Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.34248/bsengineering.1358895
Semih Latif İPEK, Dilek GÖKTÜRK
Nutritional information on menus can assist customers in making healthier eating choices. One technique being utilized to tackle the rise of overweight and obesity is the use of nutritional information on menus. Menu engineering strategies can be used to improve sales of generally healthier and higher margin items. For today's food and beverage companies, menu engineering has become essential. Companies must continually evaluate their menus in order to keep up with changing customer demands and the conditions of the competitive market. Menu engineering's core involves comparing the effectiveness of each menu. At this point, correct decision-making under numerous factors is thought to be a very challenging procedure. To evaluate alternatives according to many features, several Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approaches have been created. In this study, four MCDM methods, including Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Fuzzy TOPSIS, VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), and Fuzzy VIKOR are employed to evaluate menu options. The process of evaluating and selecting healthier menu alternatives can become challenging and time-consuming. This study pointed out how crucial it is to conduct comparative analysis using various MCDA methods and to carefully determine the right ones when addressing the issue of selecting the best menu, taking into account the values of the criterion in fuzzy numbers.
菜单上的营养信息可以帮助顾客做出更健康的饮食选择。一种用来解决超重和肥胖问题的技术是在菜单上使用营养信息。菜单工程策略可以用来提高一般健康和高利润项目的销售。对于今天的食品和饮料公司来说，菜单工程已经变得至关重要。公司必须不断地评估他们的菜单，以跟上不断变化的顾客需求和竞争激烈的市场条件。菜单工程的核心是比较每个菜单的有效性。在这一点上，在众多因素下的正确决策被认为是一个非常具有挑战性的过程。为了根据多种特征对备选方案进行评估，人们创建了几种多准则决策方法。本研究采用四种MCDM方法，包括TOPSIS (technical for Order Preference by Similarity to a Ideal Solution)、Fuzzy TOPSIS、VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR)和Fuzzy VIKOR来评估菜单选项。评估和选择更健康的菜单替代品的过程可能变得具有挑战性和耗时。该研究指出，在解决选择最佳菜单的问题时，考虑到模糊数标准的值，使用各种MCDA方法进行比较分析并仔细确定正确的方法是多么重要。
{"title":"Application of Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods for Menu Selection","authors":"Semih Latif İPEK, Dilek GÖKTÜRK","doi":"10.34248/bsengineering.1358895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1358895","url":null,"abstract":"Nutritional information on menus can assist customers in making healthier eating choices. One technique being utilized to tackle the rise of overweight and obesity is the use of nutritional information on menus. Menu engineering strategies can be used to improve sales of generally healthier and higher margin items. For today's food and beverage companies, menu engineering has become essential. Companies must continually evaluate their menus in order to keep up with changing customer demands and the conditions of the competitive market. Menu engineering's core involves comparing the effectiveness of each menu. At this point, correct decision-making under numerous factors is thought to be a very challenging procedure. To evaluate alternatives according to many features, several Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approaches have been created. In this study, four MCDM methods, including Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Fuzzy TOPSIS, VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), and Fuzzy VIKOR are employed to evaluate menu options. The process of evaluating and selecting healthier menu alternatives can become challenging and time-consuming. This study pointed out how crucial it is to conduct comparative analysis using various MCDA methods and to carefully determine the right ones when addressing the issue of selecting the best menu, taking into account the values of the criterion in fuzzy numbers.","PeriodicalId":495872,"journal":{"name":"Black sea journal of engineering and science","volume":"11 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135480136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.34248/bsengineering.1356822
Pınar YÖRÜK, Mertol GÖKELMA
Magnesium is one of the metals listed in European Union’s critical raw materials list. Primary production of magnesium is a high energy demanding process which raised the necessity of recycling the magnesium alloys in an efficient way. Remelting those scraps under a salt flux consist of chlorides (NaCl, KCl, and MgCl2) and fluorides (CaF2) is a common process however, different alloys might behave differently when it comes to salt-metal-metal oxide interactions. Furthermore, the condition of the salt flux such as dry-mixed or pre-melted (fused) affects the coagulation and metal yield. This work presents results on the effect of CaF2 concentration and pre-melting the salt flux on metal yield during remelting of chips. A yield up to 75% was observed in the case of remelting of chips under a fused salt flux with 5.5% CaF2 concentration.
{"title":"Effect of CaF2 Additions on the Yield of AZ63 Magnesium Chips during Remelting","authors":"Pınar YÖRÜK, Mertol GÖKELMA","doi":"10.34248/bsengineering.1356822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1356822","url":null,"abstract":"Magnesium is one of the metals listed in European Union’s critical raw materials list. Primary production of magnesium is a high energy demanding process which raised the necessity of recycling the magnesium alloys in an efficient way. Remelting those scraps under a salt flux consist of chlorides (NaCl, KCl, and MgCl2) and fluorides (CaF2) is a common process however, different alloys might behave differently when it comes to salt-metal-metal oxide interactions. Furthermore, the condition of the salt flux such as dry-mixed or pre-melted (fused) affects the coagulation and metal yield. This work presents results on the effect of CaF2 concentration and pre-melting the salt flux on metal yield during remelting of chips. A yield up to 75% was observed in the case of remelting of chips under a fused salt flux with 5.5% CaF2 concentration.","PeriodicalId":495872,"journal":{"name":"Black sea journal of engineering and science","volume":"15 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135480243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.34248/bsengineering.1335553
Dilek AYDIN, Halide KOKLU
The radiative transfer equation is a mathematical equation that accounts for the changes in the number of photons within a specified volume of a medium over time. It encompasses the intricate behavior of photons within the medium, including phenomena like scattering, absorption, and re-emission, which arise due to their interactions with the medium. In this study, the radiative transfer equation is considered for a finite slab which anisotropic scattering in a homogeneous medium. The equation solution is done by Legendre polynomials for linear anisotropic, quadratic and Rayleigh scattering types. The numerical results are displayed in the tables up to the 13th iteration of the Legendre polynomials. Tables are obtained using different scattering coefficients and single scattering albedo values. The results contain a wide range of data obtained from the method of solving the Legendre polynomial of the radiative transfer equation. Thus, with this study, the effect of different scattering types on the solution of the radiative transfer equation has been demonstrated.
{"title":"Radiative Transfer Equation Solution for Many Scattering Types","authors":"Dilek AYDIN, Halide KOKLU","doi":"10.34248/bsengineering.1335553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1335553","url":null,"abstract":"The radiative transfer equation is a mathematical equation that accounts for the changes in the number of photons within a specified volume of a medium over time. It encompasses the intricate behavior of photons within the medium, including phenomena like scattering, absorption, and re-emission, which arise due to their interactions with the medium. In this study, the radiative transfer equation is considered for a finite slab which anisotropic scattering in a homogeneous medium. The equation solution is done by Legendre polynomials for linear anisotropic, quadratic and Rayleigh scattering types. The numerical results are displayed in the tables up to the 13th iteration of the Legendre polynomials. Tables are obtained using different scattering coefficients and single scattering albedo values. The results contain a wide range of data obtained from the method of solving the Legendre polynomial of the radiative transfer equation. Thus, with this study, the effect of different scattering types on the solution of the radiative transfer equation has been demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":495872,"journal":{"name":"Black sea journal of engineering and science","volume":"21 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135480508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.34248/bsengineering.1341340
Furkan GÖKTAŞ, Fatih GÜÇLÜ
Katılım hisse senedi şemsiye fonları, İslami finans ilkeleri çerçevesinde filtrelenmiş hisse senetlerine yatırım imkânı sağlayan bir yatırım alternatifidir. Olabilirlik teorisi karar vermede önemli bir araçtır. Bu çalışmada katılım hisse senedi şemsiye fonlarının karşılaştırılması gibi problemler için olabilirlik teorisine dayanan yeni bir çok kriterli karar verme (ÇKKV) yaklaşımı önerilmiştir. Bu yaklaşım Olabilirlik Değerlendirme Sistemi (PES) olarak adlandırılmıştır. PES, temel ÇKKV yöntemlerinden olan maksimin kuralı, ağırlıklı toplam yöntemi ve maksimaks kuralı ile ilişkilidir. Alternatiflerin öncelik vektörü PES ile tek olarak elde edilmektedir. Başka bir deyişle portföy seçimi problemi gibi çok amaçlı karar verme problemleri için tek bir çözüm vermektedir. PES, çok nitelikli karar verme problemleri için en yüksek önceliğe sahip alternatifin seçilmesine dayanmaktadır. PES, 31.07.2020 ve 30.12.2022 arasında Türkiye’de işlem gören beş farklı katılım hisse senedi şemsiye fonunun gerçek veri seti kullanılarak tanıtılmıştır. Yapılan uygulamada, PES’in bu temel yöntemlerden daha fazla bilgi ortaya koyduğu gözlemlenmiştir.
{"title":"Yeni bir çok kriterli karar verme yaklaşımı “olabilirlik değerlendirme sistemi”: Katılım fonları üzerine bir uygulama","authors":"Furkan GÖKTAŞ, Fatih GÜÇLÜ","doi":"10.34248/bsengineering.1341340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1341340","url":null,"abstract":"Katılım hisse senedi şemsiye fonları, İslami finans ilkeleri çerçevesinde filtrelenmiş hisse senetlerine yatırım imkânı sağlayan bir yatırım alternatifidir. Olabilirlik teorisi karar vermede önemli bir araçtır. Bu çalışmada katılım hisse senedi şemsiye fonlarının karşılaştırılması gibi problemler için olabilirlik teorisine dayanan yeni bir çok kriterli karar verme (ÇKKV) yaklaşımı önerilmiştir. Bu yaklaşım Olabilirlik Değerlendirme Sistemi (PES) olarak adlandırılmıştır. PES, temel ÇKKV yöntemlerinden olan maksimin kuralı, ağırlıklı toplam yöntemi ve maksimaks kuralı ile ilişkilidir. Alternatiflerin öncelik vektörü PES ile tek olarak elde edilmektedir. Başka bir deyişle portföy seçimi problemi gibi çok amaçlı karar verme problemleri için tek bir çözüm vermektedir. PES, çok nitelikli karar verme problemleri için en yüksek önceliğe sahip alternatifin seçilmesine dayanmaktadır. PES, 31.07.2020 ve 30.12.2022 arasında Türkiye’de işlem gören beş farklı katılım hisse senedi şemsiye fonunun gerçek veri seti kullanılarak tanıtılmıştır. Yapılan uygulamada, PES’in bu temel yöntemlerden daha fazla bilgi ortaya koyduğu gözlemlenmiştir.","PeriodicalId":495872,"journal":{"name":"Black sea journal of engineering and science","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136317378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-15DOI: 10.34248/bsengineering.1355295
Sevgi ÜNAL KARAKUŞ, Muradiye KARASU AYATA, Muhammet GAFFAROĞLU
The monkey goby, Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814) that distributed in Türkiye was studied cytogenetically for the first time. In this context, diploid chromosome number, chromosome morphology and also chromosomal banding properties (C-banding and Ag-NOR staining) of N. fluviatilis were revealed out. Chromosome slides were prepared from head kidney cells according to the air-drying technique. Chromosome slides were observed under the microscope and metaphases were photographed. The chromosomes were measured by digital caliper and karyotype was arranged manually. The diploid chromosome number was found as 46. Karyotype was composed with all uniarmed chromosomes. Fundamental arm number was calculated as 46 too. No heteromorphic sex chromosomes were determined in the karyotype. C-bands were detected on the pericentromeres of almost all chromosomes. Otherwise, two Ag-NORs were found in the silver-stained metaphases. This study revealed out chromosomal properties of N. fluviatilis from Türkiye with conventional cytogenetic techniques. This report may improve the cytogenetic data of the genus Neogobius.
{"title":"Chromosome Banding Properties of Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814) (Perciformes, Gobiidae)","authors":"Sevgi ÜNAL KARAKUŞ, Muradiye KARASU AYATA, Muhammet GAFFAROĞLU","doi":"10.34248/bsengineering.1355295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1355295","url":null,"abstract":"The monkey goby, Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814) that distributed in Türkiye was studied cytogenetically for the first time. In this context, diploid chromosome number, chromosome morphology and also chromosomal banding properties (C-banding and Ag-NOR staining) of N. fluviatilis were revealed out. Chromosome slides were prepared from head kidney cells according to the air-drying technique. Chromosome slides were observed under the microscope and metaphases were photographed. The chromosomes were measured by digital caliper and karyotype was arranged manually. The diploid chromosome number was found as 46. Karyotype was composed with all uniarmed chromosomes. Fundamental arm number was calculated as 46 too. No heteromorphic sex chromosomes were determined in the karyotype. C-bands were detected on the pericentromeres of almost all chromosomes. Otherwise, two Ag-NORs were found in the silver-stained metaphases. This study revealed out chromosomal properties of N. fluviatilis from Türkiye with conventional cytogenetic techniques. This report may improve the cytogenetic data of the genus Neogobius.","PeriodicalId":495872,"journal":{"name":"Black sea journal of engineering and science","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136183344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-15DOI: 10.34248/bsengineering.1247962
Nurgul GOKGOZ
Even though, it is thought that the pandemic has come to an end, the humanity is still under the danger of upcoming pandemics. In that sense, every effort to understand or predict the nature of an infectious disease is very precious since those efforts will provide experience for upcoming infectious disease epidemic/pandemic. Mathematical models provide a common way to analyze the nature of the pandemic. Apart from those mathematical models that mostly determine which variables should be used in the model to predict the nature of the epidemic and at which rate the disease will spread, deep learning models can also provide a fast and practical tool. Moreover, they can shed a light on which variables should be taken into account in the construction of a mathematical model. And also, deep learning methods give rapid results in the robust forecasting trends of the number of new patients that a country will deal with. In this work, a deep learning model that forecasts time series data using a long short-term memory (LSTM) network is used. The time series data used in this project is COVID-19 data taken from the Health Ministry of Republic of Türkiye. The weekend isolation and vaccination are not considered in the deep learning model. It is seen that even though the graph is consistent and similar to the graph of real number of patients, and LSTM is an effective tool to forecast new cases, those parameters, isolation and vaccination, must be taken into account in the construction of mathematical models and also in deep learning models as well.
{"title":"Forecasting Covid-19 Cases in Türkiye with the help of LSTM","authors":"Nurgul GOKGOZ","doi":"10.34248/bsengineering.1247962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1247962","url":null,"abstract":"Even though, it is thought that the pandemic has come to an end, the humanity is still under the danger of upcoming pandemics. In that sense, every effort to understand or predict the nature of an infectious disease is very precious since those efforts will provide experience for upcoming infectious disease epidemic/pandemic. Mathematical models provide a common way to analyze the nature of the pandemic. Apart from those mathematical models that mostly determine which variables should be used in the model to predict the nature of the epidemic and at which rate the disease will spread, deep learning models can also provide a fast and practical tool. Moreover, they can shed a light on which variables should be taken into account in the construction of a mathematical model. And also, deep learning methods give rapid results in the robust forecasting trends of the number of new patients that a country will deal with. In this work, a deep learning model that forecasts time series data using a long short-term memory (LSTM) network is used. The time series data used in this project is COVID-19 data taken from the Health Ministry of Republic of Türkiye. The weekend isolation and vaccination are not considered in the deep learning model. It is seen that even though the graph is consistent and similar to the graph of real number of patients, and LSTM is an effective tool to forecast new cases, those parameters, isolation and vaccination, must be taken into account in the construction of mathematical models and also in deep learning models as well.","PeriodicalId":495872,"journal":{"name":"Black sea journal of engineering and science","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136183326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-15DOI: 10.34248/bsengineering.1356257
Kaan Emre ENGİN
Derin çekme prosesi, metal levha şekillendirme endüstrisinde en çok tercih edilen proseslerden bir tanesidir. Özellikle seri üretim söz konusu olduğunda kap formundaki iş parçalarının düşük maliyetlerle üretilmesi mümkündür. Ancak, aynı durum seri üretim dışında farkı boyutlara sahip ürünlerin imal edilmesi esnasında geçerli olmayıp, kalıp yapım maliyetlerinden kaynaklı olarak prosesin ekonomikliğini büyük ölçüde kaybetmesiyle sonuçlanmaktadır. Bu dezavantajı gidermek amacıyla daha yeni yaklaşımların ve metotların geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Çok noktalı derin çekme prosesi standart kalıp elemanları yerine yüksekliği ayarlanabilir pimler kullanılması vasıtasıyla farklı boyutlarda veya yüksekliklerde derin çekme işleminin yapılmasına müsaade eden bir yöntemdir. Ancak prosesin bir özelliği olan pim kullanımının etkilerinin araştırılması da önemlidir. Bu çalışmada 87 mm uzunluğunda, 12 mm çapa sahip pimlerden oluşan çok noktalı derin çekme kalıbında farklı pim uç radyuslarının (1 mm, 3 mm, 6 mm) proses üzerine olan etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla ilk önce 6 mm radyusa sahip pimlerden oluşan bir kalıp seti imal edilmiş ve 0,75 mm kalınlığa sahip AISI Al 3003 HX6 alüminyum alaşım üzerinde deneyler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Daha sonra aynı koşullar altında sonlu elemanlar yöntemi kullanılarak yapılan simülasyonlar sonucunda elde edilen değerler ve deneylerden elde edilen değerler karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular arasındaki tutarlılık sağlandıktan sonra çalışmanın 1 mm ve 3 mm radyusa sahip pimlerin etkisinin incelenmesini içeren aşamaları sonlu elemanlar yöntemi ile simüle edilerek, analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak pim uç radyuslarının değerlerinin azaldıkça, iş parçası ile temas eden yüzeyin artmasına bağlı olarak gerekli yük değerinin arttığı ve iş parçasının daha düşük bir çekme derinliğinde yırtıldığı saptanmıştır. En iyi sonuçların 6 mm radyusa sahip pim kullanılması durumunda elde edildiği görülmüştür.
{"title":"Çok Noktalı Derin Çekme Prosesinde Farklı Pim Radyuslarının Etkisinin İncelenmesi","authors":"Kaan Emre ENGİN","doi":"10.34248/bsengineering.1356257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1356257","url":null,"abstract":"Derin çekme prosesi, metal levha şekillendirme endüstrisinde en çok tercih edilen proseslerden bir tanesidir. Özellikle seri üretim söz konusu olduğunda kap formundaki iş parçalarının düşük maliyetlerle üretilmesi mümkündür. Ancak, aynı durum seri üretim dışında farkı boyutlara sahip ürünlerin imal edilmesi esnasında geçerli olmayıp, kalıp yapım maliyetlerinden kaynaklı olarak prosesin ekonomikliğini büyük ölçüde kaybetmesiyle sonuçlanmaktadır. Bu dezavantajı gidermek amacıyla daha yeni yaklaşımların ve metotların geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Çok noktalı derin çekme prosesi standart kalıp elemanları yerine yüksekliği ayarlanabilir pimler kullanılması vasıtasıyla farklı boyutlarda veya yüksekliklerde derin çekme işleminin yapılmasına müsaade eden bir yöntemdir. Ancak prosesin bir özelliği olan pim kullanımının etkilerinin araştırılması da önemlidir. Bu çalışmada 87 mm uzunluğunda, 12 mm çapa sahip pimlerden oluşan çok noktalı derin çekme kalıbında farklı pim uç radyuslarının (1 mm, 3 mm, 6 mm) proses üzerine olan etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla ilk önce 6 mm radyusa sahip pimlerden oluşan bir kalıp seti imal edilmiş ve 0,75 mm kalınlığa sahip AISI Al 3003 HX6 alüminyum alaşım üzerinde deneyler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Daha sonra aynı koşullar altında sonlu elemanlar yöntemi kullanılarak yapılan simülasyonlar sonucunda elde edilen değerler ve deneylerden elde edilen değerler karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular arasındaki tutarlılık sağlandıktan sonra çalışmanın 1 mm ve 3 mm radyusa sahip pimlerin etkisinin incelenmesini içeren aşamaları sonlu elemanlar yöntemi ile simüle edilerek, analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak pim uç radyuslarının değerlerinin azaldıkça, iş parçası ile temas eden yüzeyin artmasına bağlı olarak gerekli yük değerinin arttığı ve iş parçasının daha düşük bir çekme derinliğinde yırtıldığı saptanmıştır. En iyi sonuçların 6 mm radyusa sahip pim kullanılması durumunda elde edildiği görülmüştür.","PeriodicalId":495872,"journal":{"name":"Black sea journal of engineering and science","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136183346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-15DOI: 10.34248/bsengineering.1347169
İsmail Cem KANTARLI
Legume wastes, pinto bean peel (PBP) and pea shell (PS), were hydrothermally carbonized in subcritical water at various temperatures (200-240 °C) with the aim of obtaining a solid fuel, hydrochar. Fuel characteristics and chemical properties of hydrochars were determined by standard fuel analysis methods. Hydrochar yield decreased sharply with the increase of temperature due to the enhanced degradation of legume wastes. The weight percent of initial carbon in the legume wastes retained in the obtained hydrochars was lower than those in the literature due to the low hydrochar yields. The effect of temperature on carbon content and hence higher heating value (HHV) of hydrochar became noticable at 240°C. As a result of this effect, bituminous coal-like and lignite-like hydrochars with HHV of 31.2 and 28.1 MJ.kg-1were obtained from PBP and PS, respectively. Hydrochars obtained at 220 °C were chemically activated with ZnCl2 to produce activated carbons (PBP-AHC and PS-AHC). The activated carbons were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, BET surface area analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). BET surface area, total pore volume, and mesopore volume of PS-HC were determined as 1205 m2. g-1, 0.686 m3. g-1 and 0.144 m3. g-1, respectively. PBP-AHC was found to have higher BET surface area (1350 m2. g-1), total pore volume (0.723 m3. g-1), and mesopore volume (0.249 m3. g-1) than PS-AHC. Activated carbons were tested as adsorbent for removal of amoxicillin (AMX) from aqueous solutions with the batch adsorption studies carried out at different initial concentrations, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The compatibility of the adsorption data with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models was checked to determine the adsorption capacity of activated carbons. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity (Qmax) was calculated as 188.7 and 70.9 mg. g-1 for PBP-AHC and PS-AHC, respectively. Adsorption kinetic analysis revealed that AMX adsorption on PBP-AHC and PS-AHC best fits with the pseudo-second order kinetic model. AMX adsorption was found to be faster on PBP-AHC than PS-AHC due to its higher surface area and more mesoporous character. ZnCl2 activation of PBP-derived hydrochar produced a potential adsorbent for amoxicillin removal.
{"title":"Investigation of Use of Hydrochars Obtained From Legume Wastes as Fuel and Their Conversion into Activated Carbon for Amoxicillin Removal","authors":"İsmail Cem KANTARLI","doi":"10.34248/bsengineering.1347169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1347169","url":null,"abstract":"Legume wastes, pinto bean peel (PBP) and pea shell (PS), were hydrothermally carbonized in subcritical water at various temperatures (200-240 °C) with the aim of obtaining a solid fuel, hydrochar. Fuel characteristics and chemical properties of hydrochars were determined by standard fuel analysis methods. Hydrochar yield decreased sharply with the increase of temperature due to the enhanced degradation of legume wastes. The weight percent of initial carbon in the legume wastes retained in the obtained hydrochars was lower than those in the literature due to the low hydrochar yields. The effect of temperature on carbon content and hence higher heating value (HHV) of hydrochar became noticable at 240°C. As a result of this effect, bituminous coal-like and lignite-like hydrochars with HHV of 31.2 and 28.1 MJ.kg-1were obtained from PBP and PS, respectively. Hydrochars obtained at 220 °C were chemically activated with ZnCl2 to produce activated carbons (PBP-AHC and PS-AHC). The activated carbons were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, BET surface area analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). BET surface area, total pore volume, and mesopore volume of PS-HC were determined as 1205 m2. g-1, 0.686 m3. g-1 and 0.144 m3. g-1, respectively. PBP-AHC was found to have higher BET surface area (1350 m2. g-1), total pore volume (0.723 m3. g-1), and mesopore volume (0.249 m3. g-1) than PS-AHC. Activated carbons were tested as adsorbent for removal of amoxicillin (AMX) from aqueous solutions with the batch adsorption studies carried out at different initial concentrations, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The compatibility of the adsorption data with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models was checked to determine the adsorption capacity of activated carbons. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity (Qmax) was calculated as 188.7 and 70.9 mg. g-1 for PBP-AHC and PS-AHC, respectively. Adsorption kinetic analysis revealed that AMX adsorption on PBP-AHC and PS-AHC best fits with the pseudo-second order kinetic model. AMX adsorption was found to be faster on PBP-AHC than PS-AHC due to its higher surface area and more mesoporous character. ZnCl2 activation of PBP-derived hydrochar produced a potential adsorbent for amoxicillin removal.","PeriodicalId":495872,"journal":{"name":"Black sea journal of engineering and science","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136183846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-15DOI: 10.34248/bsengineering.1327903
Fuat KARTAL, Arslan KAPTAN
This study examines the mechanical performance of polylactic acid (PLA) matrix composites reinforced with Salvadora Persica (Miswak). With the increasing use of environmentally friendly materials, researchers are focusing on the production of biodegradable materials. However, incompatibility between PLA and filler materials used in PLA composites causes mechanical problems during production. This study deals with the production and characterization of PLA composites containing lignocellulosic and inorganic fillers using maleic anhydride grafted polylactic acid (PLA/g/MA) as a matrix. The aim of the research is to examine the mechanical specifications of Miswak powder reinforced PLA composites and to evaluate their suitability for practical applications. PLA was used as the matrix material and PLA/g/MA was used as the compatibilizer. Composites containing Miswak powder at different weight concentrations (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) were characterized using scanning electron microscopy along with tensile and bending tests. The obtained results showed that different Miswak concentrations affect the mechanical specifications of the composites. Composites at 5% concentration demonstrated excellent interlayer adhesion and high mechanical strength, demonstrating favorable mechanical specifications. The findings show that Miswak powder is a potential filling material to improve the mechanical specifications of PLA composites and provide antimicrobial benefits. The results of this study shed light on the mechanical performance of Miswak reinforced PLA matrix composites, which are promising for 3D printing applications. In addition, it is stated that the materials used, such as natural filling materials, contribute to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly materials by reducing the environmental impact.
{"title":"Mechanical Performance of Salvadora Persical (Miswak) Reinforced Polylactic Acid Matrix Composites for Three Dimensional Printing","authors":"Fuat KARTAL, Arslan KAPTAN","doi":"10.34248/bsengineering.1327903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1327903","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the mechanical performance of polylactic acid (PLA) matrix composites reinforced with Salvadora Persica (Miswak). With the increasing use of environmentally friendly materials, researchers are focusing on the production of biodegradable materials. However, incompatibility between PLA and filler materials used in PLA composites causes mechanical problems during production. This study deals with the production and characterization of PLA composites containing lignocellulosic and inorganic fillers using maleic anhydride grafted polylactic acid (PLA/g/MA) as a matrix. The aim of the research is to examine the mechanical specifications of Miswak powder reinforced PLA composites and to evaluate their suitability for practical applications. PLA was used as the matrix material and PLA/g/MA was used as the compatibilizer. Composites containing Miswak powder at different weight concentrations (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) were characterized using scanning electron microscopy along with tensile and bending tests. The obtained results showed that different Miswak concentrations affect the mechanical specifications of the composites. Composites at 5% concentration demonstrated excellent interlayer adhesion and high mechanical strength, demonstrating favorable mechanical specifications. The findings show that Miswak powder is a potential filling material to improve the mechanical specifications of PLA composites and provide antimicrobial benefits. The results of this study shed light on the mechanical performance of Miswak reinforced PLA matrix composites, which are promising for 3D printing applications. In addition, it is stated that the materials used, such as natural filling materials, contribute to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly materials by reducing the environmental impact.","PeriodicalId":495872,"journal":{"name":"Black sea journal of engineering and science","volume":"185 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136183156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-15DOI: 10.34248/bsengineering.1349643
Yücel ÇİMTAY
Haze which can be created by natural or synthetic factors, degrades the visual quality and human sight distance. Visible objects become invisible or scarcely visible. The physics of the degrading function due to haze has been modelled by Atmospheric Light Scattering (ALS) Model. Therefore, from a single hazy image, by using proper methods, it is possible to recover the original scene. In dehazing methods, which solve the ALS function, there are basically two steps: First one is the estimation of the air light present at the time of the image capturing and the second one is the estimation of transmission of the corresponding scene. One of the most effective method which is used for air light estimation is QuadTree decomposition. For this method, tests show that the most amount of the dehazing time is consumed to estimate the air light. For the case of High Definition (HD) imagery, the estimation of air light consumes huge time. Therefore, it cannot be possible to achieve a real-time or near real-time dehazing on traditional hardware. In this study, a novel convolutional neural network model is developed to estimate the air light directly from the hazy image quickly. The estimated air light then is used with Atmospheric Light Scattering model to handle the recovered image. Results show that the time cost is reduced by 56.0% and 65% for image resolutions of (640x480) and (1920x1080) compared to the QuadTree Decomposition method used in ALS based dehazing methods, without losing the visual quality of the dehazed image.
{"title":"Estimation of Air Light With Deep Learning for a Near Real-Time Image Dehazing System","authors":"Yücel ÇİMTAY","doi":"10.34248/bsengineering.1349643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1349643","url":null,"abstract":"Haze which can be created by natural or synthetic factors, degrades the visual quality and human sight distance. Visible objects become invisible or scarcely visible. The physics of the degrading function due to haze has been modelled by Atmospheric Light Scattering (ALS) Model. Therefore, from a single hazy image, by using proper methods, it is possible to recover the original scene. In dehazing methods, which solve the ALS function, there are basically two steps: First one is the estimation of the air light present at the time of the image capturing and the second one is the estimation of transmission of the corresponding scene. One of the most effective method which is used for air light estimation is QuadTree decomposition. For this method, tests show that the most amount of the dehazing time is consumed to estimate the air light. For the case of High Definition (HD) imagery, the estimation of air light consumes huge time. Therefore, it cannot be possible to achieve a real-time or near real-time dehazing on traditional hardware. In this study, a novel convolutional neural network model is developed to estimate the air light directly from the hazy image quickly. The estimated air light then is used with Atmospheric Light Scattering model to handle the recovered image. Results show that the time cost is reduced by 56.0% and 65% for image resolutions of (640x480) and (1920x1080) compared to the QuadTree Decomposition method used in ALS based dehazing methods, without losing the visual quality of the dehazed image.","PeriodicalId":495872,"journal":{"name":"Black sea journal of engineering and science","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136183342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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