Whether the cause is infection or not, abortions result in major economic losses on Algerian cattle farms. However, little is known about their prevalence and the factors influencing their notification by Algerian veterinarians. In order to bridge this knowledge gap, an epidemiological survey was conducted between September 2014 and February 2016, in the form of direct interviews with 331 veterinarians randomly distributed in ten wilayas (regions) in northern and central Algeria. Influencing factors were analysed using a univariate, then multivariate, logistic regression model and a classification tree analysis. The statistical significance was set to 5% (p value of 0.05). According to 48.7% of the veterinarians interviewed, the average prevalence of abortions on the dairy farms monitored by each veterinarian during the past 12 months was greater than 5%. The results of the multivariate logistic regression model confirmed that abortion notification is far more systematic if accompanied by sampling for laboratory diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = 467; confidence interval [CI] 95%: 56-3,897; p < 0.001). Conversely, notification is less frequent if the abortion occurred during the summer (OR = 0.14; CI 95%: 0.03-0.58; p = 0.007). The classification tree generated from the survey data indicates that the three variables most predictive of abortion notification are (in decreasing order of importance): sampling for laboratory analysis to identify the cause of abortions; the wilaya of origin; and the season during which the abortions occurred. Finally, an overall weighted score (on a scale of 0 to 100) was assigned to allow evaluation of the notification and management of bovine abortions by veterinarians. Evidently there is plenty of scope for improvement because two-thirds of veterinarians achieved scores between 0 and 25. Recommendations were made to improve notification and the management of bovine abortions in Algeria, including publishing an agreed standard procedure for abortions, conducting information and awareness-raising campaigns aimed at farmers and veterinarians and allocating additional resources to laboratory analysis of the causes of abortion and incentives to encourage notification of abortions. Another proposal was the creation of an agricultural fund to compensate cattle farmers for losses resulting from bovine abortions caused by notifiable diseases.
{"title":"Survey of the prevalence of bovine abortions and notification and management practices by veterinary practitioners in Algeria.","authors":"N. Djellata, A. Yahimi, C. Hanzen, C. Saegerman","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3190","url":null,"abstract":"Whether the cause is infection or not, abortions result in major economic losses on Algerian cattle farms. However, little is known about their prevalence and the factors influencing their notification by Algerian veterinarians. In order to bridge this knowledge gap, an epidemiological survey was conducted between September 2014 and February 2016, in the form of direct interviews with 331 veterinarians randomly distributed in ten wilayas (regions) in northern and central Algeria. Influencing factors were analysed using a univariate, then multivariate, logistic regression model and a classification tree analysis. The statistical significance was set to 5% (p value of 0.05). According to 48.7% of the veterinarians interviewed, the average prevalence of abortions on the dairy farms monitored by each veterinarian during the past 12 months was greater than 5%. The results of the multivariate logistic regression model confirmed that abortion notification is far more systematic if accompanied by sampling for laboratory diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = 467; confidence interval [CI] 95%: 56-3,897; p < 0.001). Conversely, notification is less frequent if the abortion occurred during the summer (OR = 0.14; CI 95%: 0.03-0.58; p = 0.007). The classification tree generated from the survey data indicates that the three variables most predictive of abortion notification are (in decreasing order of importance): sampling for laboratory analysis to identify the cause of abortions; the wilaya of origin; and the season during which the abortions occurred. Finally, an overall weighted score (on a scale of 0 to 100) was assigned to allow evaluation of the notification and management of bovine abortions by veterinarians. Evidently there is plenty of scope for improvement because two-thirds of veterinarians achieved scores between 0 and 25. Recommendations were made to improve notification and the management of bovine abortions in Algeria, including publishing an agreed standard procedure for abortions, conducting information and awareness-raising campaigns aimed at farmers and veterinarians and allocating additional resources to laboratory analysis of the causes of abortion and incentives to encourage notification of abortions. Another proposal was the creation of an agricultural fund to compensate cattle farmers for losses resulting from bovine abortions caused by notifiable diseases.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"98 1","pages":"947-968"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81085440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Boukert, O. KAYA KOKSALAN, T. Kocagoz, S. Akcelik, M. Ifticene, A. Berber, C. Saegerman, N. Sahraoui
Tuberculosis in dromedaries in Algeria has been little studied to date. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis in dromedaries in three Algerian slaughterhouses using samples from suspected tuberculosis lesions, which were detected on carcasses during a post-mortem visual inspection. The study also uses laboratory diagnosis to isolate and identify the agents responsible for the infection. Between 2016 and 2018, 102 carcasses (3.05%; with a confidence interval [CI] of 95% from 2.05 to 3.69) were suspected of tuberculosis out of a total of 3,342 dromedary carcasses inspected. The lesions were located as follows in the carcasses: 64 of 102 were in the lungs, 37 in the liver and 1 in a bronchial ganglion. Five and six samples respectively of suspected tuberculosis lesions were found to be positive by bacilloscopy (4.9%; with a CI of 95% from 1.61 to 11.1) and in culture (5.88%; with a CI of 95% from 2.19 to 12.36). The concordance between bacilloscopy and culture was good (kappa coefficient of 0.71) and the probability of finding a positive culture was 184 times greater when the bacilloscopy was positive (value of p = 0.01). Molecular characterisation by polymerase chain reaction of extracts of DNA gave a positive signal, indicating that the isolated strains belonged to a mycobacterium genus. An enzymatic restriction on DNA extracts indicated the presence of mycobacterium DNA belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Spoligotyping on the same DNA extracts confirmed the presence of four strains of Mycobacterium bovis with the same spoligotype SB0941 and another strain with spoligotype SB2562, a newly described profile in this study, which is phylogenetically close to the previous profile. Using suspected tuberculosis lesions in dromedaries, a non-tuberculosis mycobacterium was identified as Mycobacterium virginiense MO-233 (sequence ID: Nr149186) using the sequencing technique on the region 16SrDNA. Having demonstrated the presence of tuberculosis with M. bovis in the Algerian dromedary population, it is now necessary to implement measures to control it in order to reduce transmission between animals and humans.
{"title":"Isolation and identification of mycobacteria responsible for tuberculosis of dromedaries in Algeria.","authors":"R. Boukert, O. KAYA KOKSALAN, T. Kocagoz, S. Akcelik, M. Ifticene, A. Berber, C. Saegerman, N. Sahraoui","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3170","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis in dromedaries in Algeria has been little studied to date. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis in dromedaries in three Algerian slaughterhouses using samples from suspected tuberculosis lesions, which were detected on carcasses during a post-mortem visual inspection. The study also uses laboratory diagnosis to isolate and identify the agents responsible for the infection. Between 2016 and 2018, 102 carcasses (3.05%; with a confidence interval [CI] of 95% from 2.05 to 3.69) were suspected of tuberculosis out of a total of 3,342 dromedary carcasses inspected. The lesions were located as follows in the carcasses: 64 of 102 were in the lungs, 37 in the liver and 1 in a bronchial ganglion. Five and six samples respectively of suspected tuberculosis lesions were found to be positive by bacilloscopy (4.9%; with a CI of 95% from 1.61 to 11.1) and in culture (5.88%; with a CI of 95% from 2.19 to 12.36). The concordance between bacilloscopy and culture was good (kappa coefficient of 0.71) and the probability of finding a positive culture was 184 times greater when the bacilloscopy was positive (value of p = 0.01). Molecular characterisation by polymerase chain reaction of extracts of DNA gave a positive signal, indicating that the isolated strains belonged to a mycobacterium genus. An enzymatic restriction on DNA extracts indicated the presence of mycobacterium DNA belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Spoligotyping on the same DNA extracts confirmed the presence of four strains of Mycobacterium bovis with the same spoligotype SB0941 and another strain with spoligotype SB2562, a newly described profile in this study, which is phylogenetically close to the previous profile. Using suspected tuberculosis lesions in dromedaries, a non-tuberculosis mycobacterium was identified as Mycobacterium virginiense MO-233 (sequence ID: Nr149186) using the sequencing technique on the region 16SrDNA. Having demonstrated the presence of tuberculosis with M. bovis in the Algerian dromedary population, it is now necessary to implement measures to control it in order to reduce transmission between animals and humans.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"51 1","pages":"675-697"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85813175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Ketusing, S. Premashthira, J. Hodgson, K. Hult, V. Ragan
This paper proposes an evaluation framework and assessment tools for use in the evaluation of the current foot and mouth disease (FMD) control policies in Thailand and their implementation in the eastern region of the country (the proposed FMD-free zone). To develop the framework and assessment tools this study identified: a) the essential elements of a successful FMD control programme; b) stakeholders who are affected by the FMD control programme; and c) relevant Department of Livestock Development regulations and documents. These regulations and documents were used as the foundation for development of the framework and assessment tools. The proposed framework includes the essential characteristics of policy design and implementation that should be part of the FMD control programme in Thailand. The assessment tools include assessment matrices, three sets of questionnaires, and interview questions. When applied, the assessment matrices identify shortcomings of policy design, policy implementation, veterinary capacity and stakeholder engagement. Questionnaires and interview questions collect information that examines the consistency of elements of the FMD control programme against criteria in the assessment matrix. This framework and tools are currently being applied to assess the proposed FMD-free zone in Thailand.
{"title":"Development of an evaluation framework and assessment tools to assess the foot and mouth disease (FMD) control policies and their implementation in the proposed FMD-free zone in Thailand.","authors":"N. Ketusing, S. Premashthira, J. Hodgson, K. Hult, V. Ragan","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3181","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an evaluation framework and assessment tools for use in the evaluation of the current foot and mouth disease (FMD) control policies in Thailand and their implementation in the eastern region of the country (the proposed FMD-free zone). To develop the framework and assessment tools this study identified: a) the essential elements of a successful FMD control programme; b) stakeholders who are affected by the FMD control programme; and c) relevant Department of Livestock Development regulations and documents. These regulations and documents were used as the foundation for development of the framework and assessment tools. The proposed framework includes the essential characteristics of policy design and implementation that should be part of the FMD control programme in Thailand. The assessment tools include assessment matrices, three sets of questionnaires, and interview questions. When applied, the assessment matrices identify shortcomings of policy design, policy implementation, veterinary capacity and stakeholder engagement. Questionnaires and interview questions collect information that examines the consistency of elements of the FMD control programme against criteria in the assessment matrix. This framework and tools are currently being applied to assess the proposed FMD-free zone in Thailand.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"2018 1","pages":"831-846"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79893605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The African swine fever (ASF) outbreak in the People's Republic of China (China) is affecting regional and global meat and feed markets with potential impacts on vegetable oils, biofuels and even pharmaceuticals. Using the Aglink-Cosimo modelling system, the authors adopt three different scenarios to assess the impacts of ASF in China, South-East Asia and the world. The simulation results show a range of possible effects for agricultural commodity markets, notably a large initial protein gap that will be filled by higher production of both eggs and non-pork meats (poultry, beef and sheep/goat) in China and by pork imports from international markets. The results suggest a fast and near complete closure of the protein gap, reflecting China's low responsiveness of meat demand to prices. A sizeable share of the protein gap could remain unfilled if the necessary import infrastructure for meat, with gapless cold chains and efficient and comprehensive sanitary controls, is not set up as assumed in the scenarios. Not filling the protein gap would also leave domestic meat prices at permanently high levels, which could even translate into higher overall inflation rates. The simulations further suggest that an ASF pandemic would drive a lasting wedge between plant protein and animal protein prices, both locally and internationally. Oil meal prices will be particularly adversely affected, whereas pork and poultry will see a significant price rise. Countries that import the former and export the latter are likely to become the main beneficiaries of an ASF pandemic, benefiting from lower input prices and higher output prices for potentially large volumes of exports.
{"title":"African swine fever: a global factor affecting agricultural markets over the medium term.","authors":"J. Schmidhuber, H. Matthey, M. Tripoli, A. Kamata","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3194","url":null,"abstract":"The African swine fever (ASF) outbreak in the People's Republic of China (China) is affecting regional and global meat and feed markets with potential impacts on vegetable oils, biofuels and even pharmaceuticals. Using the Aglink-Cosimo modelling system, the authors adopt three different scenarios to assess the impacts of ASF in China, South-East Asia and the world. The simulation results show a range of possible effects for agricultural commodity markets, notably a large initial protein gap that will be filled by higher production of both eggs and non-pork meats (poultry, beef and sheep/goat) in China and by pork imports from international markets. The results suggest a fast and near complete closure of the protein gap, reflecting China's low responsiveness of meat demand to prices. A sizeable share of the protein gap could remain unfilled if the necessary import infrastructure for meat, with gapless cold chains and efficient and comprehensive sanitary controls, is not set up as assumed in the scenarios. Not filling the protein gap would also leave domestic meat prices at permanently high levels, which could even translate into higher overall inflation rates. The simulations further suggest that an ASF pandemic would drive a lasting wedge between plant protein and animal protein prices, both locally and internationally. Oil meal prices will be particularly adversely affected, whereas pork and poultry will see a significant price rise. Countries that import the former and export the latter are likely to become the main beneficiaries of an ASF pandemic, benefiting from lower input prices and higher output prices for potentially large volumes of exports.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"35 1","pages":"1023-1037"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80000103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a serious life-threatening disease with severe clinical manifestations and health consequences for humans and a wide range of domestic animals. In September 2000, an RVF outbreak was reported in the Jazan region in the south-west part of Saudi Arabia with 886 human cases including 124 deaths. This review provides: a) an overview of the RVF control programme in Saudi Arabia, and b) an assessment of some of the control measures that have been launched since the early recognition of RVF. Currently, with the exception of Saudi Arabia, devastating outbreaks of RVF continue to occur and the number of countries reporting cases has increased rapidly. At least 19 large outbreaks including substantial numbers of human and animal deaths have been reported for the period between 2000 and 2018. In contrast to the aforementioned situation in endemic areas, the RVF control programme that was set up in Saudi Arabia has completely reversed the risk of re-occurrence of RVF over the past 18 years and provided long-term protection against Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) exposure. The control programme involved: a) vector control campaigns (using conventional and microbial insecticides, drainage and filling of water swamps with soil, and mosquito surveillance) and b) host-driven controls such as sustained vaccination campaigns, regular examination of sentinel herds, including seasonal surveillance reinforcement (targeted sero-surveillance during rainy seasons), and serological examination of clandestine animal imports kept at Al-Twal quarantine station, at the border with Yemen. The effectiveness of the current control programme can be demonstrated not only by the decrease in antibody prevalence of RVF virus-specific immunoglobulin M, from 12.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.8-17.8) in 2000 to 0.10% (95% CI: 0.01-0.2) in 2017, but also by the absence of human and animal cases since the 2000 outbreak. The mosquito infection rates with RVFV have also declined, from 0.045 per 1,000 for the genus Culex in 2014 to zero from 2015 to 2018. Additionally, the integrated vector management methods targeting outdoor habitats in the Jazan region substantially contributed to vector control and should be considered one of the most important factors contributing to the significant reduction of malaria case incidence from 2000 to 2014. The Saudi current control initiative could be used as a guideline for control of RVF or as a suitable model for other endemic countries.
{"title":"Eighteen years of implementation of a control programme against Rift Valley fever, 2000-2018, Saudi Arabia: a review study.","authors":"M. Alhaj, M. AL-ATAIF, A. Almanea","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3185","url":null,"abstract":"Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a serious life-threatening disease with severe clinical manifestations and health consequences for humans and a wide range of domestic animals. In September 2000, an RVF outbreak was reported in the Jazan region in the south-west part of Saudi Arabia with 886 human cases including 124 deaths. This review provides: a) an overview of the RVF control programme in Saudi Arabia, and b) an assessment of some of the control measures that have been launched since the early recognition of RVF. Currently, with the exception of Saudi Arabia, devastating outbreaks of RVF continue to occur and the number of countries reporting cases has increased rapidly. At least 19 large outbreaks including substantial numbers of human and animal deaths have been reported for the period between 2000 and 2018. In contrast to the aforementioned situation in endemic areas, the RVF control programme that was set up in Saudi Arabia has completely reversed the risk of re-occurrence of RVF over the past 18 years and provided long-term protection against Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) exposure. The control programme involved: a) vector control campaigns (using conventional and microbial insecticides, drainage and filling of water swamps with soil, and mosquito surveillance) and b) host-driven controls such as sustained vaccination campaigns, regular examination of sentinel herds, including seasonal surveillance reinforcement (targeted sero-surveillance during rainy seasons), and serological examination of clandestine animal imports kept at Al-Twal quarantine station, at the border with Yemen. The effectiveness of the current control programme can be demonstrated not only by the decrease in antibody prevalence of RVF virus-specific immunoglobulin M, from 12.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.8-17.8) in 2000 to 0.10% (95% CI: 0.01-0.2) in 2017, but also by the absence of human and animal cases since the 2000 outbreak. The mosquito infection rates with RVFV have also declined, from 0.045 per 1,000 for the genus Culex in 2014 to zero from 2015 to 2018. Additionally, the integrated vector management methods targeting outdoor habitats in the Jazan region substantially contributed to vector control and should be considered one of the most important factors contributing to the significant reduction of malaria case incidence from 2000 to 2014. The Saudi current control initiative could be used as a guideline for control of RVF or as a suitable model for other endemic countries.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"1 1","pages":"883-893"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90741843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Pietropaoli, A. Ribarits, R. Moosbeckhofer, H. Köglberger, O. Alber, A. Gregorc, M. I. Smodiš Škerl, J. Prešern, J. Bubnič, M. Necati Muz, M. Higes, B. Tiozzo, F. Jannoni-Sebastianini, J. Lubroth, J. Cazier, E. Raizman, R. Zilli, M. Bagni, U. Della Marta, G. Formato
Emerging pathogens of honey bees represent an important threat to the development of the beekeeping sector. The implementation of biosecurity measures in beekeeping (BMBs) plays an essential role in supporting honey bee health within the beekeeping sector. A group of experts, in collaboration with the BPRACTICES (Grant Agreement No. 696231, European Research Area on Sustainable Animal Production Systems [ERA-Net SusAn]) project partners, has provided the definition of BMBs. Thus, BMBs are all those operational activities implemented to control the risk of introduction and spread of specific honey bee disease agents. In this paper, the BMBs in the European beekeeping context are identified for the most relevant honey bee diseases in Europe: varroosis, American foulbrood (AFB), European foulbrood (EFB), nosemosis and aethinosis. Moreover, BMBs were classified in ‘categories' adapted to consider productivity and the ‘One Health' approach: human health, honey bee health and protection of the environment. The 84 BMBs described by the panel of experts were ranked according to the priority score attributed. The implementation of BMBs represents an essential step forwards to increase the resilience and sustainability of European beekeeping.
蜜蜂新出现的病原体对养蜂业的发展构成了重要威胁。在养蜂中实施生物安全措施(BMBs)在支持养蜂部门的蜜蜂健康方面发挥着至关重要的作用。一组专家与BPRACTICES(资助协议编号696231，欧洲可持续动物生产系统研究区[ERA-Net SusAn])项目伙伴合作，提供了BMBs的定义。因此，BMBs是为控制特定蜜蜂疾病病原体引入和传播的风险而实施的所有业务活动。在本文中，欧洲养蜂业背景下的BMBs被确定为欧洲最相关的蜜蜂疾病:varroosis, American foulbrood (AFB)， European foulbrood (EFB)， nosemosis和aethinosis。此外，根据生产力和“同一健康”方法(人类健康、蜜蜂健康和环境保护)，对生物多样性指数进行了分类。专家小组描述的84个bmb根据所归属的优先级评分进行排名。BMBs的实施是提高欧洲养蜂业弹性和可持续性的重要一步。
{"title":"Biosecurity measures in European beekeeping.","authors":"M. Pietropaoli, A. Ribarits, R. Moosbeckhofer, H. Köglberger, O. Alber, A. Gregorc, M. I. Smodiš Škerl, J. Prešern, J. Bubnič, M. Necati Muz, M. Higes, B. Tiozzo, F. Jannoni-Sebastianini, J. Lubroth, J. Cazier, E. Raizman, R. Zilli, M. Bagni, U. Della Marta, G. Formato","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3174","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging pathogens of honey bees represent an important threat to the development of the beekeeping sector. The implementation of biosecurity measures in beekeeping (BMBs) plays an essential role in supporting honey bee health within the beekeeping sector. A group of experts, in collaboration with the BPRACTICES (Grant Agreement No. 696231, European Research Area on Sustainable Animal Production Systems [ERA-Net SusAn]) project partners, has provided the definition of BMBs. Thus, BMBs are all those operational activities implemented to control the risk of introduction and spread of specific honey bee disease agents. In this paper, the BMBs in the European beekeeping context are identified for the most relevant honey bee diseases in Europe: varroosis, American foulbrood (AFB), European foulbrood (EFB), nosemosis and aethinosis. Moreover, BMBs were classified in ‘categories' adapted to consider productivity and the ‘One Health' approach: human health, honey bee health and protection of the environment. The 84 BMBs described by the panel of experts were ranked according to the priority score attributed. The implementation of BMBs represents an essential step forwards to increase the resilience and sustainability of European beekeeping.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"33 12 1","pages":"725-735"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83082246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Bouchemla, A. Sherasiya, H. Benseghir, A. Mimouni
Estimating the occurrence and distribution of infection and identification of risk factors remain key components in understanding the epizootiology and monitoring of peste des petits ruminants (PPR). This study was performed from 1997 to 2017, and included details of flocks with emergent infections, within-flock prevalence and risk association between PPR incidence and various flock management factors worldwide. In assessing the impact of PPR on livestock, outbreak incidence per country was used as an effective indicator of the intensity of the infection process. To decode the spatial and temporal dynamics of PPR outbreaks and clarify their relationship with geographical factors, systematic review and logistic regression analyses were conducted. The impact of climatic and socio-economic conditions on PPR was moderate and high, respectively. In the PPR risk analysis, infected PPR zones were 1.68 times more likely to spread the infection to goat farms than to sheep farms (relative risk: 1.69; odds ratio: 3.26). Moreover, during PPR occurrence, goats are more susceptible to infection than sheep. Through a regression model of outbreaks, a value of 960.67 outbreaks was calculated as the expected mean in 2018. The polynomial regression of PPR cases was followed by extrapolation (medium-sized smoothing of the three following points) to define the expected value in 2018. The probability of PPR could be effectively reduced by coordinating the work in disadvantaged countries with low-income farmers, and disease control must be prioritised to support alleviation of poverty, which has a negative impact on livestock production.
{"title":"World epidemiological meta-analyses of peste des petits ruminants (1997-2017).","authors":"F. Bouchemla, A. Sherasiya, H. Benseghir, A. Mimouni","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3184","url":null,"abstract":"Estimating the occurrence and distribution of infection and identification of risk factors remain key components in understanding the epizootiology and monitoring of peste des petits ruminants (PPR). This study was performed from 1997 to 2017, and included details of flocks with emergent infections, within-flock prevalence and risk association between PPR incidence and various flock management factors worldwide. In assessing the impact of PPR on livestock, outbreak incidence per country was used as an effective indicator of the intensity of the infection process. To decode the spatial and temporal dynamics of PPR outbreaks and clarify their relationship with geographical factors, systematic review and logistic regression analyses were conducted. The impact of climatic and socio-economic conditions on PPR was moderate and high, respectively. In the PPR risk analysis, infected PPR zones were 1.68 times more likely to spread the infection to goat farms than to sheep farms (relative risk: 1.69; odds ratio: 3.26). Moreover, during PPR occurrence, goats are more susceptible to infection than sheep. Through a regression model of outbreaks, a value of 960.67 outbreaks was calculated as the expected mean in 2018. The polynomial regression of PPR cases was followed by extrapolation (medium-sized smoothing of the three following points) to define the expected value in 2018. The probability of PPR could be effectively reduced by coordinating the work in disadvantaged countries with low-income farmers, and disease control must be prioritised to support alleviation of poverty, which has a negative impact on livestock production.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"24 1","pages":"871-881"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77409815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (Movp) is an emerging pathogen that causes respiratory disease in small ruminants worldwide. It is considered to be difficult and time consuming to grow, which complicates diagnostic and control measures including isolation (an essential step required prior to the characterisation of strains), antimicrobial susceptibility testing and the development of vaccines. The objectives of this study were to analyse in vitro growth patterns of Movp strains, and the effects of different media used to support their growth. The study was conducted on 20 ovine and caprine Movp strains, isolated using Thiaucourt's medium. The rapid growth phase varied among the strains from 24 h to 72 h, although 60% of strains (12 of 20) reached a peak at 48 h. All strains were viable at 72 h after incubation, and declining viability was observed at 96 h (13 of 20 remained viable; 65%), 120 h (9 of 20; 45%) and 144 h (4 of 20; 20%). Growth was not detected at 168 h. All strains were able to grow in modified tryptone soy broth, while PH mycoplasma medium-Hayflick modified medium supported the growth of only two strains. Improved techniques of Movp cultivation require consideration of the growth variability among strains, the time of subculturing (during the first three days of incubation) and selection of appropriate media.
{"title":"Assessment of in vitro growth characteristics of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae.","authors":"Z. Maksimović, C. de la Fe, M. Rifatbegović","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3172","url":null,"abstract":"Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (Movp) is an emerging pathogen that causes respiratory disease in small ruminants worldwide. It is considered to be difficult and time consuming to grow, which complicates diagnostic and control measures including isolation (an essential step required prior to the characterisation of strains), antimicrobial susceptibility testing and the development of vaccines. The objectives of this study were to analyse in vitro growth patterns of Movp strains, and the effects of different media used to support their growth. The study was conducted on 20 ovine and caprine Movp strains, isolated using Thiaucourt's medium. The rapid growth phase varied among the strains from 24 h to 72 h, although 60% of strains (12 of 20) reached a peak at 48 h. All strains were viable at 72 h after incubation, and declining viability was observed at 96 h (13 of 20 remained viable; 65%), 120 h (9 of 20; 45%) and 144 h (4 of 20; 20%). Growth was not detected at 168 h. All strains were able to grow in modified tryptone soy broth, while PH mycoplasma medium-Hayflick modified medium supported the growth of only two strains. Improved techniques of Movp cultivation require consideration of the growth variability among strains, the time of subculturing (during the first three days of incubation) and selection of appropriate media.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"203 1","pages":"711-716"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77021040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. L. Roskam, É. Gocsik, A. O. Oude Lansink, M. Schut, H. Saatkamp
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest health threats for both humans and animals. This justifies the need for a conceptual framework that provides an integrated assessment of the measures and strategies that can be applied within livestock supply chains to reduce the risks of human exposure to resistant pathogens. The aim of this study is therefore to provide a comprehensive supply- chain-based conceptualisation that describes the main measures and strategies to reduce the risks of human exposure to resistant pathogens. The conceptual framework presented in this study makes a distinction between on-farm and beyond-farm decision-making. The on-farm decision-making context focuses on the strategies that can reduce antimicrobial use. The beyond-farm decision-making context focuses on the prevalence of (pathogenic) microorganisms. The focus of this framework is on Western European food production systems. A panel of Dutch experts on antimicrobial issues assessed various aspects of the framework, including correctness, completeness and consistency. They concluded that the conceptual framework provides a sound theoretical basis for economic decision support for policy-makers to reduce the risks of human exposure to resistant pathogens originating from livestock supply chains.
{"title":"Reducing risks of human exposure to antimicrobial resistance originating from livestock supply chains.","authors":"J. L. Roskam, É. Gocsik, A. O. Oude Lansink, M. Schut, H. Saatkamp","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3199","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest health threats for both humans and animals. This justifies the need for a conceptual framework that provides an integrated assessment of the measures and strategies that can be applied within livestock supply chains to reduce the risks of human exposure to resistant pathogens. The aim of this study is therefore to provide a comprehensive supply- chain-based conceptualisation that describes the main measures and strategies to reduce the risks of human exposure to resistant pathogens. The conceptual framework presented in this study makes a distinction between on-farm and beyond-farm decision-making. The on-farm decision-making context focuses on the strategies that can reduce antimicrobial use. The beyond-farm decision-making context focuses on the prevalence of (pathogenic) microorganisms. The focus of this framework is on Western European food production systems. A panel of Dutch experts on antimicrobial issues assessed various aspects of the framework, including correctness, completeness and consistency. They concluded that the conceptual framework provides a sound theoretical basis for economic decision support for policy-makers to reduce the risks of human exposure to resistant pathogens originating from livestock supply chains.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"46 1","pages":"1091-1102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86827858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mercier, R. Lancelot, P. Hendrikx, L. Mackinnon, L. Madoff, Y. Lambert, D. Calavas, J. Cauchard
In a context of globalisation and climate change, the risk of emerging infectious diseases spreading around the world has significantly increased in the past decades. In response to this growing threat, an epidemic intelligence team has been set up within the framework of the French animal health epidemiological surveillance platform (ESA platform). The French Epidemic Intelligence System (FEIS) monitors animal health risks in Europe and beyond that threaten animal populations in France (emerging and exotic diseases not yet present). The FEIS expert network covers all 53 category 1 health hazards identified as priority diseases by the French authorities. From January 2016 to December 2017, the FEIS published 126 reports on animal health events related to infectious diseases, of which 76.2% were related to events in Europe. When comparing FEIS reports to posts from the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (ProMED), an FEIS report was produced for 52.6% of ProMED themes (combinations of disease and country) posted in 2016-2017 on events in Europe. The remaining European ProMED themes did not meet the criterion for the production of an FEIS report because either the disease was already present in France, the risk of introduction into France was considered low or negligible, or the introduction of the pathogen would have low or negligible economic and societal impacts. The FEIS efficiently detected and reported on all health hazards identified by ProMED to alert health authorities and stakeholders when needed (according to the criterion). Compared with international epidemic intelligence systems such as ProMED, which provide general information, the FEIS adds another layer of filtering and interpretation to available information on animal health threats tailored to France's specific needs, in order to communicate only essential information to health authorities.
{"title":"The French Epidemic Intelligence System: comparing disease surveillance at the national and international level using data from the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases.","authors":"A. Mercier, R. Lancelot, P. Hendrikx, L. Mackinnon, L. Madoff, Y. Lambert, D. Calavas, J. Cauchard","doi":"10.20506/rst.39.3.3179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.39.3.3179","url":null,"abstract":"In a context of globalisation and climate change, the risk of emerging infectious diseases spreading around the world has significantly increased in the past decades. In response to this growing threat, an epidemic intelligence team has been set up within the framework of the French animal health epidemiological surveillance platform (ESA platform). The French Epidemic Intelligence System (FEIS) monitors animal health risks in Europe and beyond that threaten animal populations in France (emerging and exotic diseases not yet present). The FEIS expert network covers all 53 category 1 health hazards identified as priority diseases by the French authorities. From January 2016 to December 2017, the FEIS published 126 reports on animal health events related to infectious diseases, of which 76.2% were related to events in Europe. When comparing FEIS reports to posts from the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (ProMED), an FEIS report was produced for 52.6% of ProMED themes (combinations of disease and country) posted in 2016-2017 on events in Europe. The remaining European ProMED themes did not meet the criterion for the production of an FEIS report because either the disease was already present in France, the risk of introduction into France was considered low or negligible, or the introduction of the pathogen would have low or negligible economic and societal impacts. The FEIS efficiently detected and reported on all health hazards identified by ProMED to alert health authorities and stakeholders when needed (according to the criterion). Compared with international epidemic intelligence systems such as ProMED, which provide general information, the FEIS adds another layer of filtering and interpretation to available information on animal health threats tailored to France's specific needs, in order to communicate only essential information to health authorities.","PeriodicalId":49596,"journal":{"name":"Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties","volume":"35 1","pages":"805-815"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78373524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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