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Appraising Formal and Informal Insurance Approaches Within Pastoralist Social Networks in Northern Kenya 评估肯尼亚北部牧民社会网络中的正式和非正式保险方法

IF 2.4 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Rangeland Ecology & Management

Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.07.005

Brian N. Muchema , Judith S. Mbau , Nzioka J. Muthama

Pastoral resource scarcity resulting from climate shocks, particularly drought, impoverishes and adversely affects pastoralists in arid and semiarid lands. Understanding how pastoralists apply established and contemporary risk management approaches is critical for policy and planning on social protection for vulnerable communities. Hence, this study sought to describe existing informal risk-sharing approaches and explore index-based livestock insurance (IBLI) as a formal risk-sharing approach employed by pastoralists to cope with pastoral resource scarcity. Based on the socioecological and disaster approaches to resilience theory, this research employed a qualitative descriptive design. Using semistructured in-person interviews, data were collected from a sample of 69 household respondents, a focus group discussion, and 4 key informants. This study found that although social networks enhance resource sharing, adverse climate stressors were strangling the traditional resource-sharing structures of pastoralism. As a result, this study noted a potential shift from collective risk sharing to household-based or self-insurance among pastoralists. IBLI uptake was recorded as low at 17% due to low awareness levels, a slowed premium sale supply, and a plausible product trust deficit. This study affirms that formal insurance can leverage informal insurance social networks to assist households in coping better with climate shocks, thus enhancing livelihood resilience. The study recommends establishing a framework that integrates both the traditional and modern approaches to risk sharing. Additionally, a focus on designing formal risk-sharing products that cater to household and collective shock recovery may be promising.

气候冲击，特别是干旱造成的畜牧业资源短缺，使干旱和半干旱地区的牧民陷入贫困并受到不利影响。了解牧民如何应用现有的和现代的风险管理方法，对于脆弱社区的社会保护政策和规划至关重要。因此，本研究试图描述现有的非正式风险分担方法，并探索基于指数的牲畜保险（IBLI）作为牧民应对牧区资源稀缺的正式风险分担方法。本研究以社会生态学和灾害理论为基础，采用定性描述设计。采用半结构化的面对面访谈，从69个家庭受访者、焦点小组讨论和4个关键线人中收集数据。研究发现，尽管社会网络促进了资源共享，但不利的气候压力因素正在扼杀传统的畜牧业资源共享结构。因此，本研究指出，牧民可能从集体分担风险转向以家庭为基础或自我保险。由于认知度低、溢价销售供应放缓以及可信的产品信任赤字，IBLI的使用率低至17%。本研究证实，正规保险可以利用非正规保险社会网络，帮助家庭更好地应对气候冲击，从而增强生计复原力。该研究建议建立一个框架，将传统和现代的风险分担方法结合起来。此外，注重设计适合家庭和集体冲击恢复的正式风险分担产品可能是有希望的。

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引用次数: 0

Postfire Herbicide Application Reduces Macartney Rose in Attwater's Prairie-Chicken Habitat 火后除草剂的使用减少了阿特沃特草原鸡栖息地的马卡尼玫瑰

IF 2.4 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Rangeland Ecology & Management

Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.06.017

Catherine V. Lechnar , George K. Gyan , Robert Puckett , Robert D. Cox , Blake A. Grisham , Nathan S. Gill

Prescribed fire in coastal prairies maintains habitat diversity, improves nutrient cycling, and reduces impacts of invasive species. However, some invasive species thrive after disturbance, necessitating more nuanced management strategies. Managers in the Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge use combinations of prescribed fire and herbicide to control the spread of Macartney rose (Rosa bracteata). However, literature suggests that the efficacy of such a strategy has been inconsistent, perhaps owing to differences in the seasonal timing and frequency of herbicide and burning treatments. We compared the timing of herbicide applications in relation to prescribed fire and their effects on Macartney rose by monitoring 160  ×  100 m² belt transects distributed among four categories of treatment strategy: prefire herbicide, postfire herbicide, both, or no herbicide (fire only). Prefire herbicide applications were conducted followed by prescribed fires in December 2021–January 2022, and postfire herbicide was applied in April–May 2022. We conducted plant surveys and measured Macartney rose density and cover in between and after each treatment. After all treatments, we collected arthropods by sweep netting and identified them to the order level. We also baited and collected ants and later identified and counted red imported fire ants under a microscope. We found that Macartney rose density declined by ∼40% and cover exhibited a five-fold decrease in transects that received herbicide both before and after fire, whereas plant and arthropod diversity were unchanged regardless of herbicide treatment. Prescribed fire and herbicide application are essential tools for modern coastal prairie management, but nuances regarding the different ways these tools might be combined should be considered to optimize invasive species control while limiting undesirable effects. In the case presented in this study, Macartney rose was most significantly reduced, and plant and arthropod diversity were maintained using strategies that combined fire and herbicide differently than most common practice.

沿海草原的规定火维持了生境多样性，改善了养分循环，减少了入侵物种的影响。然而，一些入侵物种在受到干扰后茁壮成长，需要更细致的管理策略。阿特沃特山鸡国家野生动物保护区的管理人员使用规定的火和除草剂的组合来控制马卡尼玫瑰（Rosa bracteata）的蔓延。然而，文献表明，这种策略的效果并不一致，可能是由于除草剂和焚烧处理的季节时间和频率的差异。我们通过监测160个 × 100 m2带状样带，比较了除草剂施用时间与规定火灾的关系及其对马卡尼玫瑰的影响，这些样带分布在四种处理策略中：火灾前除草剂、火灾后除草剂、两者都使用除草剂或不使用除草剂（仅使用火灾）。在2021年12月至2022年1月的规定火灾之后进行了火前除草剂的施用，并在2022年4月至5月进行了火后除草剂的施用。我们进行了植物调查，并在每次处理之间和之后测量了马戛尔尼月季的密度和覆盖度。处理结束后，采用扫网法采集节肢动物，并对节肢动物进行目级鉴定。我们还用诱饵采集了蚂蚁，随后在显微镜下对红火蚁进行了鉴定和计数。我们发现，在火灾前后施用除草剂的样带中，马戛尔尼玫瑰的密度下降了约40%，盖度下降了5倍，而无论除草剂处理如何，植物和节肢动物的多样性都没有变化。规定的火灾和除草剂应用是现代沿海草原管理的基本工具，但应考虑这些工具可能组合的不同方式的细微差别，以优化入侵物种控制，同时限制不良影响。在本研究中，马戛尔尼玫瑰的减少最为显著，而植物和节肢动物的多样性则采用了不同于大多数常见做法的火与除草剂结合策略。

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引用次数: 0

Editorial Board/Journal Info 编辑委员会/期刊信息

IF 2.4 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Rangeland Ecology & Management

Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1016/S1550-7424(24)00144-1

引用次数: 0

Forum: The History and Development of Small Mammal Control on China's Grasslands and Potential Implications for Conservation 论坛：中国草原小哺乳动物控制的历史与发展及其对保护的潜在意义

IF 2.4 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Rangeland Ecology & Management

Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.07.001

Joseph P. Lambert , Yujie Niu , Kun Shi , Philip Riordan

Grasslands make up almost half of China's territory and are important ecological and economic areas. The native small mammals that inhabit these grasslands are often seen as pests competing with livestock and are subjected to population control. At the same time, several species are functionally important ecosystem engineers, and their removal can have far-reaching consequences for grassland health. We review the history and development of attempts to control populations of small burrowing mammals on China's grasslands from ancient times to the present day, and the relevance of these programs to grassland conservation. We describe the different methods of control in use today, and attempt to assess their prevalence and their possible effects on grassland ecosystems from a conservation perspective. Non-chemical methods are used, including manual trapping and biological control with native predators. Four rodenticides are currently registered for use on China's grasslands. Most chemical control is carried out with botulinum toxins type- C and D. We identify 41 species, across two orders (Rodentia and Lagomorpha) and seven families, which are targets of pest control. Two of these species, Marmota sibirica and Ochotona koslowi, are classed as Endangered by the IUCN. Several others are important ecosystem engineers. Case studies on the potential ecological impacts of control programs against two ecosystem engineers, zokors (Eospalax fontanierii) and marmots (Marmota spp.), are described. Finally, we give recommendations for researchers on how to approach this issue.

草原几乎占中国国土面积的一半，是重要的生态和经济领域。居住在这些草原上的本地小型哺乳动物经常被视为与牲畜竞争的害虫，因此需要控制它们的数量。同时，一些物种在功能上是重要的生态系统工程师，它们的移除会对草原的健康产生深远的影响。本文回顾了从古至今中国草原上小型穴居哺乳动物种群控制的历史和发展，以及这些计划与草原保护的相关性。我们描述了目前使用的不同控制方法，并试图从保护的角度评估它们的流行程度及其对草地生态系统的可能影响。使用非化学方法，包括人工诱捕和与本地捕食者进行生物控制。目前有四种灭鼠剂在中国的草原上注册使用。大多数化学防治是用C型和d型肉毒杆菌毒素进行的。我们确定了41种害虫防治目标，跨越2目（啮齿目和狐齿目）和7科。其中两个物种，西伯利亚旱獭和科斯罗维旱獭，被世界自然保护联盟列为濒危物种。还有几位是重要的生态系统工程师。本文描述了针对两种生态系统工程师——土拨鼠（Eospalax fontanierii）和土拨鼠（Marmota spp.）——的控制方案的潜在生态影响的案例研究。最后，我们对研究人员如何处理这一问题提出了建议。

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引用次数: 0

Improving Seeding Success in Annual Grass-Invaded Areas Using Pre-emergent Herbicide and Deep Furrowing Techniques 利用苗期除草剂和深沟技术提高一年生牧草入侵地区的播种成功率

IF 2.4 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Rangeland Ecology & Management

Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.06.012

S. Chad Camp , Val J. Anderson , Mitch G. Thacker , Rhett M. Anderson , Todd F. Robinson , Tamzen K. Stringham , Kevin L. Gunnell , Daniel D. Summers , Matthew D. Madsen

Exotic annual weeds have invaded and transformed western North American ecosystems. Restoration of these invaded sites has been met with low levels of success. Pre-emergent herbicides can effectively control these annual weeds, but this treatment does not allow for the concurrent seeding of desired species. Seeding within a deep U-shaped furrow following herbicide application may be a method to reduce pre-emergent herbicide effects by transferring the herbicide away from the seed at the time of planting. We investigated this method by spraying plots with or without the pre-emergent herbicide imazapic, then planting with or without a deep furrow. Treatments (i.e., spraying and furrowing) were applied using mechanical equipment within a single pass at six sites. In plots without imazapic, deep furrows generally had higher plant density and more above-ground biomass of seeded species than those in plots without furrows. Similarly, in plots with imazapic, deep furrows generally improved measured plant metrics for the seeded species. For example, plant density in deep furrows was 62–97% higher than that with nonfurrow treatments in plots with imazapic and 41–89% higher in plots without imazapic. Deep furrows also decreased exotic annual weeds in the first year after planting, but weed reduction was generally more effective when this treatment was applied with imazapic. Overall, this research provides evidence that deep furrows alone can improve seeding success in most instances. Nevertheless, combining herbicide application with deep furrows in a one-pass system should be considered in areas with high weed cover. Due to the substantial soil disturbance caused by deep furrows, this method should be selectively applied, such as constraining the treatment to substantially degraded areas.

外来的一年生杂草入侵并改变了北美西部的生态系统。对这些被入侵的遗址的恢复取得了低水平的成功。苗期除草剂可以有效地控制这些一年生杂草，但这种处理不允许同时播种所需的物种。在除草剂施用后的深u形沟内播种可能是一种通过在播种时将除草剂从种子转移开来减少苗期前除草剂效应的方法。我们通过在苗期前喷洒或不喷洒除草剂imazapic，然后播种或不播种深沟来研究这种方法。处理（即喷洒和犁沟）使用机械设备在六个地点进行一次处理。在无地平样地，深沟的植物密度和地上生物量普遍高于无沟样地。同样地，在有异氮的地块上，深沟通常改善了种子物种的测量植物指标。例如，施用imazapic的地块深沟密度比无沟处理高62 ~ 97%，未施用imazapic的地块深沟密度高41 ~ 89%。深沟在播种后的第一年也减少了外来的一年生杂草，但当这种处理与imazapic一起施用时，杂草减少通常更有效。总的来说，这项研究提供了证据，证明在大多数情况下，仅深沟就可以提高播种成功率。然而，在杂草覆盖率高的地区，应考虑将除草剂施用与深沟一次性结合使用。由于深沟会对土壤造成较大的扰动，因此应选择性地应用该方法，例如将处理限制在严重退化的地区。

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引用次数: 0

Mapping Floral Resources in Montane Landscapes Using Unmanned Aerial Systems and Two-step Random Forest Classifications 基于无人机系统和两步随机森林分类的山地景观花卉资源制图

IF 2.4 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Rangeland Ecology & Management

Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.06.016

Jesse Tabor , Alexander Hernandez , Diana Cox-Foster , Byron G. Love , Lindsie M. McCabe , Matthew Robbins , Jonathan B.U. Koch

Monitoring floral biodiversity is a critical step in understanding terrestrial ecosystems. However, manual methods to quantify flowering vegetation are costly in time and personnel. In large landscapes, these limited methods may not capture the spatial and temporal variation of floral resources. Recent advances in sensors and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms offer opportunities to characterize the dynamic distribution of floral resources at the landscape level. In this study, UAV imagery and a multistep machine learning classification analysis were used to quantify floral resources in nonagricultural environments, where topography, vegetation, and inflorescence size were variable. Seven flowering species covering an area of 2 138 m² were classified throughout our study, equaling 0.5% of the overall landscape. We determined the period of flowering for important species based on the temporal changes of the floral area classified from UAV images. Models performed well considering the extreme rarity of flowers in the UAV images. The flower class in the land cover classification models performed well with an average sensitivity of 0.77 and average specificity of 0.99. Individual flower classes also performed well with the majority of flower classes receiving sensitivity and specificity values of over 0.90. The use of UAVs is a feasible method for characterizing floral resources in nonagricultural settings. Classifications would benefit from a more robust and comprehensive UAV and floral resource sampling plan, to better characterize the variability of floral resources in UAV imagery.

监测植物的生物多样性是了解陆地生态系统的关键一步。然而，人工量化开花植被的方法在时间和人力上都是昂贵的。在大型景观中，这些有限的方法可能无法捕捉到植物资源的时空变化。传感器和无人机（UAV）平台的最新进展为在景观水平上表征植物资源的动态分布提供了机会。在这项研究中，利用无人机图像和多步机器学习分类分析来量化地形、植被和花序大小可变的非农业环境中的花卉资源。在整个研究过程中，共分类了7种开花物种，面积为2 138 m2，占整体景观的0.5%。根据无人机影像分类的花区时间变化，确定重要物种的花期。考虑到无人机图像中花朵的极度罕见，模型表现良好。在土地覆盖分类模型中，花类的平均敏感性为0.77，平均特异性为0.99。单个花类也表现良好，大多数花类的敏感性和特异性值都在0.90以上。利用无人机对非农业环境下的花卉资源进行鉴定是一种可行的方法。更强大和全面的无人机和花资源采样计划将有助于分类，更好地表征无人机图像中花资源的变异性。

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引用次数: 0

Diversity and Abundance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Soil Bacteria in Purshia tridentata Stands in the Sagebrush Steppe 山艾草原三叉戟林丛枝菌根真菌和土壤细菌的多样性和丰度

IF 2.4 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Rangeland Ecology & Management

Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.06.013

David Eduardo Prado-Tarango , Ricardo Mata-González , Dana Sanchez , Lisa Ellsworth

Soil microorganisms, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrogen fixing bacteria, require better integration into ecological restoration programs as they might facilitate plant establishment. Both are believed to be critical for the establishment of native rangeland plant species such as Purshia tridentata. We evaluated the AMF and bacterial diversity and abundance from soils in 1) areas with undisturbed P. tridentata stands in rangelands of north-central Oregon and 2) areas where P. tridentata was eliminated because of wildfires. We collected soil from three locations 1) areas with undisturbed P. tridentata stands in rangelands of North-central Oregon and 2) areas where P. tridentata was eliminated because of wildfires. We also collected roots from live P tridentata plants. We used 16s rRNA gene and ITS amplicon sequencing to determine and compare bacterial and AMF microbiomes. We wanted to evaluate the soil bacteria to the family level to determine the presence of the Frankiaceae family, and the AMF to the species level to evaluate which AMF species colonized this plant. Bacterial and AMF diversity did not vary between locations, but diversity and abundance of both parameters differed in roots (P < 0.05) from those of soils. AMF abundance in roots was dominated by Claroideoglomus and Glomus. The major bacterial familiy detected in soil samples was Chthoniobacteraceae, while Frankiaceae was present to a very low extent. Our results suggest that current microbial communities in the study area are homogeneous instead of being affected by the elimination of P. tridentata. However, our data reveals the current mycorrhizal communities associated with P. tridentata which can be used for restoration purposes.

土壤微生物，包括丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）和固氮细菌，需要更好地整合到生态恢复计划中，因为它们可能促进植物的生长。两者都被认为是建立本土牧场植物物种的关键，如三叉戟草。我们评估了1)俄勒冈州中北部放牧区未受干扰的三叉戟林和2)由于野火而被消灭的三叉戟林的土壤AMF和细菌的多样性和丰度。我们收集了三个地点的土壤：1)俄勒冈州中北部牧场上未受干扰的三叉戟林；2)三叉戟林因野火而消失的地区。我们还收集了活的三叉戟植物的根。我们使用16s rRNA基因和ITS扩增子测序来确定和比较细菌和AMF微生物组。我们希望将土壤细菌评估到科水平以确定Frankiaceae家族的存在，并将AMF评估到种水平以评估哪些AMF物种定殖该植物。细菌和AMF多样性在不同地点之间没有差异，但这两个参数的多样性和丰度在根中存在差异(P <；0.05)。根中AMF的丰度以球囊菌和球囊菌为主。土壤样品中检测到的主要细菌科为Chthoniobacteraceae， Frankiaceae的存在程度很低。我们的结果表明，研究区目前的微生物群落是均匀的，而不是受到消灭三叉草的影响。然而，我们的数据揭示了目前与三叉戟草相关的菌根群落，可以用于恢复目的。

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引用次数: 0

Late Summer Intensive Grazing, an Alternative to Herbicide Application in Rangelands of the Flooding Pampa 夏末集约放牧：洪水泛滥的潘帕草原除草剂的替代方案

IF 2.4 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Rangeland Ecology & Management

Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.06.010

Joaquín Asad , Kevin Van Sundert , Ana V. Eljall Qüesta , Pablo Preliasco , Josefina L. De Paepe

The Flooding Pampa harbors grasslands of high conservation value and provides grazing ground for extensive livestock production in uplands while lowlands are less productive. The Aboveground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP) of cool-season C3 grasses limits livestock production in this region. Consequently, two managements have been implemented to promote ANPP of these upland grasses, in contrast to the No Promotion (NP) traditional management with continuous stocking during the entire year: Herbicide Promotion (HP), and less commonly, Late Summer Intensive Grazing (LSIG). Here, we compare the effectiveness of LSIG as a potential alternative to herbicide application in promoting cool-season grass production and evaluate both short- and longer-term impacts on inter- and sub-annual ANPP. To this end, we integrated remotely sensed ANPP data from 2013 to 2019 with rainfall data from meteorological stations, field observations, and management information provided by farm managers. We found that in comparison to NP in uplands, both HP and LSIG successfully promoted ANPP during the cooler months (P < 0.05). However, under HP, this came at the expense of warm-season grasses and annual ANPP, to such an extent that upland annual ANPP under HP was reduced to similar values of the normally less productive lowlands. Our study showed that cool-season grasses can be successfully promoted with or without herbicide use, but HP leads to a longer-term degradation of forage resources. Contrary to HP, LSIG is a management that reconciles the dual goals of livestock production and grassland conservation in the Flooding Pampa.

泛滥的潘帕草原拥有高保护价值的草原，并为高地的广泛畜牧业生产提供了放牧场所，而低地的生产力较低。冷季C3草的地上净初级生产力（ANPP）限制了该地区的畜牧业生产。因此，与全年连续放养的不促进（NP）传统管理相比，实施了两种管理方法来促进这些旱草的ANPP：除草剂促进（HP）和不太常见的夏末集约放牧（LSIG）。在这里，我们比较了LSIG作为除草剂的潜在替代品在促进冷季草产量方面的有效性，并评估了短期和长期对年际和次年际ANPP的影响。为此，我们将2013 - 2019年的ANPP遥感数据与气象站的降雨数据、野外观测数据和农场管理者提供的管理信息进行了整合。我们发现，与高原的NP相比，HP和LSIG在较冷的月份都成功地促进了ANPP (P <；0.05)。然而，在高压下，这是以牺牲暖季牧草和年ANPP为代价的，以至于在高压下，旱地的年ANPP降低到与通常较低生产力的低地相似的值。我们的研究表明，使用或不使用除草剂都可以成功地促进冷季牧草的生长，但HP会导致牧草资源的长期退化。与HP相反，LSIG是一种管理方式，它协调了洪水泛滥的潘帕草原的牲畜生产和草原保护的双重目标。

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引用次数: 0

Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Responses to Long-Term Flood Irrigation and Fertilization in High-Elevation Hay Meadows 高海拔草甸土壤碳氮对长期漫灌施肥的响应

IF 2.4 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Rangeland Ecology & Management

Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.07.002

Daniel M. Adamson , Urszula Norton , Jay B. Norton , Shannon E. Albeke , Brian M. Sebade , Linda T.A. van Diepen

Rangelands are an important grazing resource worldwide, but in many regions, supplemental forage is needed to support grazing during parts of the year. Mountain irrigated hay meadows are an integral hay-producing component of livestock operations in the Intermountain Western United States (US), but productive capacity is made challenging by short growing season (elevation >2000 m) and inefficient flood irrigation strategies. Further, these factors have reduced residue decomposition and led to the development of an organic horizon at the soil surface which stores large amounts of soil organic matter (SOM) and nitrogen (N). Better understanding of N-cycling and SOM dynamics is necessary to improve N management and sustainability of forage production in meadows. A field study was conducted at four ranches in southern Wyoming and northern Colorado, US, in 2021 to evaluate the effect of long-term flood irrigation and N fertilization on soil carbon (C) and N pools. Soil pits were excavated to 1.5-m depth in three management systems: unirrigated rangeland, irrigated-unfertilized meadow, and irrigated-fertilized meadow. In each pit, genetic soil horizons were sampled and analyzed for total organic C (TOC), total N (TN), dissolved organic C (DOC), and N (DON), microbial biomass C (MBC), and N (MBN), potentially mineralizable C (PMC), and N (PMN), nitrate, and ammonium. Irrigation dramatically increased TOC concentration at the soil surface, and also increased TOC in the entire profile. However, N fertilization negated the effects of irrigation, as fertilized meadow stabile and labile C and N pools more closely resembled those of rangelands. Fertilized and unfertilized meadows had less labile C and N per unit of stable C and N compared to rangelands, and lower PMN, suggesting lower SOM mineralization or loss to leaching. Alternative irrigation strategies that reduce soil waterlogging will likely improve SOM cycling and forage production in hay meadows but should be balanced with SOM sequestration and other ecosystem services.

牧场是世界范围内重要的放牧资源，但在许多地区，在一年中的某些时候需要补充饲料来支持放牧。山地灌溉干草草甸是美国西部山间畜牧业生产中不可或缺的干草组成部分，但由于生长季节短（海拔2000米）和低效的洪水灌溉策略，生产能力受到挑战。此外，这些因素减少了秸秆分解，导致土壤表面有机层的形成，该有机层储存了大量的土壤有机质（SOM）和氮(N)。更好地了解N循环和SOM动态对于改善草甸N管理和饲料生产的可持续性是必要的。2021年，在美国怀俄明州南部和科罗拉多州北部的4个牧场进行了长期漫灌和施氮对土壤碳(C)和氮库的影响研究。在未灌水牧地、灌水未施肥草甸和灌水未施肥草甸3种管理模式下，挖掘1.5 m深度的土坑。在每个坑内取样土壤层，分析总有机C （TOC）、总氮（TN）、溶解有机C （DOC）和N （DON）、微生物生物量C （MBC）和N （MBN）、潜在矿化C （PMC）和N （PMN）、硝酸盐和铵。灌溉显著增加了土壤表面TOC浓度，也增加了整个剖面的TOC浓度。然而，施氮可以抵消灌溉的影响，因为施氮的草甸稳定和不稳定的碳氮库更接近于牧场。与牧场相比，施肥和未施肥的草甸单位稳定C和N的不稳定C和N较少，PMN较低，表明SOM矿化或淋滤损失较低。减少土壤内涝的替代灌溉策略可能会改善干草草甸的SOM循环和饲料生产，但应与SOM封存和其他生态系统服务相平衡。

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引用次数: 0

Revisiting the Rotational Grazing Dilemma: The Role of Terminology in System Comparison Outcomes 重新审视轮牧困境：术语在系统比较结果中的作用

IF 2.4 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Rangeland Ecology & Management

Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.06.015

Tong Wang , Urs Kreuter

The contentious rotational grazing debate has continued without resolution for decades with proponents and opponents drawing contradictory evidence-based conclusions. Lack of explicit distinction in grazing systems’ terminology may be an important contributor to the contradictory conclusions, but this issue has received scant attention. To better understand the role of terminology in the grazing management efficacy, we surveyed 870 ranchers in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas during January to March 2022. Dividing ranchers into extensive, intermediate, and intensive groups based on their self-identified grazing practice and paddock numbers, we compared a wide range of variables including ranch/rancher characteristics and grazing outcomes among the three groups. We found that the extensive group differed from the intermediate group in 4–15% of the examined variables, whereas the extensive and intensive groups differed in 63–81% of the variables. In terms of ranching outcomes, we found no difference between the extensive and intermediate groups, yet the extensive group differed from the intensive group in 50–100% of the studied outcomes. Such differences highlight the importance of distinguishing between intermediate and intensive grazing management groups when examining the benefits of rotational grazing over continuous grazing, a notable deficiency in much of the previous literature. Our results also point to the need to refine terminology used for grazing management strategies and intensity to ensure consistent comparisons across studies.

有争议的轮牧辩论持续了几十年，没有得到解决，支持者和反对者得出了相互矛盾的基于证据的结论。放牧系统术语缺乏明确的区分可能是结论相互矛盾的重要原因，但这一问题很少受到关注。为了更好地了解术语在放牧管理效率中的作用，我们在2022年1月至3月期间对北达科他州、南达科他州和德克萨斯州的870名牧场主进行了调查。根据牧场主自认的放牧方式和围场数量，我们将他们分为粗放型、中间型和集约型三组，并比较了包括牧场/牧场主特征和三组放牧结果在内的广泛变量。我们发现粗放组与中间组在4-15%的变量上存在差异，而粗放组和强化组在63-81%的变量上存在差异。在放牧结果方面，我们发现粗放型组和中间组之间没有差异，但粗放型组与集约型组在研究结果的50-100%上存在差异。这些差异突出了在检查轮牧相对于连续放牧的好处时区分中间和集约化放牧管理组的重要性，这是先前许多文献中一个显着的缺陷。我们的研究结果还指出，需要改进用于放牧管理策略和强度的术语，以确保研究间比较的一致性。

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