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The entropy of systems 系统的熵
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-13 DOI: 10.31349/revmexfise.20.010211
J. L. Manríquez-Zepeda, J. Rueda-Paz, P. Filio-Aguilar, L. López-García
The entropy concept is studied from the perspective of several formalisms. It is reviewed the origins of this in the classical thermodynamics. It also is developed a step-by-step-clearly demonstration about it. After that, it is connected this formula with the entropy of Shannon. Elementary concepts of the quantum mechanics are explained to demonstrate the von Neumann entropy formula. It is proposed the entropy concept as a measure of the variability into the distribution of the states of a system given a set of rules that operate inside it for a while. From the perspective of the information theory, a language reaches a configuration to be optimal for communications. In this way, systems and languages can be studied using the same concept of entropy. It is stressed the importance of the teaching of the entropy because this is useful in the development of new technologies, for example the quantum communications.
熵的概念是从几个形式主义的角度来研究的。回顾了这一现象在经典热力学中的起源。并对其进行了一步一步的明确论证,然后将该公式与香农熵联系起来。解释了量子力学的基本概念,证明了冯-诺依曼熵公式。提出了熵的概念,作为一种衡量系统状态分布可变性的方法,给定一组在系统内部运行一段时间的规则。从信息论的角度来看,一种语言达到了最佳的交流配置。通过这种方式,可以使用相同的熵概念来研究系统和语言。强调了熵教学的重要性,因为这对新技术的发展很有用,例如量子通信。
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引用次数: 0
A new rolling friction coefficient measurement method based on the work-energy theorem 基于功能定理的滚动摩擦系数测量新方法
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-13 DOI: 10.31349/revmexfise.20.010210
M. Kovačević, M. Milošević, Lj. Kuzmanović
The rolling friction coefficient represents a characteristic parameter for the rolling motion. To determine the rolling friction coefficient, we propose a simple method based on the conservation of energy. The measuring setup includes the tools and materials that are simple and easy to obtain, such as the spring, ruler, and a small laboratory wheeled cart. In this paper, we have determined the rolling friction coefficient for several masses of the test carts and different lengths of spring compression. When the spring is compressed, its energy is directly proportional to the square of the length of the spring compression. The initial speed of the cart was determined using the law of energy conservation, and the length that the cart goes before stopping is measured with a ruler. The conclusion is that the value of the rolling friction coefficient is usually very small and that the mass of an object will affect the friction force but will not affect the rolling friction coefficient. Besides determining the rolling friction coefficient, this technique should help students comprehend the concept of friction easily.
滚动摩擦系数是滚动运动的一个特征参数。为了确定滚动摩擦系数,我们提出了一种基于能量守恒的简单方法。测量装置包括简单且易于获得的工具和材料,如弹簧,尺子和小型实验室轮式车。本文确定了不同质量的试验车在不同弹簧压缩长度下的滚动摩擦系数。当弹簧被压缩时,其能量与弹簧被压缩长度的平方成正比。用能量守恒定律确定了小车的初始速度,用尺子测量了小车在停车前所走的距离。得出的结论是,滚动摩擦系数的值通常很小,物体的质量会影响摩擦力,但不会影响滚动摩擦系数。除了确定滚动摩擦系数外,该技术还应有助于学生轻松理解摩擦的概念。
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引用次数: 0
A Python program to draw energy level diagram and to calculate quantum defects, the high lying Rydberg level 一个Python程序,用于绘制能级图和计算量子缺陷,即高里德堡能级
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-13 DOI: 10.31349/revmexfise.20.010203
Hasan Nafees, Saba Javaid, Misha shafi,, Ahmed Ali Rajput, M. Daniyal, M. M. Zahid, Fatima Ejaz
Rydberg atoms have strong and adjustable atomic interactions that can be tweaked by choosing different states with various principal quantum numbers or orbital angular momentum. They are highly used in quantum information applications. Furthermore, these atoms have long lifetimes and many possible energy levels, and their separations enable coupling to electromagnetic fields with frequencies ranging over six orders of magnitude. We studied some properties of these atoms and have developed a python program; the program gives two options. Firstly, it calculates energies of elements in s, p, d, and f orbitals and draws an energy level diagram of the element listed in the program. Secondly, it gives an option for calculating energy and quantum defects of atoms and ions, either listed or not listed in the program and generates their graphs accordingly. There are 21 elements in the database  whose energy level diagrams could be drawn. The database can be extended by adding more elements.  
里德堡原子具有强大且可调节的原子相互作用,可以通过选择具有不同主量子数或轨道角动量的不同状态来调整。它们在量子信息应用中得到了广泛应用。此外,这些原子具有很长的寿命和许多可能的能级,它们的分离能够耦合到频率超过六个数量级的电磁场。我们研究了这些原子的一些性质,并开发了一个python程序;该程序提供了两个选项。首先,它计算了s、p、d和f轨道上元素的能量,并绘制了程序中列出的元素的能级图。其次,它提供了一个计算程序中列出或未列出的原子和离子的能量和量子缺陷的选项,并相应地生成它们的图。数据库中有21个元素可以绘制其能级图。可以通过添加更多元素来扩展数据库。
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引用次数: 0
Lambda-shiftings for the secondary sources in the Young's experiment allow to rebuild patterns look like piston/tilt 在杨的实验中,次级源的λ位移允许重建看起来像活塞/倾斜的模式
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-13 DOI: 10.31349/revmexfise.20.010207
J. Salinas-Luna, J. Mentado Morales, J. M. Nuñez-Alfonso
In this work, we perform the mathematical theory used by Born and Wolf to rebuild a geometric characterization for piston and tilt or a combination of both surface errors by shifting the secondary sources in the classical Young's experiment. The last is accomplished making a comparison between the generated patterns of classical Young' experiment and Young's patterns when the secondary sources are shifted axially of the order of $lambda$. Images with effects looks like to surface errors by piston or tilt are obtained and this give us a good idea on how could be the co-phasing of an optical flat surface in a real experiment.
在这项工作中,我们执行波恩和沃尔夫使用的数学理论,通过移动经典杨氏实验中的二次源来重建活塞和倾斜或两者表面误差组合的几何特征。最后,比较了二次源轴向位移$ λ $时,经典Young实验和Young实验生成的图形。得到了由活塞或倾斜引起的表面误差的效果图像,这给我们在实际实验中如何实现光学平面的共相提供了一个很好的思路。
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引用次数: 0
Estudio de la actividad ´optica de sustancias org´anicas
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-13 DOI: 10.31349/revmexfis.20.010209
Eduardo Hernández Hernández, Erick Barrios Barocio
El poder rotatorio que presentan ciertas sustancias orgánicas es un fenómeno consecuencia de la actividad óptica, es decir, de la interacción del campo electromagnético con la estructura de ciertas moléculas. En consecuencia, es un tema de interés tanto en física como en química, situación que es relevante en la formación académica de estudiantes, ampliando su visión fuera del ámbito académico de la física. En este trabajo se detalla como realizar una actividad experimental que permite abordar de forma cuantitativa este tema mediante el cálculo del poder rotatorio de compuestos químicos básicos y fáciles de conseguir o producir en un laboratorio de enseñanza. Los resultados encontrados para la rotación óptica de las sustancias estudiadas tienen un error promedio del 10% respecto de los valores reportados; sin embargo, también es posible deducir cuando una sustancia no es pura, ya que el error respecto de valores reportados se incrementa.
某些有机物质的旋转力是光学活动的结果,即电磁场与某些分子结构相互作用的结果。因此,它是物理和化学中都感兴趣的主题,这种情况与学生的学术培训有关,将他们的视野扩大到物理学术领域之外。本文详细介绍了如何开展实验活动,通过计算在教学实验室容易获得或生产的基本化合物的旋转功率,定量解决这一问题。研究物质光学旋转的结果与报告的值相比平均误差为10%;然而,当一种物质不纯净时,也可以推断,因为与报告值的误差会增加。
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引用次数: 0
The one-dimensional Coulomb oscillator 一维库仑振子
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-13 DOI: 10.31349/revmexfise.20.010213
V. Ivchenko
We consider the one-dimensional oscillations of a charged point particle under the restoring Coulomb force. We find that, for very small amplitudes, the speed of the particle remains almost constant. We also obtain the exact analytical expression for finding the oscillation period. It turns out to be a monotonically increasing function of the amplitude. For small amplitudes, this quantity is directly proportional to the amplitude itself.
考虑带电点粒子在恢复库仑力作用下的一维振动。我们发现,对于非常小的振幅,粒子的速度几乎保持不变。我们还得到了求振荡周期的精确解析表达式。它是振幅的单调递增函数。对于小振幅,这个量与振幅本身成正比。
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引用次数: 0
Determinación de las concentraciones al equilibrio en una reacción química 化学反应中平衡浓度的测定
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-13 DOI: 10.31349/revmexfise.20.010212
Humberto Laguna Galindo, Saúl J. C. Salazar, Robin P. Sagar
En este trabajo se discute el problema de calcular las concentraciones en el equilibrio químico cuando aparecen ecuaciones polinomiales de grado mayor que dos, lo cual depende de los valores de los coeficientes estequiométricos, así como del número de reactivos y productos de la reacción química en cuestión. A pesar de ser un caso frecuente, el problema no se trata en los libros de texto de química o fisicoquímica básica debido a que es necesario resolver las ecuaciones numéricamente. Se proporcionan programas para los métodos de bisección, Newton-Raphson y secante, que pueden ser utilizados de forma sencilla en reacciones de hasta siete reactivos y siete productos. Con el propósito de evitar el uso de los códigos como cajas negras, se explican con detalle los tres métodos iterativos, de tal manera que para estudiantes de matemáticas, este problema es una aplicación tomada de la fisicoqu'imica, y para estudiantes de física, química e ingeniería, es una aproximación didáctica a los métodos matemáticos para el tratamiento de ecuaciones. Este ejemplo puede ser utilizado en cursos de métodos numéricos. Finalmente, se ilustra y compara el desempeño de los tres métodos utilizando como ejemplo el proceso de Haber$-$Bosch. Es importante mencionar que para utilizar los códigos, no hay necesidad de hacer ninguna instalación en la computadora.
本文讨论了当出现二级以上的多项式方程时,计算化学平衡中浓度的问题,这取决于化学计量系数的值以及有关化学反应的试剂和产物的数量。尽管这是一个常见的情况,但由于方程需要数值求解,因此在基础化学或物理化学教科书中没有讨论这个问题。提供了平分、牛顿-拉斐逊和割线方法的程序,这些程序可以简单地用于多达7种试剂和7种产品的反应。为了避免使用黑匣子等代码,详细解释了三种迭代方法,因此对于数学学生来说,这个问题是从物理化学中提取的应用,对于物理、化学和工程学生来说,它是处理方程的数学方法的教学方法。这个例子可以用于数值方法课程。最后,以Haber$-$Bosch过程为例,说明并比较了这三种方法的性能。重要的是要提到,要使用代码,不需要在计算机上进行任何安装。
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引用次数: 0
Socio-scientific issues in physics learning to improve students’ critical thinking skills 物理学习中的社会科学问题,提高学生的批判性思维能力
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-13 DOI: 10.31349/revmexfise.20.010202
Febriani, J. Jumadi, W. S. B. Dwandaru
Socio Scientific Issues (SSI) is a social issue that causes controversy and can be studied based on scientific facts. Applying SSI to physics subjects helps students relate physics to real things in everyday life. The purpose of this study was to determine the teacher's view of the success of students' critical thinking processes that can be obtained from studying physics through SSI. The research method used is a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. This study involved 4 resource persons consisting of 2 senior and 2 junior physics teachers. The results of this study indicate that SSI in physics learning can help students practice critical thinking skills. This is based on the various processes experienced by students during the physics learning process with SSI.
社会科学问题(SSI)是一个引起争议的社会问题,可以根据科学事实进行研究。将SSI应用于物理科目有助于学生将物理与日常生活中的真实事物联系起来。本研究的目的是确定教师对通过SSI学习物理可以获得的学生批判性思维过程成功的看法。所使用的研究方法是一种定性方法,采用现象学方法。本研究涉及4名资源人员,包括2名高年级和2名低年级物理教师。本研究的结果表明,SSI在物理学习中可以帮助学生练习批判性思维技能。这是基于学生在SSI物理学习过程中所经历的各种过程。
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引用次数: 1
Local time in Lagrangian mechanics 拉格朗日力学中的当地时间
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.31349/revmexfise.19.020209
G. F. Torres del Castillo
We show that under the replacement of the time by a local time in the Lagrange equations, the form of the equations is maintained if the Lagrangian does not depend explicitly on the time. We also study the corresponding modifications in the Hamilton equations and in the Hamilton--Jacobi equation.
我们证明了在拉格朗日方程中用局部时间代替时间的情况下,如果拉格朗日量不明确地依赖于时间,则方程的形式是保持的。我们还研究了Hamilton方程和Hamilton—Jacobi方程的相应修正。
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引用次数: 0
Hafele and Keating in a fictious gravitational field 海菲尔和基廷在一个虚构的引力场中
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-06-24 DOI: 10.31349/revmexfise.19.020208
E. Benedetto, G. Iovane
The so called twin paradox is described in every special relativity (SR) textbook. Obviously, an exact calculation requires the application of the general theory of relativity (GR) but, thanks to some simplifying hypotheses concerning the acceleration and deceleration phases, even in SR it is possible to find the correct solution and that is "the twin who goes on space travel is the one who, returning to Earth, finds the aged brother." In a curved spacetime, instead, we have the algebraic sum between a kinematic and a gravitational effect. What happens in the presence of a gravitational field is, for example, well described by Hafele and Keating's experiment and, in this case, it may happen that the traveling brother can grow older than his brother at rest. Continuing in this pedagogical tradition, we consider the Hafele and Keating experiment in a fictious gravitational field of a rotating frame. The equality of the results between curved spacetime of a real gravitational field and flat spacetime of a fictitious one, in our opinion, is interesting to emphasize even today the great genius of Einstein and that is "inertia is gravity in disguise".
每一本狭义相对论教科书都描述了所谓的孪晶悖论。显然,精确的计算需要应用广义相对论(GR),但由于一些关于加速和减速阶段的简化假设,即使在SR中,也有可能找到正确的解决方案,即“进行太空旅行的双胞胎是返回地球后找到老兄弟的双胞胎。”相反,在弯曲的时空中,我们有运动学和引力效应之间的代数和。例如,Hafele和Keating的实验很好地描述了在引力场存在的情况下发生的事情,在这种情况下,旅行的兄弟可能会在休息时比他的兄弟更老。延续这一教学传统,我们认为Hafele and Keating实验是在一个旋转框架的虚构引力场中进行的。在我们看来,真实引力场的弯曲时空和虚构引力场的平坦时空之间的结果相等,即使在今天也很有意思地强调爱因斯坦的伟大天才,那就是“惯性就是伪装的引力”。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Revista Mexicana De Fisica E
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