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Temperature Effects on Huisache (Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.) Seed Germination 温度对 Huisache(Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.)种子发芽
IF 2.4 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.07.004

Huisache (Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.) is a pest tree species on rangelands throughout South Texas and is expanding in range and density, due in part to prolific seed production. We aimed to determine the optimum diurnally-fluctuating temperature conditions for huisache seed germination by testing scarified and nonscarified seed in four temperature treatments: 35/25, 30/20, 25/15, and 20/10°C. We used alternating 12-hour light/dark photoperiods in a growth chamber, and seed germination was recorded daily. Germination of scarified and nonscarified seeds at each temperature treatment was analyzed via ANOVA for a completely randomized design (with appropriate posthoc tests). Although total cumulative germination percentages were similar among temperature treatments, seeds in the 20/10°C temperature treatment germinated more slowly. In addition, scarified seeds germinated more quickly, and with greater total percent germination. Results show that huisache seeds can be expected to germinate over a wide range of temperatures, with germination slowing when temperatures are low. Because we found huisache seeds germinated slowly in cooler temperatures, landscape managers may consider prioritizing control efforts of recently-germinated seedlings following warmer, wetter weather.

胡颓子(Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.)是整个得克萨斯州南部牧场上的一种有害树种,其分布范围和密度正在不断扩大,部分原因是其种子产量很高。我们的目的是通过在四种温度处理中测试经过疤痕处理和未经过疤痕处理的种子,确定胡麻种子萌发的最佳昼夜波动温度条件:35/25、30/20、25/15 和 20/10°C。我们在生长室中交替使用 12 小时的光照/黑暗光周期,每天记录种子的萌发情况。通过完全随机设计的方差分析(并进行适当的事后检验),分析了每种温度处理下经疤痕处理和未经疤痕处理种子的萌发情况。虽然各温度处理下的总累积发芽率相似,但 20/10°C 温度处理下的种子发芽速度更慢。此外,经过疤痕处理的种子发芽更快,总发芽率更高。结果表明,胡枝子种子可在很宽的温度范围内发芽,温度低时发芽速度会减慢。由于我们发现胡枝子种子在温度较低时发芽较慢,因此园林管理人员可以考虑在天气转暖、转湿后优先控制新近发芽的幼苗。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to “Digital Mapping of Vegetative Great Groups to Inform Management Strategies” [Rangeland Ecology & Management, volume 94, May 2024, pages 7-19] 为管理策略提供信息的植被大类数字地图"[《牧场生态与管理》,第 94 卷,2024 年 5 月,第 7-19 页] 更正
IF 2.4 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.06.005
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引用次数: 0
Beef Cattle Producer Perspectives on Virtual Fencing 肉牛生产商对虚拟围栏的看法
IF 2.4 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.06.004

Virtual fencing (VF) is a rapidly expanding technology that uses global positioning technologies to send audible and electrical cues to livestock that create invisible boundaries to replace physical fencing. The technology portends several benefits, from replacing costly and hazardous physical fencing to being an additional tool to contain, exclude, or move livestock. While researchers and VF providers work to improve the technology and applications, little is known about producer perceptions of its capabilities and what they most want in a system. We conducted phone and in-person interviews with beef cattle producers to ask them about their views and experiences related to virtual fencing technology. We included producers that already use the technology (including producers currently installing the technology) and producers not actively considering or using the technology. Our findings identify benefits and barriers of VF from the cattle producers’ perspective. These perspectives can guide new research, improve VF technology, guide educational programs, and help producers considering a VF system. Survey responses are organized into eight themes: animal stress and welfare; effectiveness, function, and technology; management impacts; financial and economic perspectives; improvements and advice; learning; privacy; and implementation. Producers who use the technology had greater optimism about the applications and economics and have found creative applications of VF specific to their operations. While they have more confidence in the technology, they still report issues such as collars falling off or base stations not working. Producers new to VF should expect a learning period both for themselves and their animals. Producers from all groups cite potential benefits from better use of forages, reduced wildlife conflicts, more flexibility and convenience, to the ability to better manage sensitive landscapes such as riparian areas or other areas affected by fire or drought.

虚拟围栏(VF)是一种迅速发展的技术,它利用全球定位技术向牲畜发出声音和电子提示,形成无形的边界,以取代实体围栏。该技术具有多种优势,既可以取代昂贵而危险的实体围栏,也可以作为一种额外的工具来控制、排除或移动牲畜。虽然研究人员和自愿基金提供商致力于改进技术和应用,但生产者对其功能的看法以及他们对系统的最大需求却知之甚少。我们对肉牛生产者进行了电话和面对面访谈,询问他们对虚拟围栏技术的看法和经验。我们的访谈对象包括已经使用该技术的生产商(包括正在安装该技术的生产商)和尚未积极考虑或使用该技术的生产商。我们的研究结果从养牛生产者的角度确定了虚拟围栏的优势和障碍。这些观点可以指导新的研究、改进 VF 技术、指导教育计划,并帮助生产者考虑采用 VF 系统。调查反馈分为八个主题:动物压力和福利;有效性、功能和技术;管理影响;财务和经济观点;改进和建议;学习;隐私;以及实施。使用该技术的生产者对其应用和经济性更加乐观,并发现了针对其经营的创新性VF应用。虽然他们对该技术更有信心,但仍报告了项圈脱落或基站失灵等问题。刚开始使用 VF 的生产商应该对自己和牲畜都有一个学习期。所有群体的生产者都提到了潜在的好处,包括更好地利用草料、减少与野生动物的冲突、提高灵活性和便利性,以及更好地管理河岸地区或其他受火灾或干旱影响地区等敏感地貌的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Above Ground Biomass Estimation for Alpine Grasslands of Kashmir Himalayas Using Remote Sensing and Field-Data 利用遥感和实地数据估算克什米尔喜马拉雅山高山草地的地面生物量
IF 2.4 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.06.001

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of Alpine pastures in the Kashmir Himalayas through a multidisciplinary approach, combining remote sensing and field-based assessments for biomass estimation and time series analysis of the (NDVI) Index for the growing season from May to October 2022. The Alpine and Subalpine region of Kashmir was delineated using ALOS PALSAR Digital Elevation Model, and Landsat 8 imagery was classified using a maximum likelihood algorithm, revealing a total grassland area of 160,974 hectares. After grassland delineation Biomass estimation was carried out based on data collected from 18 pastures, each of which was subjected to a stratified sampling approach to establish four 1 m² quadrats, with two designated for grazed areas and two for ungrazed areas, this yielded average biomass yields of 20.87 t/ha and an average dry weight biomass of 5.16 t/ha. Pastures like Daksum (28.36 t/ha), Tragbal (28.22 t/ha), Krush (27.83 t/ha), Lung Marg (27.03 t/ha), observed high biomass availability, while moderate levels were found in locations like Gangbal (22.75 t/ha), Hangel Marg (22.68 t/ha), Dagwan (21.76 t/ha), Gumri (20.82 t/ha), Bangus (20.66 t/ha), Pir Galli (18.52t/ha), Maalish (18.21 t/ha), In contrast, lower biomass values were recorded in Mohand Marg (11.47 t/ha), and Thajwas (9.81 t/ha). These findings were complemented by (NDVI) metrics, which varied across sites. For example, high NDVI values were observed for sites such as Pir Gilli, Bangus, and Kud Marg, indicating a healthier vegetative profile with less impact of grazing during the grazing season. In contrast, pastures like Mohand Marg, Thajwas, Razdan, and Tragbal recorded moderate NDVI values, suggesting a moderate level of grazing impact. Pasture sites with lower NDVI values and high standard deviation, such as Hangel Marg and Gumari, witnessed high seasonal variability, suggesting a high grazing impact, besides other natural factors responsible, like early snowfall. The study emphasizes the need for ongoing, multifaceted ecological assessments for the sustainable management and conservation of these critical Alpine ecosystems.

本研究采用多学科方法对克什米尔喜马拉雅山脉的高山牧场进行了全面分析,结合遥感和实地评估,对 2022 年 5 月至 10 月生长季节的生物量进行了估算,并对(NDVI)指数进行了时间序列分析。利用 ALOS PALSAR 数字高程模型对克什米尔的高山和亚高山地区进行了划分,并利用最大似然算法对 Landsat 8 图像进行了分类,结果显示草原总面积为 160,974 公顷。草场划定后,根据从 18 个牧场收集的数据进行了生物量估算,每个牧场都采用分层抽样法建立了四个 1 平方米的四分区,其中两个指定为放牧区,两个为非放牧区,得出的平均生物量产量为 20.87 吨/公顷,平均干重生物量为 5.16 吨/公顷。Daksum (28.36 吨/公顷)、Tragbal (28.22 吨/公顷)、Krush (27.83 吨/公顷)、Lung Marg (27.03 吨/公顷)等牧场的生物量较高,而 Gangbal (22.75 吨/公顷)、Hangel Marg (22.68 吨/公顷)、Dagwan(21.76 吨/公顷)、Gumri(20.82 吨/公顷)、Bangus(20.66 吨/公顷)、Pir Galli(18.52 吨/公顷)、Maalish(18.21 吨/公顷),相比之下,Mohand Marg(11.47 吨/公顷)和 Thajwas(9.81 吨/公顷)的生物量值较低。这些发现得到了(NDVI)指标的补充,不同地点的(NDVI)指标各不相同。例如,在 Pir Gilli、Bangus 和 Kud Marg 等地观察到的 NDVI 值较高,表明植被状况较好,放牧季节受放牧的影响较小。相比之下,Mohand Marg、Thajwas、Razdan 和 Tragbal 等牧场的归一化差异植被指数值适中,表明放牧影响程度适中。NDVI 值较低且标准偏差较高的牧场,如 Hangel Marg 和 Gumari,则具有较高的季节变化性,这表明除了其他自然因素(如早降雪)外,放牧的影响也很大。这项研究强调,有必要持续进行多方面的生态评估,以便对这些重要的阿尔卑斯生态系统进行可持续管理和保护。
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引用次数: 0
Remote Sensing-Based Assessment of Dry-Season Forage Quality for Improved Rangeland Management in Sahelian Ecosystems 基于遥感技术评估旱季牧草质量,改善萨赫勒生态系统的牧场管理
IF 2.4 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.05.009

Residents of the Sahel depend on livestock, but harsh environmental conditions during the dry season limit rangeland forage, which is the main source of livestock feed. Al-though operational tools exist for assessing and monitoring forage quantity during the dry season, assessments of forage quality are lacking. We addressed this gap by developing satellite-based monitoring of forage quality across Sahelian rangelands during the dry season. Acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and crude protein (CP) content (%) were measured in forage samples collected from 11 sites across the Senegalese rangelands in 2021. Multilinear (MML) regression and support vector machine (SVM) models were calibrated with spectral indices to estimate these parameters of forage quality. The vegetation variables assessed were herbaceous mass (HQ), woody foliage mass (LQ), and total fo-rage mass (HLQ). The MML regression provided the most accurate estimates for CP (HQ: R2 = 0.81, LQ: R2 = 0.72, and HLQ: R2 = 0.70), ADF (HQ: R2 = 0.70, LQ: R2 = 0.77, and HLQ: R2 = 0.61), and NDF (HQ: R2 = 0.47, LQ: R2 = 0.83, and HLQ: R2 = 0.60). Temporal analysis revealed a slight decrease in CP and an increase in fiber during the dry season. Spatial analysis indicated that CP was higher in the steppe zone than in the savanna zone, and a decrease correlated with the rainfall gradient. The HQ alone was insufficient to meet livestock needs during the dry season, highlighting the importance of woody plants as an additional forage source. These findings will improve feed balance calculations in Sahelian countries, enable more sustainable use of rangelands, and contribute to the resilience of Sahelian communities to climate change.

萨赫勒地区的居民以牲畜为生,但旱季恶劣的环境条件限制了作为牲畜饲料主要来源的牧场草料。虽然有评估和监测旱季牧草数量的实用工具,但缺乏对牧草质量的评估。针对这一空白,我们开发了基于卫星的旱季萨赫勒牧场草料质量监测系统。我们测量了 2021 年从塞内加尔牧场 11 个地点采集的牧草样本中的酸性洗涤纤维 (ADF)、中性洗涤纤维 (NDF) 和粗蛋白 (CP) 含量(%)。利用光谱指数校准了多线性(MML)回归和支持向量机(SVM)模型,以估算这些牧草质量参数。评估的植被变量包括草本质量(HQ)、木质叶质量(LQ)和总茎质量(HLQ)。MML 回归对 CP(HQ:R2 = 0.81;LQ:R2 = 0.72;HLQ:R2 = 0.70)、ADF(HQ:R2 = 0.70;LQ:R2 = 0.77;HLQ:R2 = 0.61)和 NDF(HQ:R2 = 0.47;LQ:R2 = 0.83;HLQ:R2 = 0.60)的估计最为准确。时间分析表明,在旱季,CP 略有下降,而纤维有所增加。空间分析表明,草原区的 CP 高于热带草原区,CP 的下降与降雨梯度有关。在旱季,仅靠HQ不足以满足牲畜的需求,这突出了木本植物作为额外饲料来源的重要性。这些发现将改善萨赫勒国家的饲料平衡计算,使牧场的利用更具可持续性,并有助于萨赫勒社区抵御气候变化。
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引用次数: 0
Nutrient Addition to a Subtropical Rangeland: Effects on Animal Productivity, Trophic Efficiency, and Temporal Stability 亚热带牧场的养分添加:对动物生产力、营养效率和时间稳定性的影响
IF 2.4 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.05.007

A comprehensive understanding of how native grasslands (rangelands) respond to chronic nutrient addition requires considering interactions with climate variability, water availability in particular, and with stocking rate management. We assessed animal production responses to phosphorus plus nitrogen fertilization sustained over a decade on a highly diverse subtropical grassland. Between 2002 and 2011, paddocks (2 ha) stocked with Hereford heifers received 15 kg P + 50 kg N/ha in April/May, plus 50 kg N/ha in August/September, or were left as unfertilized controls (n = 2). Monthly, independent per-paddock, put-and-take adjustment of stocking rates kept sward height within the 6–12 cm range across all paddocks and years. Herbage production, stocking rate, and liveweight gain per animal (LWGA) and per hectare (LWGH) were measured over the 10 consecutive one-year cycles. Fertilization increased LWGH (+53%) because it increased both herbage production (+32%) and liveweight production per unit produced herbage (trophic efficiency +29%). Such higher trophic efficiency was not a direct effect but a consequence of the increased grazing intensity brought about by the 48% higher stocking rate required to maintain target sward heights in fertilized paddocks, especially in winter and spring. Fertilization increased LWGH substantially more in years with higher summer precipitation. Considering that nutrients were added in autumn–winter, greater responses in wetter summers suggest active excreta-driven nutrient recycling between the sequential growth of cool- and warm-season species. Nutrient addition did not decrease temporal stability of herbage production, LWGA or LWGH. A stocking rate management that precluded fertilized paddocks from becoming taller than unfertilized controls, hence mitigating competition for light, could be the reason underlying this unexpected result. By disentangling intrinsic effects of fertilizers from grazing regime-mediated effects, this study helps understand how extensive animal production (agroeco) systems reliant on highly diverse rangelands respond to progressive nutrient enrichment.

要全面了解原生草地(牧场)如何对长期养分添加做出反应,需要考虑与气候变异、特别是水供应以及放养率管理之间的相互作用。我们在一片高度多样化的亚热带草地上评估了动物生产对磷肥和氮肥持续十年的反应。2002 年至 2011 年间,饲养赫里福德小母牛的围场(2 公顷)在 4 月/5 月和 8 月/9 月分别施肥 15 千克磷 + 50 千克氮/公顷和 50 千克氮/公顷,或作为未施肥对照(n = 2)。在所有围场和年份中,每月对每个围场的放养率进行独立的随放随收调整,使草丛高度保持在 6-12 厘米的范围内。在连续 10 个一年周期内,对垃圾产量、放养率、每头牲畜(LWGA)和每公顷(LWGH)的活体增重进行了测量。施肥提高了每公顷活重增重(+53%),因为施肥提高了草料产量(+32%)和单位草料的活重产量(营养效率+29%)。营养效率的提高并不是直接的效果,而是放牧强度增加的结果,因为在施肥的围场中,尤其是在冬季和春季,为了保持目标草丛高度,放牧率需要提高 48%。在夏季降水量较高的年份,施肥会显著增加LWGH。考虑到养分是在秋冬季添加的,较湿润的夏季会有更大的反应,这表明在冷季和暖季物种依次生长的过程中,排泄物驱动的养分循环非常活跃。添加养分并没有降低草料产量、LWGA 或 LWGH 的时间稳定性。施肥后的围场不会比未施肥的对照围场长得更高,从而减少了对光照的竞争,这可能是造成这一意外结果的原因。通过将肥料的内在效应与放牧制度的媒介效应区分开来,本研究有助于了解依赖于高度多样化牧场的大规模畜牧生产(农业生态)系统如何对逐步养分富集做出反应。
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引用次数: 0
Activated Carbon Seed Technology Protects Seedlings From Two Pre-emergent Herbicides Applied in Tandem 活性炭种子技术保护秧苗免受同时使用的两种萌芽前除草剂的影响
IF 2.4 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.05.006

In response to the challenge of simultaneously controlling invasive plant species and restoring desired species, seed technologies have been developed that use activated carbon to protect desired plants from pre-emergent herbicides that target invasive plants, such as herbicide protection pellets (HPPs). One ecosystem imperiled by this challenge is the sagebrush steppe of the Western United States. Land managers in the sagebrush steppe may use consecutive or concurrent applications of different pre-emergent herbicides in order to control invasive annual grasses while restoring desirable perennial vegetation that helps stabilize soil and reduce the frequency of wildfires. We conducted a pot study looking at the efficacy of HPPs for six perennial species with novel herbicide practices used by land managers: an application of both imazapic and indaziflam. The six test species included four bunchgrasses, one shrub, and one forb. The bunchgrass species responded well to the HPPs with similar seedling counts and biomass to bare seed when herbicide was not applied and higher seedling counts and biomass than bare seed when a double herbicide treatment was applied. Our results demonstrate that broader testing of HPPs with the application of both indaziflam and imazapic is needed, especially across wide climoedaphic field conditions.

为了应对同时控制入侵植物物种和恢复所需物种的挑战,人们开发了种子技术,利用活性炭保护所需植物免受针对入侵植物的萌芽前除草剂(如除草剂保护颗粒(HPPs))的侵害。美国西部的沙棘灌木草原就是一个岌岌可危的生态系统。鼠尾草草原的土地管理者可能会连续或同时施用不同的萌芽前除草剂,以控制入侵的一年生草,同时恢复有助于稳定土壤和减少野火频率的理想多年生植被。我们进行了一项盆栽研究,考察了 HPPs 对六种多年生物种的功效,以及土地管理者使用的新型除草剂方法:同时施用咪草烟和茚草威。六个测试物种包括四种丛生禾本科植物、一种灌木和一种草本植物。丛生禾本科植物对 HPP 反应良好,在不施用除草剂的情况下,其幼苗数和生物量与裸种相似;在施用双重除草剂的情况下,其幼苗数和生物量高于裸种。我们的研究结果表明,有必要对同时施用茚虫威和咪草烟的 HPPs 进行更广泛的测试,尤其是在不同气候条件的田间。
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引用次数: 0
Criollo Cattle Breeds as a Potential Alternative for Sustainable and Healthy Beef Production in America 作为美国可持续健康牛肉生产潜在替代品的克里奥罗牛种
IF 2.4 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.05.008

Sustainable beef production is a growing concern worldwide, particularly in arid regions where limited natural resources availability and adverse environmental conditions pose significant challenges. This manuscript presents a comprehensive review of the potential of Criollo cattle breeds as an alternative for sustainable beef production in America. Criollo cattle, known for their resilience, hardiness, and adaptability to arid and semiarid environments, offer unique advantages in sustainable livestock production systems. Therefore, the use of criollo cattle and their crossbreds may be an alternative to face current and emerging challenges in beef production, which include a decrease in rangelands carrying capacity, adaptation to adverse environmental conditions, increase in diseases and parasites due to climate change, and diminished regional feed and forage production. This manuscript discusses the environmental sustainability of Criollo cattle production, including resource use efficiency, carbon footprint, and land management practices, providing insights into the potential ecological and economic benefits of these breeds. Also, it highlights the role of Criollo cattle in assisting organic and grass-fed beef producers in producing high-quality products using primarily forage-based diets. This approach can significantly enhance their organic or grass-fed certification. Criollo cattle have a unique flavor profile, which is highly sought after by consumers of organic and grass-fed beef. The meat of Criollo cattle produces omega-3, linoleic, and other fatty acids, which are beneficial to human health. Criollo cattle breeds are a valuable resource for enhancing resilience, promoting local biodiversity, producing good quality meat, and contributing to sustainable beef production in America.

可持续牛肉生产是全世界日益关注的问题,尤其是在自然资源有限、环境条件恶劣的干旱地区,可持续牛肉生产面临巨大挑战。本手稿全面回顾了克里奥罗牛作为美国牛肉可持续生产替代品的潜力。克里奥罗牛以恢复力强、耐寒、适应干旱和半干旱环境而著称,在可持续畜牧生产系统中具有独特的优势。因此,使用克里奥罗牛及其杂交种可能是应对当前和新出现的牛肉生产挑战的一种替代方法,这些挑战包括牧场承载能力下降、适应不利环境条件、气候变化导致疾病和寄生虫增加以及地区饲料和饲草产量减少。本手稿讨论了克里奥罗牛生产的环境可持续性,包括资源利用效率、碳足迹和土地管理方法,深入探讨了这些品种潜在的生态和经济效益。此外,它还强调了克里奥罗牛在协助有机牛肉和草饲牛肉生产商主要使用饲草饲料生产优质产品方面的作用。这种方法可以大大提高他们的有机或草饲认证。克里奥罗牛风味独特,深受有机牛肉和草饲牛肉消费者的青睐。克里奥罗牛的肉可产生欧米加-3、亚油酸和其他脂肪酸,对人体健康有益。克里奥罗牛品种是一种宝贵的资源,可增强复原力,促进当地生物多样性,生产优质肉类,为美国的可持续牛肉生产做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial Board/Journal Info 编辑委员会/期刊信息
IF 2.4 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1550-7424(24)00088-5
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引用次数: 0
Targeted Cattle Grazing to Alter Fuels and Reduce Fire Behavior Metrics in Shrub-Grasslands 有针对性地放牧牛群以改变灌木-草地中的燃料并减少火灾行为指标
IF 2.4 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.05.010

Wildfire is an increasing concern throughout the world, with wildfires increasing in size, frequency, suppression cost, and loss of lives and resources. Targeted grazing has been suggested as a tool to establish and maintain strategic fuel breaks by reducing the fine herbaceous fuel load and subsequently fire behavior metrics. In a full factorial replicated experimental design, we evaluated the effect of domestic cattle grazing at two seasons (summer and fall) and two utilization levels (low and moderate) on fuel characteristics and fire behavior metrics in two big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) communities. Shrub cover and herbaceous biomass before and after grazing were estimated in 2014 and 2015. Grazed and control plots were burned in late September 2015 under low fuel moisture conditions; flame height and fire rate of spread were measured. Cattle grazing reduced the herbaceous fuel load and grass height and increased herbaceous litter cover on the soil surface following the short-term grazing treatments. The more intensely plots were grazed also resulted in lower fuel loads than less intensely grazed plots. The season of grazing did not affect herbaceous fuel loads at the time of prescribed fire because utilization of grasses and forbs varied by season resulting in similar herbaceous biomass among both seasons of grazing at the time of the prescribed fire. Grazing was found to be an effective tool at altering herbaceous wildland fuels, which reduced fire behavior metrics when shrub cover was below 18%. Flame height was positively correlated with the amount of herbaceous vegetation, grass height, and annual grasses in the plant community at low shrub cover. However, at higher shrub canopy cover (>18%), cattle grazing for fuel reduction and alteration was limited due to low herbaceous biomass and the wildfire's potential to carry through the shrub canopy.

野火是全世界日益关注的问题,野火的规模、频率、扑救成本以及生命和资源损失都在增加。有人建议将有针对性的放牧作为一种工具,通过减少细草本燃料负荷及随后的火灾行为指标来建立和维持战略性燃料隔离带。在一个全因子重复实验设计中,我们评估了在两个季节(夏季和秋季)和两个利用水平(低度和中度)放牧家畜对两个大沙棘(Artemisia tridentata Nutt.)群落的燃料特征和火灾行为指标的影响。在 2014 年和 2015 年对放牧前后的灌木覆盖率和草本生物量进行了估算。2015 年 9 月下旬,在燃料水分较低的条件下,对放牧地块和对照地块进行了燃烧;测量了火焰高度和火势蔓延速度。在短期放牧处理后,放牧牛减少了草本燃料负荷和草高,增加了土壤表面的草本枯落物覆盖。与放牧强度较低的地块相比,放牧强度较大的地块的燃料负荷也较低。放牧季节并不影响火灾发生时的草本植物燃料负荷,因为草和牧草的利用率因季节而异,导致火灾发生时两季放牧的草本植物生物量相似。研究发现,放牧是改变野地草本燃料的有效工具,当灌木覆盖率低于 18% 时,放牧会降低火灾行为指标。在灌木覆盖率较低时,火焰高度与植物群落中的草本植被数量、草高和一年生草类呈正相关。然而,在灌木树冠覆盖率较高(18%)时,由于草本生物量较低,野火有可能穿过灌木树冠,因此限制了放牧牛群以减少和改变燃料。
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Rangeland Ecology & Management
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