction of agricultural machinery soil-engaging components in the Huang Huai Hai region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 107061"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2025-12-27DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2025.107036
Cristiano Andre Pott , Leandro Taubinger , Vitor Hugo Outeiro , Leandro Rampim , Miguel David Fuentes-Guevara , Aline Marques Genú , Marcelo Marques Lopes Müller
Understanding the spatial variability of crop yields in no-tillage systems under precision agriculture is crucial for improving production efficiency. Yield maps may serve as effective tools for defining management zones and guiding soil sampling to identify factors that limit crop yield. This study aimed to determine yield classes using yield maps and assess how soil physical and chemical properties influence the yields of maize and common bean in farm field conditions, and identify the critical soil compaction limits in no-tillage system. The research was conducted in a commercial farm with spatial variability in crop yields, measured by monitoring onboard harvesters during the maize and common bean harvests. Soil samples were collected from four productivity classes (high, medium-high, medium-low, and low), as defined by the yield maps. Soil compaction degree was calculated as the ratio between soil bulk density and maximum bulk density obtained from the Proctor test. Results showed that high productivity zones had higher total porosity, lower bulk density, reduced soil compaction degree, higher soil organic matter and higher cation exchange capacity. Soil compaction was the main limiting factor, with critical limit more pronounced in shallower layers. The critical limiting of soil compaction degree in the 0.00–0.40 m profile was 85 % in farm field conditions. Soil compaction is a key limiting factor for productivity in clayey soils. Yield maps, along with soil chemical and physical properties analysis, are valuable tools for identifying limiting factors and improving agricultural management.
{"title":"Soil compaction limits maize and bean yields in precision agriculture zones under no-tillage system","authors":"Cristiano Andre Pott , Leandro Taubinger , Vitor Hugo Outeiro , Leandro Rampim , Miguel David Fuentes-Guevara , Aline Marques Genú , Marcelo Marques Lopes Müller","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.107036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.107036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the spatial variability of crop yields in no-tillage systems under precision agriculture is crucial for improving production efficiency. Yield maps may serve as effective tools for defining management zones and guiding soil sampling to identify factors that limit crop yield. This study aimed to determine yield classes using yield maps and assess how soil physical and chemical properties influence the yields of maize and common bean in farm field conditions, and identify the critical soil compaction limits in no-tillage system. The research was conducted in a commercial farm with spatial variability in crop yields, measured by monitoring onboard harvesters during the maize and common bean harvests. Soil samples were collected from four productivity classes (high, medium-high, medium-low, and low), as defined by the yield maps. Soil compaction degree was calculated as the ratio between soil bulk density and maximum bulk density obtained from the Proctor test. Results showed that high productivity zones had higher total porosity, lower bulk density, reduced soil compaction degree, higher soil organic matter and higher cation exchange capacity. Soil compaction was the main limiting factor, with critical limit more pronounced in shallower layers. The critical limiting of soil compaction degree in the 0.00–0.40 m profile was 85 % in farm field conditions. Soil compaction is a key limiting factor for productivity in clayey soils. Yield maps, along with soil chemical and physical properties analysis, are valuable tools for identifying limiting factors and improving agricultural management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 107036"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2025.106980
Kirill D. Tolstygin , Dmitry A. Kulygin , Konstantin A. Romanenko , Marina V. Karsanina , Aleksey M. Cherkasov , Aleksey Khlyupin , Kirill M. Gerke
Freezing–thawing cycles significantly affect the dynamics of soil pore space structure, both directly and through indirect processes. Previous studies have reported varying observations and interpretations regarding the qualitative and quantitative changes in soil structure induced by these cycles. In this study, we conducted freeze–thaw experiments on three different disturbed soil samples. The samples were imaged with an X-ray scanner in their original state and after 1, 5, 10, and 20 freeze–thaw cycles. To process the obtained data, we employed two novel but essential methods: (1) a custom-built image registration technique to establish identical 3D regions of interest within the scans, and (2) a set of soil structural descriptors with high information content, incorporating both morphological and topological information — correlation functions, pore-network statistics, Euler numbers, and connectivity. Registration and careful consideration of individual grains within the soil structure enabled robust segmentation of grayscale images into solids and pores. Unlike most previous studies, we did not observe a steady or nearly monotonic change in structural metrics. Instead, we detected a type of chaotic behavior of these metrics between the freeze–thaw cycles. Using vector descriptors, we demonstrated that the experimental data can be interpreted as hypothetical oscillatory changes within soil structure. This finding leads us to hypothesize that disturbed soils — and possibly natural soils after multiple cycles — undergo periodic structural dynamics. The novel idea behind this hypothesis is simple: as at some point the same temperature impact will not produce the same effect, the structure disturbance will stagnate. From the original state, soils exhibited the strongest structural degradation due to freeze–thaw cycles, whereas in subsequent cycles the dynamics involved both dispersing and aggregating processes, as observed in the X-ray tomography images. We conclude by discussing the necessary future research to confirm or refute this hypothesis and emphasize why soil structure in such experiments should be described using a novel class of vector metrics with high information content, which also subsume most classical soil structural metrics.
{"title":"Soil structural transformation under multiple freeze–thaw cycles with comprehensive morphological and topological analysis: The hypothesis of periodicity","authors":"Kirill D. Tolstygin , Dmitry A. Kulygin , Konstantin A. Romanenko , Marina V. Karsanina , Aleksey M. Cherkasov , Aleksey Khlyupin , Kirill M. Gerke","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freezing–thawing cycles significantly affect the dynamics of soil pore space structure, both directly and through indirect processes. Previous studies have reported varying observations and interpretations regarding the qualitative and quantitative changes in soil structure induced by these cycles. In this study, we conducted freeze–thaw experiments on three different disturbed soil samples. The samples were imaged with an X-ray scanner in their original state and after 1, 5, 10, and 20 freeze–thaw cycles. To process the obtained data, we employed two novel but essential methods: (1) a custom-built image registration technique to establish identical 3D regions of interest within the scans, and (2) a set of soil structural descriptors with high information content, incorporating both morphological and topological information — correlation functions, pore-network statistics, Euler numbers, and connectivity. Registration and careful consideration of individual grains within the soil structure enabled robust segmentation of grayscale images into solids and pores. Unlike most previous studies, we did not observe a steady or nearly monotonic change in structural metrics. Instead, we detected a type of chaotic behavior of these metrics between the freeze–thaw cycles. Using vector descriptors, we demonstrated that the experimental data can be interpreted as hypothetical oscillatory changes within soil structure. This finding leads us to hypothesize that disturbed soils — and possibly natural soils after multiple cycles — undergo periodic structural dynamics. The novel idea behind this hypothesis is simple: as at some point the same temperature impact will not produce the same effect, the structure disturbance will stagnate. From the original state, soils exhibited the strongest structural degradation due to freeze–thaw cycles, whereas in subsequent cycles the dynamics involved both dispersing and aggregating processes, as observed in the X-ray tomography images. We conclude by discussing the necessary future research to confirm or refute this hypothesis and emphasize why soil structure in such experiments should be described using a novel class of vector metrics with high information content, which also subsume most classical soil structural metrics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 106980"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145685906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2025.107001
Xinliang Wu , Chenyu Wang , Zichun Lu , Hassan Ali
Aggregate stability is crucial for soil processes and functions, and it is influenced by a wide range of intrinsic soil properties, which can be categorized into two groups: solid agents and pores. Due to the complexity of soil system, the relative importance of these two phases as well as their interactions in aggregate stability remains insufficiently understood, especially across different soil types. This study compiled data on aggregate water and mechanical stability, pore structure characteristics measured by X-ray micro-computed tomography and mercury intrusion porosimetry, and aggregating agents (including clay mineralogy, metal oxides, exchangeable cations, and organic matter) from a series of soil types. Redundancy analysis, variance partitioning analysis, and pathway analysis were applied to evaluate the contributions of pore structure and solid agents to both aggregate water and mechanical stability. Among the pore and agent parameters, fraction of regular pores and vermiculite separately possessed the largest explanatory power in aggregate water stability (R2=56.3 % and 48.0 %, p < 0.01), so did for textural porosity and exchangeable magnesium in aggregate mechanical stability (R2=40.2 % and 38.7 %, p < 0.01). These results suggested the stronger effects of pore structure than agents on aggregate stability. Variance partitioning analysis and pathway analysis results further revealed that clay minerals, exchangeable cations and organic matter regulated aggregate water and mechanical stability through distinct mechanisms, primarily via pore structure. Water stability relied largely on the morphology of structural pores, and mechanical stability relied on the volume of textural pores and the size of macropores. These findings facilitate an in-depth understanding of the different mechanisms of aggregate water and mechanical stability from the perspectives of pores and solid agents.
{"title":"Contributions of solid agents and pore structure to aggregate water and mechanical stability across a wide range of soil types","authors":"Xinliang Wu , Chenyu Wang , Zichun Lu , Hassan Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.107001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.107001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aggregate stability is crucial for soil processes and functions, and it is influenced by a wide range of intrinsic soil properties, which can be categorized into two groups: solid agents and pores. Due to the complexity of soil system, the relative importance of these two phases as well as their interactions in aggregate stability remains insufficiently understood, especially across different soil types. This study compiled data on aggregate water and mechanical stability, pore structure characteristics measured by X-ray micro-computed tomography and mercury intrusion porosimetry, and aggregating agents (including clay mineralogy, metal oxides, exchangeable cations, and organic matter) from a series of soil types. Redundancy analysis, variance partitioning analysis, and pathway analysis were applied to evaluate the contributions of pore structure and solid agents to both aggregate water and mechanical stability. Among the pore and agent parameters, fraction of regular pores and vermiculite separately possessed the largest explanatory power in aggregate water stability (R<sup>2</sup>=56.3 % and 48.0 %, p < 0.01), so did for textural porosity and exchangeable magnesium in aggregate mechanical stability (R<sup>2</sup>=40.2 % and 38.7 %, p < 0.01). These results suggested the stronger effects of pore structure than agents on aggregate stability. Variance partitioning analysis and pathway analysis results further revealed that clay minerals, exchangeable cations and organic matter regulated aggregate water and mechanical stability through distinct mechanisms, primarily via pore structure. Water stability relied largely on the morphology of structural pores, and mechanical stability relied on the volume of textural pores and the size of macropores. These findings facilitate an in-depth understanding of the different mechanisms of aggregate water and mechanical stability from the perspectives of pores and solid agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 107001"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145685909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accurate assessment of plant-available potassium (K) in soils is crucial for optimizing crop nutrition and enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer use. This study systematically benchmarked ten widely used soil K extractants, Calcium Chloride (CaCl2), Ammonium Acetate (NH4OAc), Ammonium Bicarbonate-Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid (AB-DTPA), Morgan's extractant (Morgan), Calcium acetate lactate extractant (Ca-AL), Kelowna extractant (Kelowna), Olsen extractant (Olsen), Modified Kelowna extractant (Kelowna-2), Nitric Acid (HNO₃), and Sodium Tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) to identify the most effective method for quantifying available K and defining critical thresholds for wheat production in Inceptisols. Pot trials were conducted on soils from twenty Inceptisol series in the Gangetic alluvial plains of Eastern India using five K fertilizer rates that simulates the wide K variability in real field situations. Among the tested methods, NaTPB emerged as the most reliable extractant, showing the strongest correlation (R2 = 0.83, P < 0.05) with Bray’s percent yield (BPY) and a critical K threshold of 1110.3 kg ha−1. CaCl2 also demonstrated high accuracy (R² = 0.82). Multivariate analysis revealed that NaTPB-extractable K was significantly influenced by soil clay content and electrical conductivity, which together explained 76.9 % of its variability. Furthermore, NaTPB effectively captured K from multiple pools, including water-soluble, exchangeable, and non-exchangeable pools, providing a more comprehensive index of plant-available K. A critical K concentration of 0.35 % in wheat grain was identified as the threshold for optimal yield, offering a practical benchmark for site-specific K management. By integrating chemical extraction, crop response modeling, and soil property analysis, this research presents a novel and scientifically robust framework for assessing K fertility. With the successful implementation in Eastern India, the findings have benchmarked broader applicability to Inceptisols in other agroecological regions, providing a scalable diagnostic approach for sustainable nutrient management. This study makes a significant contribution to precision agriculture and global efforts to optimize fertilizer recommendations through the development of improved soil testing methodologies.
准确评估土壤植物速效钾对优化作物营养和提高肥料利用效率至关重要。本研究系统地对十种广泛使用的土壤K萃取剂：氯化钙（CaCl2）、乙酸铵（NH4OAc）、碳酸氢铵-二乙烯三胺五乙酸（AB-DTPA）、摩根萃取剂（Morgan）、醋酸钙乳酸萃取剂（Ca-AL）、基洛纳萃取剂（Kelowna）、奥尔森萃取剂（Olsen）、改性基洛纳萃取剂（Kelowna-2）、硝酸（HNO₃）、和四苯基硼酸钠（NaTPB），以确定最有效的方法来量化有效钾和确定Inceptisols小麦生产的临界阈值。在印度东部恒河冲积平原的20个Inceptisol系列土壤上进行了盆栽试验，使用了5种钾肥率，模拟了实际现场情况下钾的广泛变化。在试验方法中，NaTPB是最可靠的萃取剂，与Bray产率（BPY）的相关性最强（R2 = 0.83, P <； 0.05），临界K阈值为1110.3 kg ha−1。CaCl2也显示出较高的准确性（R²= 0.82）。多变量分析表明，土壤粘土含量和电导率对natpb可提取钾的影响显著，两者共同解释了其变异率的76.9% %。此外，NaTPB有效地捕获了包括水溶性、交换性和非交换性在内的多个钾库，提供了更全面的植物速效钾指数。小麦籽粒中钾的临界浓度为0.35 %，是最佳产量的阈值，为特定地点的钾管理提供了实用基准。通过综合化学提取、作物响应模型和土壤性质分析，本研究提出了一个新的、科学可靠的评估钾肥力的框架。随着在印度东部的成功实施，研究结果为Inceptisols在其他农业生态区域的广泛适用性提供了基准，为可持续营养管理提供了可扩展的诊断方法。本研究通过改进土壤测试方法的发展，为精准农业和优化肥料建议的全球努力做出了重大贡献。
{"title":"Benchmarking soil potassium extraction methods and establishing critical thresholds for wheat production in Inceptisols","authors":"Shubhadip Dasgupta , Rajat Pandit , Sudip Sengupta , Arup Dey , Kallol Bhattacharyya , Sanjay Srivastava , Owais Bashir , Kiran Lata , Somsubhra Chakraborty , Nicola Senesi , Abdessalam Ouallali , Mohamed Beroho , Shuraik Kader","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.107017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.107017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate assessment of plant-available potassium (K) in soils is crucial for optimizing crop nutrition and enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer use. This study systematically benchmarked ten widely used soil K extractants, Calcium Chloride (CaCl<sub>2</sub>), Ammonium Acetate (NH<sub>4</sub>OAc), Ammonium Bicarbonate-Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid (AB-DTPA), Morgan's extractant (Morgan), Calcium acetate lactate extractant (Ca-AL), Kelowna extractant (Kelowna), Olsen extractant (Olsen), Modified Kelowna extractant (Kelowna-2), Nitric Acid (HNO₃), and Sodium Tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) to identify the most effective method for quantifying available K and defining critical thresholds for wheat production in Inceptisols. Pot trials were conducted on soils from twenty Inceptisol series in the Gangetic alluvial plains of Eastern India using five K fertilizer rates that simulates the wide K variability in real field situations. Among the tested methods, NaTPB emerged as the most reliable extractant, showing the strongest correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.83, P < 0.05) with Bray’s percent yield (BPY) and a critical K threshold of 1110.3 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>. CaCl<sub>2</sub> also demonstrated high accuracy (R² = 0.82). Multivariate analysis revealed that NaTPB-extractable K was significantly influenced by soil clay content and electrical conductivity, which together explained 76.9 % of its variability. Furthermore, NaTPB effectively captured K from multiple pools, including water-soluble, exchangeable, and non-exchangeable pools, providing a more comprehensive index of plant-available K. A critical K concentration of 0.35 % in wheat grain was identified as the threshold for optimal yield, offering a practical benchmark for site-specific K management. By integrating chemical extraction, crop response modeling, and soil property analysis, this research presents a novel and scientifically robust framework for assessing K fertility. With the successful implementation in Eastern India, the findings have benchmarked broader applicability to Inceptisols in other agroecological regions, providing a scalable diagnostic approach for sustainable nutrient management. This study makes a significant contribution to precision agriculture and global efforts to optimize fertilizer recommendations through the development of improved soil testing methodologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 107017"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2025.106953
Yu Sun , Qingsong Zhang , Qingxi Liao , Jiashun Cai , Huan Yan
Soil penetration resistance critically constrains early root elongation, limiting water and nutrient acquisition and ultimately crop performance. Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations can deepen our understanding of soil–tool and seedling emergence mechanics; however, precise quantification of the dynamic penetration resistance experienced by growing rapeseed embryo roots remains scarce. Here, we used DEM to examine how soil compaction affects penetration resistance of rapeseed embryo root. We integrated probe-penetration tests with image-based root morphology to build a 3D DEM model that simulates dynamic root growth. After high-accuracy calibration (R² > 0.95), soil bonding parameters (kₙ = 1.4 ×10⁶–8.0 ×10⁸ N·m⁻³) reproduced bulk densities spanning 737.57–1063.41 kg·m⁻³ . Results show that a 44.2 % increase in bulk density raises penetration resistance by 443 % (2.15–11.68 N) and markedly suppresses root growth rate (56.1 % reduction), cumulative length (62.5 % shorter), and diameter (53.6 % thinner). We identify a “tip-breakthrough” mechanism: the root-cap zone (8 % of total length) contributes 28.7–41.2 % of total resistance and governs soil penetration. Dynamic simulations reveal force-chain transmission and bond-failure patterns; under high compaction, bond-failure onset is delayed (displacement 0–1.7 mm) and the number of broken bonds decreases (29.7 % fewer). A predictive model indicates that under extreme compaction (L4 = 1127.50 kg·m⁻³), roots face up to 15.92 N of resistance, total length shortens to < 20 mm, and growth rate drops to < 0.3 mm·h⁻¹ . This DEM-based quantitative framework captures root–soil mechanical interactions and provides a basis for optimizing tillage to mitigate compaction-induced yield loss.
{"title":"Analysis of rapeseed embryo root penetration resistance under different soil compaction levels based on the discrete element method","authors":"Yu Sun , Qingsong Zhang , Qingxi Liao , Jiashun Cai , Huan Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil penetration resistance critically constrains early root elongation, limiting water and nutrient acquisition and ultimately crop performance. Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations can deepen our understanding of soil–tool and seedling emergence mechanics; however, precise quantification of the dynamic penetration resistance experienced by growing rapeseed embryo roots remains scarce. Here, we used DEM to examine how soil compaction affects penetration resistance of rapeseed embryo root. We integrated probe-penetration tests with image-based root morphology to build a 3D DEM model that simulates dynamic root growth. After high-accuracy calibration (R² > 0.95), soil bonding parameters (kₙ = 1.4 ×10⁶–8.0 ×10⁸ N·m⁻³) reproduced bulk densities spanning 737.57–1063.41 kg·m⁻³ . Results show that a 44.2 % increase in bulk density raises penetration resistance by 443 % (2.15–11.68 N) and markedly suppresses root growth rate (56.1 % reduction), cumulative length (62.5 % shorter), and diameter (53.6 % thinner). We identify a “tip-breakthrough” mechanism: the root-cap zone (8 % of total length) contributes 28.7–41.2 % of total resistance and governs soil penetration. Dynamic simulations reveal force-chain transmission and bond-failure patterns; under high compaction, bond-failure onset is delayed (displacement 0–1.7 mm) and the number of broken bonds decreases (29.7 % fewer). A predictive model indicates that under extreme compaction (L4 = 1127.50 kg·m⁻³), roots face up to 15.92 N of resistance, total length shortens to < 20 mm, and growth rate drops to < 0.3 mm·h⁻¹ . This DEM-based quantitative framework captures root–soil mechanical interactions and provides a basis for optimizing tillage to mitigate compaction-induced yield loss.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 106953"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145685324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2025.107038
Yufei Li , Kaiping Zhang , Wucheng Zhao , Yuling Li , Ningning Zhang , Pingxing Wan , Zhongke Zhou , Jianjun Yang , Hongyuan Kan , Feng Zhang
Soil freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) during the non-growing season influence soil respiration (Rs), yet the effect of widely used plastic film mulch (PFM) on FTCs remains unclear. Based on four years of high-frequency observations in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, we found that PFM shortened the freeze-thaw transition (F-T) period by 59 days per year and extended the freezing period by 42 days per year through reducing the daily soil temperature (ST) range by 2.5 °C during the non-growing season. Although microbial biomass carbon (MBC) decreased during the F-T period compared to the freeze period, increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the activities of β-glucosidase (BG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH) contributed to higher Rs under both treatments. PFM did not significantly influence Rs (relative to the control) within either period. PFM increased cumulative CO2 emissions by 24 g C m−2 due to the extended freezing period, while reducing emissions by 47 g C m−2 owing to the shortened F-T period. PFM increased Rs by 24 % during the thaw period, causing only an 8 g C m−2 rise. Overall, PFM reduced cumulative CO₂ emissions by 16 %. To investigate the regional effect of PFM on FTCs, we used a process-based model with good performance to simulate the spatiotemporal patterns of FTCs in PFM-applied cropland across northern China. Simulations showed that PFM shorten annual F-T periods by approximately 15 days, especially between 35°N and 45°N. Of the un-mulched cropland in northern China, 7 % showed an increasing F-T duration from 1990 to 2019, a figure which potentially increased to 11 % under PFM, mainly located in Northeast China. During the same period, 16 % of the un-mulched cropland showed a decreasing F-T events, which increase to 19 % under PFM, primarily in the central part of northern China. These results suggest that PFM effectively reduces F-T duration and may mitigate non-growing season Rs.
非生长季节土壤冻融循环影响土壤呼吸，但地膜覆盖对土壤冻融循环的影响尚不清楚。基于4年黄土高原半干旱地区的高频观测，研究发现，在非生长期，PFM使土壤日温度（ST）变化幅度降低2.5℃，使冻融过渡期（F-T）每年缩短59天，冻结期每年延长42天。与冻结期相比，F-T处理期间微生物生物量碳（MBC）减少，但溶解有机碳（DOC）和β-葡萄糖苷酶（BG）、纤维素生物水解酶（CBH）活性的增加均导致Rs升高。在两个时间段内，PFM均未显著影响Rs（相对于对照组）。由于冻结期延长，PFM使累积CO2排放量增加了24 g C m−2，而由于缩短了F-T期，减少了47 g C m−2。在解冻期间，PFM增加了24 %的Rs，仅引起8 g cm−2的上升。总体而言，PFM减少了累积二氧化碳排放量的16% %。为了研究土壤施肥对土壤覆盖度的区域效应，我们采用一个基于过程的模型对中国北方施用土壤覆盖度的时空格局进行了模拟。模拟结果表明，PFM使年F-T周期缩短了约15天，特别是在35°N和45°N之间。1990 - 2019年，中国北方未覆盖的农田中，有7% %的土壤土壤温度持续时间增加，而在土壤保护措施下，这一数字有可能增加到11. %，主要分布在东北地区。同期，16 %的未覆盖农田的F-T事件呈下降趋势，在土壤保护措施下上升至19 %，主要集中在华北中部地区。这些结果表明，PFM可以有效地缩短F-T持续时间，并可能减轻非生长期Rs。
{"title":"Plastic film mulch mitigates soil respiration by reducing the duration of freeze-thaw transition","authors":"Yufei Li , Kaiping Zhang , Wucheng Zhao , Yuling Li , Ningning Zhang , Pingxing Wan , Zhongke Zhou , Jianjun Yang , Hongyuan Kan , Feng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.107038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.107038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) during the non-growing season influence soil respiration (R<sub>s</sub>), yet the effect of widely used plastic film mulch (PFM) on FTCs remains unclear. Based on four years of high-frequency observations in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, we found that PFM shortened the freeze-thaw transition (F-T) period by 59 days per year and extended the freezing period by 42 days per year through reducing the daily soil temperature (ST) range by 2.5 °C during the non-growing season. Although microbial biomass carbon (MBC) decreased during the F-T period compared to the freeze period, increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the activities of β-glucosidase (BG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH) contributed to higher R<sub>s</sub> under both treatments. PFM did not significantly influence R<sub>s</sub> (relative to the control) within either period. PFM increased cumulative CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 24 g C m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> due to the extended freezing period, while reducing emissions by 47 g C m<sup>−2</sup> owing to the shortened F-T period. PFM increased R<sub>s</sub> by 24 % during the thaw period, causing only an 8 g C m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> rise. Overall, PFM reduced cumulative CO₂ emissions by 16 %. To investigate the regional effect of PFM on FTCs, we used a process-based model with good performance to simulate the spatiotemporal patterns of FTCs in PFM-applied cropland across northern China. Simulations showed that PFM shorten annual F-T periods by approximately 15 days, especially between 35°N and 45°N. Of the un-mulched cropland in northern China, 7 % showed an increasing F-T duration from 1990 to 2019, a figure which potentially increased to 11 % under PFM, mainly located in Northeast China. During the same period, 16 % of the un-mulched cropland showed a decreasing F-T events, which increase to 19 % under PFM, primarily in the central part of northern China. These results suggest that PFM effectively reduces F-T duration and may mitigate non-growing season R<sub>s</sub>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 107038"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2025.107050
Kaili Xia , Shengyi Ouyang , Xi Mo , Yaxuan Gao , Jinlong Liu , Yingxiang Wang , Changfu Tian , Xiaolin Wang
Understanding microbial community assembly is pivotal in microbial ecology. Rhizobia, functioning as legume endosymbionts or free-living soil bacteria, sustain nitrogen fixation in crucial food and forage crops. However, in contrast to the well-studied rhizobia within root nodules, the ecological drivers governing rhizosphere rhizobial community assembly under environmental perturbations, particularly those assessed using the rpoB gene - an essential housekeeping gene valued for its ability to provide species- and strain-level phylogenetic insights remain unresolved. This study first integrated a meta-analysis of rpoB gene high-throughput sequencing data from legume rhizospheres across China, revealing soil pH and longitude as dominant biogeographical drivers. We then investigated the assembly patterns of rhizospheric rhizobial community in response to directed pH adjustment (HCl/NaOH/H₂O treatments) using soils of contrasting pH origins (Jiangxi acidic soil, Shandong neutral soil, and Xizang alkaline soil) and host plants (alfalfa, faba bean, and soybean) via controlled experiments. Phenotypic result demonstrated that pH neutralization increased nodule occupancy. High-resolution rpoB sequencing revealed that pH neutralization increased the alpha diversity of the Pan-Rhizobium community, while pH shifts in general led to simplified co-occurrence networks. Mechanistically, community assembly analysis demonstrated that pH shift promoted deterministic processes by selectively enriching pH-specialized taxa: Brarhizobium under acidity and Rhizobium/Mesorhizobium under alkalinity. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for predicting rhizobial community responses to environmental changes in legume-rhizobia symbiosis, enabling pH-targeted soil management strategies to enhance agricultural sustainability.
{"title":"Soil pH adjustment and the neutralizing effect reshape the rhizobial community in the legume rhizosphere","authors":"Kaili Xia , Shengyi Ouyang , Xi Mo , Yaxuan Gao , Jinlong Liu , Yingxiang Wang , Changfu Tian , Xiaolin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.107050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.107050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding microbial community assembly is pivotal in microbial ecology. Rhizobia, functioning as legume endosymbionts or free-living soil bacteria, sustain nitrogen fixation in crucial food and forage crops. However, in contrast to the well-studied rhizobia within root nodules, the ecological drivers governing rhizosphere rhizobial community assembly under environmental perturbations, particularly those assessed using the <em>rpoB</em> gene - an essential housekeeping gene valued for its ability to provide species- and strain-level phylogenetic insights remain unresolved. This study first integrated a meta-analysis of <em>rpoB</em> gene high-throughput sequencing data from legume rhizospheres across China, revealing soil pH and longitude as dominant biogeographical drivers. We then investigated the assembly patterns of rhizospheric rhizobial community in response to directed pH adjustment (HCl/NaOH/H₂O treatments) using soils of contrasting pH origins (Jiangxi acidic soil, Shandong neutral soil, and Xizang alkaline soil) and host plants (alfalfa, faba bean, and soybean) via controlled experiments. Phenotypic result demonstrated that pH neutralization increased nodule occupancy. High-resolution <em>rpoB</em> sequencing revealed that pH neutralization increased the alpha diversity of the Pan-<em>Rhizobium</em> community, while pH shifts in general led to simplified co-occurrence networks. Mechanistically, community assembly analysis demonstrated that pH shift promoted deterministic processes by selectively enriching pH-specialized taxa: <em>Brarhizobium</em> under acidity and <em>Rhizobium</em>/<em>Mesorhizobium</em> under alkalinity. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for predicting rhizobial community responses to environmental changes in legume-rhizobia symbiosis, enabling pH-targeted soil management strategies to enhance agricultural sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 107050"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2025.107048
Muhammad Riaz , Lei Yan , Xia Hao
Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plant physiological processes, yet excessive soil concentrations can severely impair plant health, particularly in sensitive crops such as rice. Although biochar is known to improve soil conditions and mitigate various environmental stressors, its capacity to alleviate B toxicity remains insufficiently studied. This research examined the effects of biochar application on rice seedling growth and soil microbial communities under boron toxicity (BT). The treatments were designated as CK (control), BC (biochar with normal boron), BT (B toxicity), and BC+BT (biochar with B toxicity). Boron stress significantly reduced shoot length, fresh and dry biomass, and leaf chlorophyll content. In contrast, BC+BT markedly improved these growth traits relative to BT alone. Biochar also altered the distribution of B fractions in soil by lowering easily soluble and residual B while increasing organically bound B. Changes in soil properties under BC included higher total nitrogen (TN), available potassium (AK), and soil organic matter (SOM). Furthermore, the study revealed clear differences in soil bacterial diversity, with the BC+BT treatment showing higher alpha-diversity metrics than the other treatments, while fungal diversity remained largely unchanged. Community composition analyses indicated that biochar application reshaped both bacterial and fungal community structures. These findings highlight the potential of biochar as an effective soil amendment for mitigating the adverse effects of B contamination on rice seedlings and improving overall soil health.
{"title":"Biochar application enhances tolerance to boron toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings","authors":"Muhammad Riaz , Lei Yan , Xia Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.107048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.107048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plant physiological processes, yet excessive soil concentrations can severely impair plant health, particularly in sensitive crops such as rice. Although biochar is known to improve soil conditions and mitigate various environmental stressors, its capacity to alleviate B toxicity remains insufficiently studied. This research examined the effects of biochar application on rice seedling growth and soil microbial communities under boron toxicity (BT). The treatments were designated as CK (control), BC (biochar with normal boron), BT (B toxicity), and BC+BT (biochar with B toxicity). Boron stress significantly reduced shoot length, fresh and dry biomass, and leaf chlorophyll content. In contrast, BC+BT markedly improved these growth traits relative to BT alone. Biochar also altered the distribution of B fractions in soil by lowering easily soluble and residual B while increasing organically bound B. Changes in soil properties under BC included higher total nitrogen (TN), available potassium (AK), and soil organic matter (SOM). Furthermore, the study revealed clear differences in soil bacterial diversity, with the BC+BT treatment showing higher alpha-diversity metrics than the other treatments, while fungal diversity remained largely unchanged. Community composition analyses indicated that biochar application reshaped both bacterial and fungal community structures. These findings highlight the potential of biochar as an effective soil amendment for mitigating the adverse effects of B contamination on rice seedlings and improving overall soil health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 107048"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2025.107015
Zihan Zhang, Dongqiao Yang, Mengya Lu, Bin Zhang, Xueli Ding
Replacing winter fallow with cover crops can improve soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in agroecosystems, with cover crop species potentially differing in their contributions to SOC formation and stabilization. However, how different crop species affect the accumulation of distinct SOC fractions (particulate organic C, POC; mineral-associated organic C, MAOC) and their contribution to SOC storage remain unclear, particularly in subsoils of paddy fields. Here, we investigated how POC and MAOC responded to different cover crop species (hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth., and winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L.) in both topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm, 40–60 cm) in paddy soils. Our results revealed that different cover crops induced divergent responses in SOC fractions, contingently dependent upon soil depths. Both cover crops significantly stimulated POC accumulation (winter wheat: 41.3 %; hairy vetch: 46.1 %) relative to fallow in topsoil, while cover crop effects on POC gradually diminished in subsoil. Meanwhile, cover crops significantly increased contents of dissolved organic carbon and available phosphorus, particularly in deeper subsoil, which were key factors affecting SOC accumulation. POC and MAOC accumulation along soil depths differed significantly between different cover crops, suggesting a species-specific effect. Winter wheat significantly boosted MAOC in both topsoil and deeper subsoil, while hairy vetch induced a statistically nonsignificant increase in MAOC across three depths compared to fallow. These divergent responses of SOC fractions were closely related to cover crop-induced changes of microbial community composition, necromass accumulation and enzyme activity. Random forest analysis revealed that microbial necromass was the main factor defining MAOC in topsoil, whereas the Fe oxides was the main factor influencing subsoil MAOC accumulation. Overall, winter cover increased total SOC sequestration across 0–60 cm soil depths and more importantly, potential SOC stability (MAOC:POC) was enhanced in subsoil. These findings demonstrate a depth-discrepant impact of cover crops on POC and MAOC in paddy soils. Our work highlights the need to present POC and MAOC fractions into biogeochemical models to better predict responses of SOC to cover crop management practices in rice paddy ecosystems.
{"title":"Depth-discrepant impact of winter cover crops on particulate and mineral-associated organic carbon in a subtropical paddy field","authors":"Zihan Zhang, Dongqiao Yang, Mengya Lu, Bin Zhang, Xueli Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.107015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2025.107015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Replacing winter fallow with cover crops can improve soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in agroecosystems, with cover crop species potentially differing in their contributions to SOC formation and stabilization. However, how different crop species affect the accumulation of distinct SOC fractions (particulate organic C, POC; mineral-associated organic C, MAOC) and their contribution to SOC storage remain unclear, particularly in subsoils of paddy fields. Here, we investigated how POC and MAOC responded to different cover crop species (hairy vetch, <em>Vicia villosa</em> Roth., and winter wheat, <em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) in both topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm, 40–60 cm) in paddy soils. Our results revealed that different cover crops induced divergent responses in SOC fractions, contingently dependent upon soil depths. Both cover crops significantly stimulated POC accumulation (winter wheat: 41.3 %; hairy vetch: 46.1 %) relative to fallow in topsoil, while cover crop effects on POC gradually diminished in subsoil. Meanwhile, cover crops significantly increased contents of dissolved organic carbon and available phosphorus, particularly in deeper subsoil, which were key factors affecting SOC accumulation. POC and MAOC accumulation along soil depths differed significantly between different cover crops, suggesting a species-specific effect. Winter wheat significantly boosted MAOC in both topsoil and deeper subsoil, while hairy vetch induced a statistically nonsignificant increase in MAOC across three depths compared to fallow. These divergent responses of SOC fractions were closely related to cover crop-induced changes of microbial community composition, necromass accumulation and enzyme activity. Random forest analysis revealed that microbial necromass was the main factor defining MAOC in topsoil, whereas the Fe oxides was the main factor influencing subsoil MAOC accumulation. Overall, winter cover increased total SOC sequestration across 0–60 cm soil depths and more importantly, potential SOC stability (MAOC:POC) was enhanced in subsoil. These findings demonstrate a depth-discrepant impact of cover crops on POC and MAOC in paddy soils. Our work highlights the need to present POC and MAOC fractions into biogeochemical models to better predict responses of SOC to cover crop management practices in rice paddy ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 107015"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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