Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties最新文献

The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) seeks to improve animal health by promoting safe trade in animals and their products, setting standards for diagnostic methods, detection of emerging diseases and confirmation of listed diseases in clinically affected animals and surveillance in healthy populations. WOAH launched the Aquatic Animal Health Strategy (AAHS) in 2021 in recognition of the growing importance of aquatic animal products in global food security. Disease is currently a major limiting factor in the sustainable growth and development of the aquaculture industry, impacting the industry's ability to increase yields to meet future food demands. A key aim of the AAHS is to ensure that scientifically sound standards are set to manage risks and facilitate safe trade, improve aquatic animal health and welfare, build capacity to strengthen aquatic animal health services provided by WOAH and ensure that responses to aquatic animal health issues are coordinated and timely, at both regional and global level. This article evaluates some of the latest scientific and policy advances, as well as obstacles for the implementation of the AAHS.

Recent environmental change and biodiversity loss have modified ecosystems, altering disease dynamics. For wildlife health, this trend has translated into increased potential for disease transmission and reduced capacity to overcome significant population-level impacts, which may place species at risk of extinction. Thus, current approaches to wildlife health focus not on the absence of disease but rather on the concept of health promotion. That is, wildlife populations will be more resilient to disease if they have the basic requirements for survival, as well as functioning ecosystems, within an enabling socio-economic environment. In this context, animal health programmes must adapt to design and implement wildlife health programmes that bridge knowledge gaps and fully integrate conservation goals. This article proposes new pathways and additions to the animal health management toolbox, including new approaches to surveillance and information management, partnerships and new wildlife health management practices. Solely because of risks to domesticated animals and human health, the traditional approach to disease surveillance in wild animals has now been replaced by a drive to recognise the intrinsic value of wildlife and the extended benefits of actively pursuing ecosystem health and associated life-sustaining ecosystem services. In this context, it is paramount to transition to holistic health programmes that embrace One Health as a pathway to set the health of all on equal footing.

Since its creation in 1924, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) has led animal rabies control efforts and is responsible for several of the most impactful advances in rabies diagnostics, surveillance and animal vaccination of the 20th and 21st centuries. Primarily advancing rabies control through its formalised country partnerships, WOAH is responsible for the validation and recognition of official rabies tests and has developed the largest rabies vaccine bank in use in Africa and Asia. WOAH has also fostered technical collaborations and provided modern-day guidance through the creation of the WOAH Rabies Reference Laboratory Network, also known as RABLAB. While rabies is among the deadliest of all zoonotic pathogens, future efforts to control and eliminate the virus hinge on improvements in coordination among partners, financial commitments from international organisations and governments, and advances in diagnostic and vaccination methods. WOAH has a long-standing history of driving these changes and is positioned to lead many new advances in the coming years.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been described as a silent pandemic - one that is ever-present, ubiquitous and growing but often insidious and overlooked. A true One Health issue, AMR affects people, animals, plants, crops and the environment in complex and interconnected but poorly understood ways, and the impact will continue to increase. In animals, AMR affects animal health, welfare and production and is also considered a food safety, food security and substantial economic issue. This article describes recent advances in addressing AMR in bacteria from animals, focusing on surveillance, applied stewardship, new drug development and alternatives to antimicrobials, strengthening animal health systems, changes in global awareness, and obstacles to effective surveillance and stewardship.

Avian influenza is not a new disease, but the emergence of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage (Gs/GD) has necessitated fundamental changes to prevention and control strategies for this disease. No longer just an avian disease, avian influenza is capable of causing severe disease in humans and is considered a potential human pandemic threat requiring One Health approaches. In addition, Gs/GD HPAI viruses have developed the capacity to be carried across and between continents by migratory birds. Given the persistence of the current A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in wild birds, enhanced measures to prevent and control infection will be needed. In most countries, infection in poultry can be eliminated, although questions will remain about the sustainability of repeated stamping out. Systematic preventive vaccination should be seriously considered as a method for reducing the number of outbreaks. HPAI will not be eliminated from countries where Gs/GD viruses remain enzootic until major changes are made to the way that poultry are reared and sold, vaccination is improved and other factors that inhibit reporting and response are overcome. Currently, focus lies on Gs/GD HPAI, yet control of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses also requires attention, including the development of vaccines that are appropriately matched to circulating strains of virus.

The evolution of wildlife disease management and surveillance, as documented in the World Organisation for Animal Health's Scientific and Technical Review, reflects a deepening understanding of the links between wildlife health, ecosystem integrity and human well-being. Early work, beginning with the World Assembly of Delegates in 1954, primarily focused on diseases like rabies. This focus expanded over time to include broader concerns such as the impacts of climate change, habitat loss and increased human-wildlife interactions on wildlife health. By the late 20th century, the emphasis had shifted towards improved practices for wildlife disease control and the development of advanced diagnostic methods and vaccines. Articles in the Review highlight the growing complexity of wildlife diseases and the need for holistic management strategies. The adoption in recent years of cutting-edge technologies like CRISPR-Cas systems and metagenomics points to a future of more proactive and integrated approaches to wildlife disease management. There is still a need to address not just the consequences of wildlife diseases but also their anthropogenic drivers. The latest perspectives advocate for nature-based solutions, expanded partnerships and systems-level thinking to effectively tackle 21st-century challenges in wildlife and biodiversity conservation.

John Brooksby was an outstanding Scottish veterinary virologist who worked at the Pirbright Institute (Pirbright) for 40 years, including 16 as the institute's director. He devised quantitative methods for measuring neutralising antibodies and perfected a complement fixation test for the diagnosis, typing and strain differentiation of foot and mouth disease (FMD), especially when combined with neutralisation. He identified four of the seven types of FMD virus (FMDV) and many subtypes. Consequently, the institute was designated the World Reference Laboratory for FMD. As director, Brooksby also oversaw advances in the pathogenesis, epidemiology and aerobiology of FMD and other diseases. His advice on the prevention and control of FMD was widely sought by international organisations and individual countries. Fred Brown was an eminent English biochemist and molecular virologist. He joined the Biochemistry Department at Pirbright in 1955, became head of the department in 1964, and in 1980 became deputy director of the institute. Advances under his leadership included the use of aziridines as inactivating agents for vaccine production, purification of FMDV suitable for biochemical analyses, demonstration of the infectivity of isolated RNA, analysis of the genomic and antigenic structure of FMDV, solving of the atomic structure of FMDV and demonstration of the potential for synthetic peptide vaccines to protect animals against virus challenge.

In the past 100 years, thanks to the discovery and development of antimicrobial therapies, human and veterinary medicine have made a leap forward in treating infectious diseases. However, resistance mechanisms quickly appeared and spread in all sectors - human, animal and environmental - throughout the world, thus jeopardising the progress made. Awareness has been raised only gradually but is now prominent at the global level, due in large part to the action of international organisations such as the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO), and antimicrobials are considered a global public health good to be preserved. Under the leadership of WOAH in particular, the actions undertaken in research, surveillance, information, training, awareness and communication are moving in the right direction towards responsible and prudent use of antimicrobials. In the next 100 years, the fight against antimicrobial resistance will undeniably remain a crucial challenge for public health, veterinary public health and agriculture. Concerted efforts and scientific innovations, such as in functional genomics and artificial intelligence, could offer solutions to mitigate the impact of this growing threat. A multidisciplinary and comprehensive One Health approach is necessary to successfully address antimicrobial resistance. International collaboration remains crucial, and international organisations such as WOAH, WHO, FAO and the United Nations Environment Programme must continue their essential role in coordinating these efforts.

A world free of dog-mediated human rabies by 2030 would be an outstanding achievement. This ambitious goal for a neglected tropical disease, set by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Global Alliance for Rabies Control together with partners and countries, has a clear and achievable pathway to success. In the 100 years since the inception of WOAH, many scientific tools have been developed to support the elimination of dog-mediated rabies. In addition to these tools, engaging communities and health workers to build awareness to prevent bite exposures, managing dog populations and ensuring herd immunity through dog vaccination are key to achieving the elimination goals. The provision of post-exposure prophylaxis and care for exposed victims are important interventions on the human side. Success in eradicating rabies will require applying a One Health approach, an integrative and systemic approach to health grounded in the understanding that human health is closely linked to animal and environmental health. Political commitment and availability of adequate resources are key to achieving the Zero by 2030 goal.