Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties最新文献

Rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) are two closely related viral diseases caused by viruses belonging to the genus Morbillivirus and affecting ruminants. Both diseases are notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) due to their high contagiosity and economic importance. International collaboration and scientific developments have led to the eradication of rinderpest, which was celebrated in 2011, 250 years after the first veterinary school was created in Lyon. In contrast, the geographical distribution of PPR has expanded to cover many regions of Africa, the Middle East and Asia. PPR now constitutes a major concern for small ruminants globally. Following the lessons learnt from the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme, efforts have been initiated to control and eradicate PPR. The PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy, established in 2015 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and WOAH, aims to eradicate PPR by 2030. The key factors in favour of PPR eradication are the virus's limited number of natural hosts, the absence of a vector, the availability of an effective vaccine and the availability of diagnostic tools. However, challenges remain, including resource mobilisation, developing a better understanding of the epidemiology, improving vaccines for differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals, and adapting diagnostic tests for atypical hosts. Eradicating PPR will not only represent a scientific milestone but also aligns with the broader sustainable development goals of poverty alleviation, zero hunger, food security and improved nutrition as well as promoting sustainable agriculture, health and well-being, and economic stability in regions heavily dependent on small ruminants.

African swine fever (ASF) is currently the largest threat to world pork production. The complexity of the virus, its persistence in the environment, the particular immune response it elicits without significant neutralising antibodies, its capacity for transmission by several routes and the presentation of different clinical forms, from acute with high mortality to attenuated to chronic, all pose significant challenges. This article provides an overview of the epidemiological situation of ASF across five continents, the role of wild boar in virus transmission, the development of new immunological tools that aim to enhance protection against this complicated virus in wild boar, and the protection studies that are under way.

African swine fever (ASF) has become a major focus of research after spreading to four continents besides Africa. In its natural African ecosystem, the causative ASF virus (ASFV) is maintained by indigenous Suidae as natural reservoirs and hard tick vectors. However, in Sus scrofa domesticated breeds and wild boar, ASFV causes devastating disease, with mortalities reaching over 90%. This shift in geographical spread and hosts, and the resulting major impact on pig farming in some of the most productive pig producing regions, has resulted in drastically increased efforts to control and eventually prevent ASF. This article briefly reviews recent advances in understanding of ASFV molecular biology, epizootiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis to provide a state-of-the-art picture while also identifying challenges ahead.

Rinderpest virus and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus are highly pathogenic viruses causing disease primarily in cattle and small ruminants, respectively. Although the post-eradication process for rinderpest has been largely successful, gaps in preparedness for a future rinderpest reappearance remain, and the virus is still held in some facilities that have not been registered or inspected, posing a threat to the global community. The PPR Global Eradication Programme will need to overcome significant hurdles to reach a world free of the disease by 2030. Achieving this goal will be easier if plans are based on the best research and tools available, with proper involvement of communities. Focusing research and development efforts on the important remaining gaps should increase the efficiency of control and surveillance strategies, provided research outputs are effectively transferred to decision-makers. Researchers, stakeholders and implementing bodies should build on the experience of rinderpest to prepare for a post-PPR world. The animal health community should also be vigilant regarding other viruses, including those yet unknown, that could emerge as the niches of the rinderpest and PPR viruses become vacant.

In recent years, the importance of working holistically on the global One Health and One Welfare agendas has become evident. The success of these policies in addressing shared challenges depends on a science-based global strategy for animal welfare that allows local efforts to resolve conflicts related to how human beings take advantage of natural resources, including domestic and wild animals. These policies need to be developed jointly by the World Organisation for Animal Health, the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and in line with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. They should be based on scientific evidence, gathered from existing information and through transdisciplinary research, to quantify synergies and trade-offs between environmental, social, economic and animal welfare criteria. This approach will make it possible to articulate and implement local policies and solutions associating animal welfare with efficient and sustainable livestock production, biodiversity conservation and disease prevention, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, economic and rural development, biomedical research based on ethical principles, and responsible animal ownership.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. Together with other diseases highlighted in this special edition of the Scientific and Technical Review, the circulation of FMD virus in different parts of the world has shaped the work of the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) over the past hundred years. In 2012, the Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, led by WOAH and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, established a joint FMD working group and a strategy for the control of FMD. Control of FMD requires political commitment to deliver the sustained investment and deploy the resources required to break the cycle of infection. This article highlights recent improvements in diagnostic and genomic tools, as well as new vaccine platform technologies that, if strategically deployed, have the potential to improve the control of this disease. The article also reflects on global and regional initiatives using the Progressive Control Pathway for FMD, which remains relevant and has wider positive benefits for the control of other transboundary animal diseases.

Over the past few decades, the scope of animal welfare has expanded within the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). This article takes as its starting point the first issue of the Scientific and Technical Review dedicated to the subject in 1994, and compares it to the second of 2005, and to the situation today, almost 20 years later. Changes are grouped into three main areas. The first is the consolidation of animal welfare work within WOAH and the acceptance of it as a subject in its own right, linked to - but nevertheless separate from - animal health. The second is the broadening of the subject's scope from being mainly concerned with farm animal welfare to encompassing all categories of animals, domesticated and wild. The third is the increased contextualisation of animal welfare to account for different regional attitudes and needs around the globe. Changes in the scope of the subject of animal welfare within WOAH reflect the increase in research in the area and demonstrate that animal welfare is becoming integrated into other complex areas, such as sustainable development. The final part of this article looks forward, speculating on roles that WOAH might play in the future in the area of animal welfare.

Aquaculture stands as the fastest-growing food fish sector, expected to satisfy global demand for aquatic products. However, its expansion has led to disease emergence, adversely affecting both production and biodiversity. In response, since the mid-1990s the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) has developed initiatives, notably the Aquatic Animal Health Code and the Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals, aimed at harmonising health standards for international trade in aquatic animals. With advances in aquaculture came the global spread of pathogens, resulting in significant disease outbreaks and economic losses. Efforts to curb these events led to the establishment of emergency programmes and conferences emphasising surveillance, preparedness and response, and fostering increased collaboration among stakeholders. As aquatic animals grow in importance for global nutrition and food security, the emergence of new pathogens poses a threat. Understanding disease mechanisms and main drivers becomes pivotal for disease prevention. Collaboration across sectors, including government, industry, science and stakeholders, is vital for implementation of effective biosecurity measures to mitigate disease risks. The Aquatic Animal Health Strategy, introduced by WOAH in 2021, reflects the recognition of the growing significance of aquatic animal health and its relevance in food security and outlines a strategic approach to management of aquatic animal health worldwide. Emphasising standards, capacity building, resilience and leadership, this Strategy aims to address critical challenges in aquatic animal health and welfare. Looking forward, the One Health approach will become imperative in confronting global health risks. In this holistic approach to ensuring sustainable aquaculture, it is important to recognise the great value of the people working in aquaculture and their contribution to global food security.

H5Nx A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 Eurasian lineage high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have been the main HPAI strains detected globally since 2005. These have spread around the world, causing a panzootic that has spanned six continents, with continual threat to not only wild and captive birds and poultry, but also wild, captive and domestic mammals and humans. The viruses' ecology and epidemiology - especially the 2.3.4.4b clade - have changed, with over 489 species of birds infected and spreading the virus over migratory routes. This results in the death of many birds, including endangered species, and serves as a source of transmission to poultry and mammals. Improved surveillance and sharing of HPAI virus sequences, metadata and viruses across the veterinary, public health, wildlife and environment sectors are needed to elucidate the population dynamics of the infections, which is crucial to addressing this complex One Health issue. The development of appropriate mitigation strategies or changes in husbandry, production and selling practices can reduce the risk of viruses being introduced into farms, as well as their amplification and viral evolution, and any spill-back to wild birds. Approaches to prevention and control of HPAI in countries where these 2.3.4.4b viruses remain entrenched in poultry, or places at risk of virus introduction via wild bird populations, involve measures to reduce the effects of the disease in poultry (including enhanced farm bio-security, vaccination, zoning and compartmentalisation). Their uptake reflects the difficulties encountered in relying solely on biosecurity for disease prevention and on stamping out alone for virus control and elimination. The World Organisation for Animal Health's Terrestrial Animal Health Code allows use of vaccination of poultry under specific conditions and without negatively impacting HPAI-free status if appropriate surveillance is conducted, thus supporting safe trade in poultry and poultry products. Nevertheless, concerns regarding loss of valuable export markets still interfere with greater utilisation of vaccination.