Disease is an increasingly recognised threat to wild animal populations and the conservation of endangered species. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Worldwide Monitoring System for Wild Animal Diseases (WAHIS-Wild) serves as the main global information portal for wildlife disease events, compiled via voluntary reporting by countries on non-OIE-listed diseases. The first decade of reports to WAHIS-Wild were analysed to identify trends and examine their relevance for conservation. Between 2008 and 2018, a total of 4,229 wildlife disease events were reported, with the majority from the European continent. When standardised for nomenclature changes, 54 unique previous or current non-OIE-listed diseases were reported. The most common disease events (collectively representing > 50% of reports) were chemical poisoning (12.5% of events reported), infection with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (11.9%), infection with Salmonella enterica (10.8%), infection with Pasteurella spp. (8.4%) and infection with Trichomonas spp. in birds and reptiles (7.5%). Reports indicated disease in 501 unique species, 19.2% of which are listed as endangered species based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, and 30.7% of which are protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The findings suggest reporting gaps, including likely geographical area and other biases. More systematic reporting of wildlife disease and use of this information in biodiversity assessment and decision-making would result in better animal health and conservation coordination in a One Health context.
{"title":"Wildlife conservation status and disease trends: ten years of reports to the Worldwide Monitoring System for Wild Animal Diseases.","authors":"C. Machalaba, Y. Feferholtz, M. Uhart, W. Karesh","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3191","url":null,"abstract":"Disease is an increasingly recognised threat to wild animal populations and the conservation of endangered species. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Worldwide Monitoring System for Wild Animal Diseases (WAHIS-Wild) serves as the main global information portal for wildlife disease events, compiled via voluntary reporting by countries on non-OIE-listed diseases. The first decade of reports to WAHIS-Wild were analysed to identify trends and examine their relevance for conservation. Between 2008 and 2018, a total of 4,229 wildlife disease events were reported, with the majority from the European continent. When standardised for nomenclature changes, 54 unique previous or current non-OIE-listed diseases were reported. The most common disease events (collectively representing > 50% of reports) were chemical poisoning (12.5% of events reported), infection with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (11.9%), infection with Salmonella enterica (10.8%), infection with Pasteurella spp. (8.4%) and infection with Trichomonas spp. in birds and reptiles (7.5%). Reports indicated disease in 501 unique species, 19.2% of which are listed as endangered species based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, and 30.7% of which are protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The findings suggest reporting gaps, including likely geographical area and other biases. More systematic reporting of wildlife disease and use of this information in biodiversity assessment and decision-making would result in better animal health and conservation coordination in a One Health context.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"180 1","pages":"991-1001"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73264490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zoonoses are diseases transmissible between non-human and human animals. Over 200 zoonoses are known, of which at least 60 are associated with (especially exotic) companion animals. Current risk-impact assessment approaches for zoonoses are largely cumbersome and, to be meaningful, may require extensive detailed information. A literature search and review were conducted for current risk assessment protocols for common zoonoses, with subsequent development of two novel rapid scoring methods for evaluating potential risk associated with companion-animal-linked zoonoses. Accordingly, a novel, two-tier methodological concept - ‘zoonoplasticity' - was prepared using an intuitive risk approach. The first tier considers risk principles for companion animals and husbandry practices, and pre-weights animals by class or species. The second tier considers established pathogen- or disease-based questions and assigns a degree of risk. Thus, the zoonoplasticity concept enables pathogens or their resultant zoonoses to be scored and provides a clear points-based protocol offering guidance concerning potential threat, in particular where more quantifiable risk assessment is unavailable because of information deficits. The zoonoplasticity concept was tested with 15 animal species and 22 known zoonoses against European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) operational guidance as a comparative system. Risk categorisation was 100% consistent for 21 of the 22 specific zoonoses, while requiring minimal information input, and the overall comparison rate was 98.85%. Zoonoplasticity is not intended to provide an absolute measure of risk or to replace existing methodologies, rather it is an attempt to standardise a practical judgement protocol that accounts for various relevant issues, and to offer a potentially helpful indicator of concern. The zoonoplasticity concept will be relevant to remits for medical professionals, veterinary medical professionals, public health professionals, government administrators, biomedical researchers and others.
{"title":"Zoonoplasticity as an intuitive risk protocol for companion-animal-linked zoonoses.","authors":"C. Warwick","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3180","url":null,"abstract":"Zoonoses are diseases transmissible between non-human and human animals. Over 200 zoonoses are known, of which at least 60 are associated with (especially exotic) companion animals. Current risk-impact assessment approaches for zoonoses are largely cumbersome and, to be meaningful, may require extensive detailed information. A literature search and review were conducted for current risk assessment protocols for common zoonoses, with subsequent development of two novel rapid scoring methods for evaluating potential risk associated with companion-animal-linked zoonoses. Accordingly, a novel, two-tier methodological concept - ‘zoonoplasticity' - was prepared using an intuitive risk approach. The first tier considers risk principles for companion animals and husbandry practices, and pre-weights animals by class or species. The second tier considers established pathogen- or disease-based questions and assigns a degree of risk. Thus, the zoonoplasticity concept enables pathogens or their resultant zoonoses to be scored and provides a clear points-based protocol offering guidance concerning potential threat, in particular where more quantifiable risk assessment is unavailable because of information deficits. The zoonoplasticity concept was tested with 15 animal species and 22 known zoonoses against European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) operational guidance as a comparative system. Risk categorisation was 100% consistent for 21 of the 22 specific zoonoses, while requiring minimal information input, and the overall comparison rate was 98.85%. Zoonoplasticity is not intended to provide an absolute measure of risk or to replace existing methodologies, rather it is an attempt to standardise a practical judgement protocol that accounts for various relevant issues, and to offer a potentially helpful indicator of concern. The zoonoplasticity concept will be relevant to remits for medical professionals, veterinary medical professionals, public health professionals, government administrators, biomedical researchers and others.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"128 1","pages":"817-830"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77799983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As reviewed in Part 1 of this publication series, numerous haematophagous arthropods have negative direct effects and are involved in the transmission of pathogens to either animals and/or humans in Western Europe. Their control is therefore essential to prevent vector-borne infections. Different control methods, either general or arthropod-specific, were presented in Part 2 of this publication series. Part 3 focuses on integrated management of arthropods and proposes a coherent and affordable plan for facilities housing sick animals in a veterinary faculty, i.e. small animals and large animals, with an educational farm. Control of arthropods should be part of a biosecurity plan, the effectiveness of which requires awareness raising and education of the different actors, i.e. staff, students and animal owners. The originality of the review lies in its specificity to a veterinary faculty and animal housing facilities, from a One Health point of view. As far as it could be ascertained, this is the first review focusing on arthropod control in this specific at-risk environment.
{"title":"Integrated management of blood-feeding arthropods in veterinary teaching facilities - Part 3: proposal for a coherent and affordable control plan.","authors":"M. Humblet, B. Losson, C. Saegerman","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3177","url":null,"abstract":"As reviewed in Part 1 of this publication series, numerous haematophagous arthropods have negative direct effects and are involved in the transmission of pathogens to either animals and/or humans in Western Europe. Their control is therefore essential to prevent vector-borne infections. Different control methods, either general or arthropod-specific, were presented in Part 2 of this publication series. Part 3 focuses on integrated management of arthropods and proposes a coherent and affordable plan for facilities housing sick animals in a veterinary faculty, i.e. small animals and large animals, with an educational farm. Control of arthropods should be part of a biosecurity plan, the effectiveness of which requires awareness raising and education of the different actors, i.e. staff, students and animal owners. The originality of the review lies in its specificity to a veterinary faculty and animal housing facilities, from a One Health point of view. As far as it could be ascertained, this is the first review focusing on arthropod control in this specific at-risk environment.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"47 1","pages":"779-793"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88101521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Mugezi, M. Kimaanga, A. Namwabira, E. Chevanne, O. Nekouei, M. Mclaws, P. Motta, T. Dulu, K. Sumption
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Uganda, where livestock movements through porous borders and beyond play a key role in the spread of transboundary animal diseases. Data from published and unpublished sources were used to conduct a qualitative risk assessment based on the World Organisation for Animal Health framework to assess the risk of foot and mouth disease virus spread in Uganda through pastoral and trade-related cattle movements from the country's southern border districts. A scenario tree was developed as a conceptual framework, and the risk was assessed by considering factors including the cattle population, proportion of vaccinated cattle, number of live cattle legally moved from districts along the Ugandan-Tanzanian border, the production system in the destination districts and the purpose of the movement. Factors associated with higher risk included live cattle movements for pastoral/grazing and breeding purposes, particularly those towards agro-pastoral (AP) areas, which have the potential to lead to outbreaks on several farms in the destination district and other districts countrywide. Prophylactic vaccination should therefore prioritise districts from which movements of large volumes of cattle to other areas originate and the AP destination districts. Specific awareness campaigns should be conducted in destination districts to improve preventative measures and farm biosecurity levels. This study will inform the revision of the risk-based strategic plan, aimed at reducing FMD impacts in Uganda, as the country progresses along the progressive control pathway for FMD.
{"title":"Risk of foot and mouth disease spread through cattle movements in Uganda.","authors":"I. Mugezi, M. Kimaanga, A. Namwabira, E. Chevanne, O. Nekouei, M. Mclaws, P. Motta, T. Dulu, K. Sumption","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3182","url":null,"abstract":"Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Uganda, where livestock movements through porous borders and beyond play a key role in the spread of transboundary animal diseases. Data from published and unpublished sources were used to conduct a qualitative risk assessment based on the World Organisation for Animal Health framework to assess the risk of foot and mouth disease virus spread in Uganda through pastoral and trade-related cattle movements from the country's southern border districts. A scenario tree was developed as a conceptual framework, and the risk was assessed by considering factors including the cattle population, proportion of vaccinated cattle, number of live cattle legally moved from districts along the Ugandan-Tanzanian border, the production system in the destination districts and the purpose of the movement. Factors associated with higher risk included live cattle movements for pastoral/grazing and breeding purposes, particularly those towards agro-pastoral (AP) areas, which have the potential to lead to outbreaks on several farms in the destination district and other districts countrywide. Prophylactic vaccination should therefore prioritise districts from which movements of large volumes of cattle to other areas originate and the AP destination districts. Specific awareness campaigns should be conducted in destination districts to improve preventative measures and farm biosecurity levels. This study will inform the revision of the risk-based strategic plan, aimed at reducing FMD impacts in Uganda, as the country progresses along the progressive control pathway for FMD.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"162 1","pages":"847-861"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86881675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Biswas, C. Debnath, I. Samanta, R. Barua, A. Singh
The order Chiroptera is the second largest order of mammals and shows great physiological and ecological diversity. These animals play significant ecological roles as prey and predator as well as facilitating pollination, seed dispersal, arthropod reduction and nutrient distribution and reutilisation in nature. Bats act as hosts to a range of viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic zoonoses. Human activities increase the likelihood of exposure to bats, thereby increasing the opportunity for infections to spill over. Continuing ecological processes, emergence and spillover of novel pathogens in naïve hosts, including humans, along with other complex natural phenomena require proper understanding that may help in predicting the next spillover. This review will discuss the ecology of bats and their role in the emergence of different zoonoses, particularly those of viral origin, in an organised manner to increase understanding of the factors that may play significant roles in spillover of these pathogens from bats to other animals, including humans.
{"title":"Ecology of bats and their role in emerging zoonotic diseases: a review.","authors":"R. Biswas, C. Debnath, I. Samanta, R. Barua, A. Singh","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3198","url":null,"abstract":"The order Chiroptera is the second largest order of mammals and shows great physiological and ecological diversity. These animals play significant ecological roles as prey and predator as well as facilitating pollination, seed dispersal, arthropod reduction and nutrient distribution and reutilisation in nature. Bats act as hosts to a range of viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic zoonoses. Human activities increase the likelihood of exposure to bats, thereby increasing the opportunity for infections to spill over. Continuing ecological processes, emergence and spillover of novel pathogens in naïve hosts, including humans, along with other complex natural phenomena require proper understanding that may help in predicting the next spillover. This review will discuss the ecology of bats and their role in the emergence of different zoonoses, particularly those of viral origin, in an organised manner to increase understanding of the factors that may play significant roles in spillover of these pathogens from bats to other animals, including humans.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"40 1","pages":"1077-1090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77472100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Numerous arthropod species are involved in the vector-borne transmission of pathogens either to animals and/or to humans. Part 1 of this paper was dedicated to a review of these species, and their role in the transmission of pathogens in North-western Europe. This part will discuss the different anti-arthropod control methods, which are either general, used as good management practices, or arthropod-specific. The majority of these measures are efficient against several arthropod groups. Management of the environment is crucial for controlling the immature stages of winged arthropods, fleas and lice, but also ticks. Spraying pesticides should be considered carefully, because of the risk of emergence of resistance and the negative impact on the environment and non-targeted insects. Monitoring of haematophagous arthropods is useful when considering its use in the validation of control measures, the follow-up of endemic populations, vigilance for emergence of new species, and the detection of pathogens and, indirectly, resistance to chemicals. Monitoring also helps to determine the most appropriate timing and location for implementing control measures. It is strongly advised to combine control methods targeting adults and others addressing immature stages. Even if challenging, their combination under an integrated pest management programme should be preferred. Indeed, integrated vector management aims at making vector control more efficient, cost-effective, ecologically sound and sustainable.
{"title":"Integrated management of blood-feeding arthropods in veterinary teaching facilities - Part 2: overview of control methods against adults and immature stages.","authors":"M. Humblet, B. Losson, C. Saegerman","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3176","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous arthropod species are involved in the vector-borne transmission of pathogens either to animals and/or to humans. Part 1 of this paper was dedicated to a review of these species, and their role in the transmission of pathogens in North-western Europe. This part will discuss the different anti-arthropod control methods, which are either general, used as good management practices, or arthropod-specific. The majority of these measures are efficient against several arthropod groups. Management of the environment is crucial for controlling the immature stages of winged arthropods, fleas and lice, but also ticks. Spraying pesticides should be considered carefully, because of the risk of emergence of resistance and the negative impact on the environment and non-targeted insects. Monitoring of haematophagous arthropods is useful when considering its use in the validation of control measures, the follow-up of endemic populations, vigilance for emergence of new species, and the detection of pathogens and, indirectly, resistance to chemicals. Monitoring also helps to determine the most appropriate timing and location for implementing control measures. It is strongly advised to combine control methods targeting adults and others addressing immature stages. Even if challenging, their combination under an integrated pest management programme should be preferred. Indeed, integrated vector management aims at making vector control more efficient, cost-effective, ecologically sound and sustainable.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"96 1","pages":"757-777"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75886985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Pulido-Villamarín, A. N. Santamaría-Durán, R. Castañeda-Salazar, I. Chamorro-Tobar, A. Carrascal-Camacho, M. Aranda-Silva, C. Zambrano-Moreno
The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Salmonella spp., Mycobacterium bovis and Brucella spp., together with associated risk factors, in pigs from various farms in seven regions of Colombia. A total of 350 blood samples were obtained from pigs at different stages in the production cycle of 23 farms, which were tested using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) diagnostic kits Pigtype®-Salmonella Ab (Qiagen®, Hilden, Germany), INgezim TB porcine and INgezim Brucella porcine (Ingenasa®, Madrid, Spain). The overall seroprevalence for Salmonella spp. was 42.85% (n = 150) and, for M. bovis, it was 5.42% (n = 19). No positive samples were detected for Brucella spp. In the farms evaluated, the presence of pests, such as rodents, was found to be the management variable with a statistically significant association with seropositivity for Salmonella spp. and M. bovis. The results suggest that, at some point in the primary production cycle, pigs came into contact with zoonotic bacteria, resulting in seropositivity, which may pose a risk to public health and national pig production.
{"title":"Assessment of antibodies against three zoonotic bacteria and associated risk factors in pig farms in Colombia.","authors":"A. Pulido-Villamarín, A. N. Santamaría-Durán, R. Castañeda-Salazar, I. Chamorro-Tobar, A. Carrascal-Camacho, M. Aranda-Silva, C. Zambrano-Moreno","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3188","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Salmonella spp., Mycobacterium bovis and Brucella spp., together with associated risk factors, in pigs from various farms in seven regions of Colombia. A total of 350 blood samples were obtained from pigs at different stages in the production cycle of 23 farms, which were tested using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) diagnostic kits Pigtype®-Salmonella Ab (Qiagen®, Hilden, Germany), INgezim TB porcine and INgezim Brucella porcine (Ingenasa®, Madrid, Spain). The overall seroprevalence for Salmonella spp. was 42.85% (n = 150) and, for M. bovis, it was 5.42% (n = 19). No positive samples were detected for Brucella spp. In the farms evaluated, the presence of pests, such as rodents, was found to be the management variable with a statistically significant association with seropositivity for Salmonella spp. and M. bovis. The results suggest that, at some point in the primary production cycle, pigs came into contact with zoonotic bacteria, resulting in seropositivity, which may pose a risk to public health and national pig production.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"6 1","pages":"923-945"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74344766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Hunt, L. Yu, M. Cochran, J.-C. Liu, B. McCarl, C. Johnson, M. Brun, M. Berquist
Advances in information technologies (ITs) and operational technologies (OTs) offer high-containment laboratories opportunities to evolve scientific and operational approaches, while increasing efficiency. Emerging technologies steadily introduce changes in data generation and management practices. United States (US) government agencies and partners operate high-containment laboratories that rely on ITs/OTs to provide critical scientific functions that support prevention, detection, response and recovery for catastrophic events. These unique operating environments provide an opportunity for implementation of ITs/OTs that can facilitate both efficiency and deeper or parallel study of disease and associated biological phenomena. Operational study by subject matter experts can aid in identification of requirements and challenges pertaining to emerging ITs/OTs, examination of use cases, refinement of technical specifications and optimisation of workflows. The National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF) in the United States of America (USA), slated to be fully operational by 2023, will be a state-of-the-art research and diagnostic facility with Biosafety Level 2, 3 and 4 laboratories for the study of high-consequence transboundary animal pathogens and zoonotic diseases impacting public health. The NBAF will support the diagnosis of emerging diseases, development of countermeasures and transboundary animal disease training. Given the rapid emergence of IT/OT solutions, the authors used a case study approach to analyse and assess real-world, high-containment laboratory functions to help maximise efficiency in mission delivery for the NBAF and the broader high-containment laboratory network. The case study approach described here could be widely adapted to diverse situations characterised by a high rate of change to provide accurate, relevant workflow analyses and optimised recommendations.
{"title":"A case study approach to high-containment laboratory workflows promoting sustainability, networking and innovation.","authors":"C. Hunt, L. Yu, M. Cochran, J.-C. Liu, B. McCarl, C. Johnson, M. Brun, M. Berquist","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3169","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in information technologies (ITs) and operational technologies (OTs) offer high-containment laboratories opportunities to evolve scientific and operational approaches, while increasing efficiency. Emerging technologies steadily introduce changes in data generation and management practices. United States (US) government agencies and partners operate high-containment laboratories that rely on ITs/OTs to provide critical scientific functions that support prevention, detection, response and recovery for catastrophic events. These unique operating environments provide an opportunity for implementation of ITs/OTs that can facilitate both efficiency and deeper or parallel study of disease and associated biological phenomena. Operational study by subject matter experts can aid in identification of requirements and challenges pertaining to emerging ITs/OTs, examination of use cases, refinement of technical specifications and optimisation of workflows. The National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF) in the United States of America (USA), slated to be fully operational by 2023, will be a state-of-the-art research and diagnostic facility with Biosafety Level 2, 3 and 4 laboratories for the study of high-consequence transboundary animal pathogens and zoonotic diseases impacting public health. The NBAF will support the diagnosis of emerging diseases, development of countermeasures and transboundary animal disease training. Given the rapid emergence of IT/OT solutions, the authors used a case study approach to analyse and assess real-world, high-containment laboratory functions to help maximise efficiency in mission delivery for the NBAF and the broader high-containment laboratory network. The case study approach described here could be widely adapted to diverse situations characterised by a high rate of change to provide accurate, relevant workflow analyses and optimised recommendations.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"458 1","pages":"663-673"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83030541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Whether or not the cause is infection, abortions result in major economic losses on Algerian cattle farms. Between September 2014 and February 2016, an epidemiological survey was carried out in the form of direct interviews with 162 dairy cattle farmers in eight wilayas (regions) in the north and centre of Algeria, in order to estimate the prevalence of notification of abortions and to identify the factors that influence notification by farmers. The prevalence of notification of abortions by the farmers interviewed was estimated using a precise binomial distribution. Influencing factors were analysed using a classification tree analysis. It seems from the responses obtained that, 82.1% (confidence interval [CI] 95%: 75.3-87.7%) of farmers call a veterinarian to report when abortions have occurred and for post-abortion follow-up. The classification tree generated from the survey data indicates that the three most predictable variables for notification of abortions are, in order of decreasing importance: the type of cow affected by the abortion (importance of the variable = 100 on a scale of 0 to 100); the wilaya of origin (importance of the variable = 72.7); and the dominant physiological stage (importance of the variable = 42.5). Recommendations were made to improve conditions for the notification of bovine abortions by farmers and their handling in Algeria. These recommendations relate to regular information and awareness campaigns aimed at farmers concerning bovine abortions and the possible repercussions of non-reporting on animal and human health; workshops for farmers, attended by veterinarians, on the appropriate handling of cows that have aborted and post-abortion products (milk, aborted foetuses, placenta and foetal membranes); and the creation of an agricultural fund to compensate farmers for losses incurred due to bovine abortions in the context of notifiable diseases. Finally, there is a reminder of the importance of the effective use of quarantine for all animals newly introduced into herds.
{"title":"Factors associated with the risk of abortions on dairy cattle farms and their notification by farmers in Algeria.","authors":"N. Djellata, C. Hanzen, C. Saegerman","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3189","url":null,"abstract":"Whether or not the cause is infection, abortions result in major economic losses on Algerian cattle farms. Between September 2014 and February 2016, an epidemiological survey was carried out in the form of direct interviews with 162 dairy cattle farmers in eight wilayas (regions) in the north and centre of Algeria, in order to estimate the prevalence of notification of abortions and to identify the factors that influence notification by farmers. The prevalence of notification of abortions by the farmers interviewed was estimated using a precise binomial distribution. Influencing factors were analysed using a classification tree analysis. It seems from the responses obtained that, 82.1% (confidence interval [CI] 95%: 75.3-87.7%) of farmers call a veterinarian to report when abortions have occurred and for post-abortion follow-up. The classification tree generated from the survey data indicates that the three most predictable variables for notification of abortions are, in order of decreasing importance: the type of cow affected by the abortion (importance of the variable = 100 on a scale of 0 to 100); the wilaya of origin (importance of the variable = 72.7); and the dominant physiological stage (importance of the variable = 42.5). Recommendations were made to improve conditions for the notification of bovine abortions by farmers and their handling in Algeria. These recommendations relate to regular information and awareness campaigns aimed at farmers concerning bovine abortions and the possible repercussions of non-reporting on animal and human health; workshops for farmers, attended by veterinarians, on the appropriate handling of cows that have aborted and post-abortion products (milk, aborted foetuses, placenta and foetal membranes); and the creation of an agricultural fund to compensate farmers for losses incurred due to bovine abortions in the context of notifiable diseases. Finally, there is a reminder of the importance of the effective use of quarantine for all animals newly introduced into herds.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"38 1","pages":"969-990"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72728113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dalia A. M. Abd El-Moaty, S.E.A. ABO-DALAL, O. Salman, N. ABDEL-WANEES, A. M. Abbas
Vaccination is the major control measure for rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). The co-circulation of different RHDV genotypes in Egypt has led to the need to determine the most effective vaccine strain and the cross-protection between these genotypes. Rabbits seronegative for RHDV were vaccinated with the commercial GI.1a (RHDVa) vaccine strain Giza2006 and the GI.1d (G5) vaccine strain Giza97. The rabbits were challenged three weeks post vaccination with GI.1a (RHDVa) strains Giza2010 and Kal2012 and GI.1d (G5) RHDV Giza97 and RHDV2014 to determine the degree of cross-protection and evaluate immunity and cross-reactivity by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Both vaccines were fully protective three weeks post vaccination, with 95% protection for the GI.1a vaccine and 94.7% for the GI.1d vaccine, with no direct relationship between mortality rates and the genotype of the challenge strain. The antibody titres obtained using the HI test were one log higher for the GI.1a compared with the GI.1d vaccine, but post-challenge titres showed increased responses, expressed as 1?3 log2 higher titres, for the GI.1d vaccine. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the Egyptian strain RHDV2014 revealed its relatedness to the GI.1d genotype and showed no evidence of the presence of GI.2 in Egypt until 2014. In conclusion, both GI.1d (G5) and GI.1a (RHDVa)-based vaccines are protective against both RHDV genotypes present in Egypt but continuous monitoring of circulating strains is essential because the arrival of GI.2 in Egypt will require new vaccination strategies.
{"title":"Molecular and serological studies of Egyptian strains of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus and their comparison with vaccine strains.","authors":"Dalia A. M. Abd El-Moaty, S.E.A. ABO-DALAL, O. Salman, N. ABDEL-WANEES, A. M. Abbas","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3195","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccination is the major control measure for rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). The co-circulation of different RHDV genotypes in Egypt has led to the need to determine the most effective vaccine strain and the cross-protection between these genotypes. Rabbits seronegative for RHDV were vaccinated with the commercial GI.1a (RHDVa) vaccine strain Giza2006 and the GI.1d (G5) vaccine strain Giza97. The rabbits were challenged three weeks post vaccination with GI.1a (RHDVa) strains Giza2010 and Kal2012 and GI.1d (G5) RHDV Giza97 and RHDV2014 to determine the degree of cross-protection and evaluate immunity and cross-reactivity by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Both vaccines were fully protective three weeks post vaccination, with 95% protection for the GI.1a vaccine and 94.7% for the GI.1d vaccine, with no direct relationship between mortality rates and the genotype of the challenge strain. The antibody titres obtained using the HI test were one log higher for the GI.1a compared with the GI.1d vaccine, but post-challenge titres showed increased responses, expressed as 1?3 log2 higher titres, for the GI.1d vaccine. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the Egyptian strain RHDV2014 revealed its relatedness to the GI.1d genotype and showed no evidence of the presence of GI.2 in Egypt until 2014. In conclusion, both GI.1d (G5) and GI.1a (RHDVa)-based vaccines are protective against both RHDV genotypes present in Egypt but continuous monitoring of circulating strains is essential because the arrival of GI.2 in Egypt will require new vaccination strategies.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"215 1","pages":"1039-1051"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76273658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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