Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory最新文献_第2页

Anchorage performance of split-grouted rock bolt in fractured rock slope 裂隙岩质边坡裂隙注浆锚杆锚固性能研究

IF 3.5 2区计算机科学 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.simpat.2025.103239

Chengpu Peng , Lin Geng , Jiaxiang Liu , Liang Tang , Xianzhang Ling

To investigate the anchorage performance of split-grouted rock bolt in fractured rock slopes, a computational model was developed that accounts for rock bolt failure modes and the nonlinear mechanical behavior of the anchorage interface. Field pullout tests were conducted on three sets of split-grouted rock bolts, with ultimate strengths of 250.73 kN, 254.45 kN, and 253.66 kN, respectively. The computational model was then used to fit the experimental data, determining a peak shear strength of the anchorage interface as 0.55 MPa with a corresponding shear displacement of 3.31 mm and a residual shear strength of 0.17 MPa. The nonlinear mechanical characteristics of the anchorage interface were incorporated into numerical simulations to examine the effectiveness of split-grouted rock bolts in slopes with varying joint spacing and grouting radius. Results demonstrated that the combined reinforcement of rock bolts and grouting effectively enhanced the integrity of fragmented rock masses, significantly improving slope stability and altering the failure mode of fractured rock slopes. These conclusions provide valuable insights and practical guidance for the engineering design of split-grouted rock bolt reinforcement systems in fractured rock slope stabilization.

为了研究裂隙岩体边坡中裂隙锚杆的锚固性能，建立了考虑裂隙锚杆破坏模式和锚固界面非线性力学行为的计算模型。对3组裂缝锚杆进行了现场拉拔试验，极限强度分别为250.73 kN、254.45 kN和253.66 kN。利用计算模型对试验数据进行拟合，确定锚固界面峰值抗剪强度为0.55 MPa，对应的剪切位移为3.31 mm，残余抗剪强度为0.17 MPa。将锚固界面的非线性力学特性纳入数值模拟，考察了裂隙锚杆在不同缝距和注浆半径边坡中的有效性。结果表明，锚杆与注浆联合加固有效增强了破碎岩体的完整性，显著提高了边坡稳定性，改变了裂隙岩质边坡的破坏模式。这些结论为裂隙岩质边坡裂隙锚杆加固系统的工程设计提供了有价值的见解和实践指导。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical and statistical assessment of block-matrix interface parameters on the stability of soil-rock mixtures slopes 块基质界面参数对土石混合边坡稳定性的数值与统计评价

IF 3.5 2区计算机科学 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.simpat.2026.103254

Mojtaba Bahaaddini , AmirMohammad Sheikhpourkhani , Amir Yazdani , Joung Oh , Hossein Masoumi

The presence of soil-rock mixtures (SRM) in slopes poses significant design challenges due to their heterogeneous composition. While volumetric block proportion (VBP) and mechanical properties of soil matrix are known key factors affecting SRM slope stability, the influence of the interface between soil and rock blocks has received less attention. This study undertakes a comprehensive numerical investigation using the finite element method (FEM), combined with statistical analysis, to explore the effects of block-matrix interface parameters including cohesion, friction angle, normal stiffness and shear stiffness on SRM slope stability. Given the significant role of VBP and block geometric arrangement, the influence of interface parameters is evaluated across different VBPs and block arrangements. Results indicate that for VBPs exceeding 25%, an increase in VBP leads to substantial enhancement in factor of safety (FoS) as the failure zone is diverted into a more tortuous path. To statistically examine the importance of interface parameters, response surface methodology (RSM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed. Statistical analyses confirm that VBP is the most significant parameter controlling slope stability, and it modulates the influence of other parameters. An increase in interface cohesion and friction angle elevates the FoS, with their effects becoming more pronounced at higher VBPs. Although the normal and shear stiffness of interfaces can alter deformability and stress distribution, they do not have a significant effect on the slope stability. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that increased block density can reduce the FoS, while larger rock block sizes significantly increase heterogeneity.

土石混合物（SRM）在斜坡的存在，提出了重大的设计挑战，由于他们的非均质组成。体块比（VBP）和土基质的力学性质是影响SRM边坡稳定性的关键因素，而土-岩块界面的影响却很少受到关注。本文采用有限元方法，结合统计分析，对块基界面黏聚力、摩擦角、法向刚度、剪切刚度等参数对SRM边坡稳定性的影响进行了全面的数值研究。考虑到VBP和块体几何布置的重要作用，评估了界面参数对不同VBP和块体几何布置的影响。结果表明，当VBP超过25%时，VBP的增加会导致安全系数（FoS）的大幅提高，因为破坏区域转向了更曲折的路径。为了统计检验界面参数的重要性，我们采用了响应面法（RSM）和方差分析（ANOVA）。统计分析表明，VBP是控制边坡稳定性最显著的参数，并能调节其他参数的影响。界面黏聚力和摩擦角的增加会使摩擦系数升高，且摩擦系数越高，摩擦系数的影响越明显。界面的法向刚度和剪切刚度可以改变变形能力和应力分布，但对边坡的稳定性影响不大。此外，研究还表明，增加块体密度可以降低FoS，而较大的块体尺寸则会显著增加非均质性。

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引用次数: 0

Honoring excellence in the M&S community 表彰玛莎百货社区的优秀员工

IF 3.5 2区计算机科学 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.simpat.2026.103256

引用次数: 0

Analysis of toppling failure mechanisms in anti-dip slopes based on FDEM simulation 基于FDEM模拟的抗倾边坡倾倒破坏机理分析

IF 3.5 2区计算机科学 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.simpat.2025.103247

Haoyu Han , Yihao Qu , Hongyuan Liu , Daisuke Fukuda , Xuantao Liu , Huaming An , Yingyao Cheng , Andrew Chan

An in-house combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM) is implemented to analyze the toppling failure process of anti-dip slopes. A strength reduction method integrated with kinetic energy monitoring and failure surface detection is applied to not only simulate the progressive slope failure process but also reveal complex failure mechanisms in anti-dip slopes. The FDEM is first validated through reproducing the through-going failure surface formation stage and the flexural toppling stage observed in laboratory experiments on anti-dip slope instabilities. Then, 23 numerical models are built to investigate the effects of slope geometry, thick layer position and cross-joint on the stability of anti-dip slopes. It is concluded that increasing slope angle leads to increasing failure surface depth and system kinetic energy but, decreasing factor of safety (FOS). Increasing rock layer inclination results in decreasing failure surface inclination but increasing failure surface depth. Increasing rock layer thickness, however, exerts limited effects on slope failure characteristics but enhances FOS. Furthermore, thick layer position has rather limited influence on FOS while cross-joints dominate the failure mode of anti-dip slopes. The numerical findings are expected to advance our understanding of complex failure mechanisms in anti-dip slopes and provide theoretical foundations for relevant slope stability assessment and prediction.

采用内部有限-离散单元法（FDEM）分析了抗倾边坡的倾倒破坏过程。将强度折减法与动能监测和破坏面检测相结合，不仅可以模拟边坡的渐进破坏过程，而且可以揭示抗倾斜边坡的复杂破坏机制。通过模拟室内抗倾边坡失稳试验中观察到的贯通破坏面形成阶段和弯曲倾倒阶段，首次验证了FDEM的有效性。在此基础上，建立了23个数值模型，研究了边坡几何形状、厚层位置和交叉节理对抗倾边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明，边坡倾角增大，破坏面深度增大，系统动能增大，安全系数减小。岩层倾斜度增大，破坏面倾斜度减小，破坏面深度增大。增加岩层厚度对边坡破坏特征的影响有限，但增加了FOS。此外，厚层位置对抗倾边坡失稳的影响相当有限，而交叉节理是抗倾边坡的主要破坏模式。这些数值研究结果有望促进我们对反倾斜边坡复杂破坏机制的认识，并为相关的边坡稳定性评价和预测提供理论基础。

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引用次数: 0

Passenger flow simulation model for urban rail transit hubs based on cellular automata and multi-agent systems 基于元胞自动机和多智能体系统的城市轨道交通枢纽客流仿真模型

IF 3.5 2区计算机科学 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.simpat.2025.103242

Lianbo Deng , Jingshuang Li , Huaru Liu , Xiaoshan Zhu , Xinlei Hu

The spatiotemporal rules of passenger flow in urban rail transit (URT) hubs are complex, meaning that simulation modeling and analysis of passenger flow distributions in hubs are very important in terms of scientifically organizing passenger flow and improving travel efficiency. In this study, an analysis was conducted of passengers' travel processes and behaviors, and a simulation model combining cellular automata (CA) and agent-based modeling (ABM) was proposed. A CA grid environment was used to describe the spatial constraints and movement logic, whereas ABM was employed to construct passenger agents. This approach included a visual perception model, a behavior decision-making model that took into consideration the influence of multiple factors, a fuzzy logic-based multi-channel selection model, and a group-competition-based action execution model, in order to finely characterize the individual microscopic behaviors. Tiyu Xilu Station of Guangzhou Metro in China was taken as a case study, and the simulation results were used to verify the effectiveness of the model. The key findings were as follows: the simulation results for escalator passenger throughput were close to the design capacity, with a difference of -4.2%; the service level for the west platform of Line 3 was lower than for the east platform, with the lowest being Level E; during peak hours, for every 10% increase in the degree of bidirectional pedestrian flow, the average dwell time increased by approximately 6.8%. These research results provide decision support for optimizing passenger flow organization in URT hubs.

城市轨道交通枢纽客流时空分布规律复杂，对枢纽客流分布进行仿真建模和分析对于科学组织客流、提高出行效率具有重要意义。本文通过对乘客出行过程和行为的分析，提出了一种结合元胞自动机（CA）和agent-based modeling （ABM）的仿真模型。采用CA网格环境描述空间约束和运动逻辑，采用ABM模型构建座席。该方法包括视觉感知模型、考虑多因素影响的行为决策模型、基于模糊逻辑的多渠道选择模型和基于群体竞争的行动执行模型，以精细表征个体微观行为。以广州地铁体余西路站为例，通过仿真结果验证了该模型的有效性。主要研究结果如下：自动扶梯乘客吞吐量模拟结果与设计容量接近，差值为-4.2%；3号线西月台服务水平低于东月台，最低为E级；在高峰时段，双向人流量每增加10%，平均停留时间增加约6.8%。研究结果为优化交通枢纽客流组织提供决策支持。

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引用次数: 0

Towards a digital twin solution for manual order-picking operations in a wholesale distribution center 向批发配送中心人工拣货操作的数字孪生解决方案迈进

IF 3.5 2区计算机科学 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.simpat.2025.103246

Pasquale Legato, Massimiliano Matteucci, Rina Mary Mazza

The (re)organization of existing and planned warehouse facilities typically seeks to balance system-centric performance indicators (e.g., resource productivity) with customer-focused metrics (e.g., order response time). In pursuit of this objective, there is a growing opportunity to transition from conventional simulation models toward digital twin solutions, which offer enhanced decision-support capabilities. This manuscript focuses on the reorganization of manually executed order picking within a real-world wholesale operation. A simulation-based framework is introduced within a digital shadow environment to optimize the order picking process, following an S-shaped, person-to-goods picking strategy. At the core of the modeling approach is an enriched event graph, which captures the manual picking process at a fine-grained level by representing operational events and their real-time interdependencies. To demonstrate the framework’s effectiveness, numerical results are presented for a typical workday in a major Italian retail cooperative. These results compare alternative control policies, examining their impact on queueing dynamics and picker interference, key contributors to service blocking, resource locking, and starvation within the warehouse’s parallel picking aisles.

现有和计划的仓库设施的（重新）组织通常寻求平衡以系统为中心的性能指标（例如，资源生产力）和以客户为中心的指标（例如，订单响应时间）。为了实现这一目标，有越来越多的机会从传统的模拟模型过渡到数字孪生解决方案，这提供了增强的决策支持能力。这个手稿的重点是在现实世界的批发操作中手动执行的订单挑选的重组。在数字阴影环境中引入了基于模拟的框架，以优化订单挑选过程，遵循s形的人对货物的挑选策略。建模方法的核心是一个丰富的事件图，它通过表示操作事件及其实时相互依赖关系，在细粒度级别捕获手动挑选过程。为了证明该框架的有效性，给出了意大利一家大型零售合作社典型工作日的数值结果。这些结果比较了可选择的控制策略，检查了它们对排队动态和拾取器干扰的影响，以及导致服务阻塞、资源锁定和仓库并行拾取通道内饥饿的关键因素。

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引用次数: 0

Simulation-based performance analysis of a Robotic Compact Storage and Retrieval System under single-robot operation 基于仿真的单机器人紧凑存取系统性能分析

IF 3.5 2区计算机科学 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.simpat.2025.103248

Elif Ravza Özaras , Mahmut Tutam , Nadide Çağlayan Özaydın , Sinan Öztaş

As online buyers desire a wider variety of products in smaller quantities with faster delivery times, warehouse technology is evolving to meet their needs. The Robotic Compact Storage and Retrieval System (RCS/RS) provides a solution by offering improved flexibility, continuous operation, and efficient use of available space. This study focuses on a single-robot RCS/RS configuration, in which one robot moves horizontally across a grid-based storage area and accesses vertical stacks while performing storage and retrieval tasks. To access a specific bin, the robot first removes any blocking bins above it and temporarily repositions them to neighboring stacks before delivering the requested bin to the port. To support improved system design, this study implements a large-scale, full-factorial experimental framework to evaluate key factors, including total bin capacity, stack height, arrival rate, and robot velocity. A refined simulation model, incorporating detailed retrieval and storage operations, is developed using ARENA 16.0 under an academic license. ANOVA-based analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics 28.0 is applied to the simulation results to evaluate the effects of system factors and their interactions on performance. Results indicate that robot velocity is the dominant factor, followed by total bin capacity and arrival rate, while stack height has a comparatively minor effect. The analysis also shows that several factor interactions play a significant role, highlighting the importance of considering combined effects when designing RCS/RS systems.

由于网上买家希望以更少的数量和更快的交货时间购买更多种类的产品，仓库技术正在发展以满足他们的需求。机器人紧凑型存储和检索系统（RCS/RS）通过提供更高的灵活性、连续操作和有效利用可用空间提供了一种解决方案。本研究的重点是单机器人RCS/RS配置，其中一个机器人在基于网格的存储区域中水平移动，并在执行存储和检索任务时访问垂直堆栈。为了访问一个特定的箱子，机器人首先移除它上面的任何阻塞箱子，并在将请求的箱子送到端口之前将它们临时重新放置到邻近的堆栈中。为了支持改进的系统设计，本研究实施了一个大规模的全因子实验框架来评估关键因素，包括总箱容量、堆叠高度、到达率和机器人速度。在学术许可下，使用ARENA 16.0开发了一个包含详细检索和存储操作的精细化仿真模型。采用IBM SPSS Statistics 28.0对仿真结果进行基于方差分析，以评估系统因素及其相互作用对性能的影响。结果表明：机器人速度是主导因素，其次是总仓容量和到达率，堆垛高度的影响相对较小。分析还表明，几个因素的相互作用起着重要作用，突出了在设计RCS/RS系统时考虑综合效应的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of microstructure on the behavior of an underground excavation 微观结构对地下开挖行为的影响

IF 3.5 2区计算机科学 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.simpat.2025.103241

G. Xiroudakis , G. Saratsis , G.E. Exadaktylos , E. Machairas , E.A. Varouchakis , S. Mavrigiannakis

The room-and-pillar mining method is an ancient technique used in the extraction of underground deposits. Even today, it remains one of the most widespread and productive methods of underground mining, where the abandoned pillars ensure the stability of the opening. The mechanical behavior of the pillar plays an important role in its sizing and the estimation of ore recovery. In this paper, the rock material from a historical ancient underground quarry in Gortyna, Crete, Greece, was numerically investigated. This material, composed of limestone, that exhibits pronounced layering and is very soft, allowed the ancient Romans to excavate underground tunnels with a total length of >2.5 km. A high-resolution 3D X Phase Pro S2 360 camera, was used to capture panoramic photos in both horizontal and vertical planes. These photos were used to estimate the dimensions of the chambers and the central pillar of the accessible underground area of the site (the large underground quarry has been closed). The effect of micro-cracking of the rock on the behavior of the room and pillar excavation method was investigated using Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) theory. For this purpose, a numerical model was created using the FLAC2D software to estimate the effective elastic parameters of the material based on its density and the arrangement of cracks within it. This analysis revealed that the presence of microcracks introduces an anisotropy similar to that of a transversely isotropic material. The observed anisotropy results in larger deformations in the main chamber crown than those obtained using average elastic properties from experimental, literature, and field investigations of limestone rock.

房柱采矿法是一种用于开采地下矿床的古老技术。即使在今天，它仍然是最广泛和最有效的地下采矿方法之一，其中废弃的支柱确保了开口的稳定性。矿柱的力学行为对矿柱的尺寸确定和回采率的估计起着重要的作用。本文对希腊克里特岛Gortyna一个历史悠久的地下采石场的岩石材料进行了数值研究。这种由石灰石组成的材料，具有明显的分层性，非常柔软，古罗马人因此得以挖掘总长2.5公里的地下隧道。高分辨率3D X Phase Pro S2 360相机，用于捕捉水平和垂直平面的全景照片。这些照片被用来估计墓室的尺寸和可到达的地下区域的中央柱子（大型地下采石场已经关闭）。采用线弹性断裂力学（LEFM）理论，研究了岩石微裂纹对硐室和矿柱开挖行为的影响。为此，利用FLAC2D软件建立数值模型，根据材料的密度和材料内部裂纹的排列来估计材料的有效弹性参数。这一分析表明，微裂纹的存在引入了类似于横向各向同性材料的各向异性。观察到的各向异性导致主室顶部的变形比通过实验、文献和现场调查石灰石的平均弹性特性获得的变形更大。

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引用次数: 0

A multi-agent deep reinforcement learning model for crowd coordinated evacuation simulation in complex environments 复杂环境下人群协同疏散仿真的多智能体深度强化学习模型

IF 3.5 2区计算机科学 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.simpat.2025.103238

Jixin Shi , Maoyu Li , Nan Jiang , Hanchen Yu , Hongyun Yang , Xiaodong Zhou , Lizhong Yang

Efficient evacuation in complex building environments remains a fundamental challenge in simulation modeling and public safety. Traditional models based on static path-finding or rule-based decision-making often result in unbalanced exit utilization and congestion, limiting their ability to represent adaptive human behavior in emergencies. To address these shortcomings, this study proposes a Collaborative Decision-Making Framework based on Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (CDF-MADRL). The framework introduces a dynamic multi-objective reward mechanism that adaptively balances individual evacuation time and collective efficiency, and a localized observation strategy that significantly reduces computational burden in large-scale multi-agent environments. Implemented using the MAPPO algorithm, the model was validated in a complex asymmetric multi-exit scenario with varying population sizes. Results show that CDF-MADRL improves training stability by over 70% and reduces average evacuation time by 2–11% compared with baseline models. Beyond improving evacuation efficiency, this research contributes methodologically by demonstrating how reinforcement learning can be systematically embedded into simulation modeling practice, offering a scalable and intelligent framework for evacuation analysis. These findings highlight the potential of integrating artificial intelligence with simulation modeling to enhance resilience in complex built environments.

复杂建筑环境下的高效疏散仍然是仿真建模和公共安全领域的一个基本挑战。基于静态寻径或基于规则的决策的传统模型经常导致出口利用不平衡和拥塞，限制了它们在紧急情况下表现适应性人类行为的能力。为了解决这些不足，本研究提出了一种基于多智能体深度强化学习（CDF-MADRL）的协同决策框架。该框架引入了一种动态多目标奖励机制，自适应平衡个体疏散时间和集体效率，以及一种局部观察策略，显著降低了大规模多智能体环境中的计算负担。该模型采用MAPPO算法实现，并在不同种群规模的复杂非对称多出口场景中进行了验证。结果表明，与基线模型相比，CDF-MADRL的训练稳定性提高了70%以上，平均疏散时间减少了2-11%。除了提高疏散效率之外，本研究还展示了强化学习如何系统地嵌入到模拟建模实践中，为疏散分析提供了一个可扩展的智能框架，从而在方法上做出了贡献。这些发现强调了将人工智能与仿真建模相结合以增强复杂建筑环境中的弹性的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Simulating link-level interrupted flow traffic dynamics and the comparison between different models for urban road networks 城市路网链路级中断流交通动力学模拟及不同模型的比较

IF 3.5 2区计算机科学 Q2 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.simpat.2026.103252

Ying-Chuan Ni, Anastasios Kouvelas, Michail A. Makridis

Dynamic traffic models that reproduce the pattern of congestion propagation in urban road networks are essential for the evaluation of traffic management strategies and prediction of traffic states. Many approaches developed in the past simplified the movement of vehicles and the propagation of traffic waves. The overlooked problems can be particularly influential for the simulation of interrupted flow with traffic signal control due to the frequent accumulation and dissipation of the waiting queue on a road link. This study first reviews state-of-the-art macroscopic and mesoscopic link-level urban traffic flow models and provides a comparative discussion of their similarities, differences, and gaps. We then put forward an event-based mesoscopic model to simulate link-level interrupted flow traffic dynamics (LIFT). The model (i) simulates the transmission of vehicles between links based on the demand and supply of exit and entry events, (ii) monitors queue spillback through the consideration of backward traveling spaces, and (iii) adheres to first-in-first-out at intersections for congested situations. Taking the outcomes generated from microscopic simulation as ground-truth, the case studies show that LIFT outperforms the other models by accurately capturing the evolution of link densities and mean path speeds in congested conditions. It is reliable even in complex scenarios with diverge blocking phenomena and desired speed heterogeneity. Without having to simulate the interaction between individual vehicles, the model also becomes much more computationally efficient than microscopic simulation. It can be applied in simulation-based optimization or control problems which require the consideration of finer-level details that macroscopic models are unable to offer.

动态交通模型再现了城市道路网络中拥堵传播的模式，对于评估交通管理策略和预测交通状态至关重要。过去开发的许多方法简化了车辆的运动和交通波的传播。在交通信号控制下的中断流仿真中，由于路段上等待队列的频繁积累和消散，这些被忽视的问题尤其会对仿真产生影响。本研究首先回顾了目前最先进的宏观和中观城市交通流模型，并对它们的异同和差距进行了比较讨论。然后，我们提出了一个基于事件的细观模型来模拟链路级中断流交通动力学（LIFT）。该模型(i)基于出入口事件的需求和供给来模拟车辆在路段之间的传输，（ii）通过考虑向后行驶空间来监控队列溢出，以及（iii）在交叉口拥堵情况下坚持先进先出。将微观模拟的结果作为基本事实，案例研究表明，LIFT通过准确捕获拥堵条件下链路密度和平均路径速度的演变，优于其他模型。即使在具有发散阻塞现象和期望的速度非均匀性的复杂情况下，它也是可靠的。无需模拟单个车辆之间的相互作用，该模型的计算效率也比微观模拟高得多。它可以应用于基于仿真的优化或控制问题，这些问题需要考虑宏观模型无法提供的更精细的细节。

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引用次数: 0