Pub Date : 2020-03-03DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2020.1750721
D. Da Re, Angel P. Olivares, William A. Smith, M. Vallejo‐Marín
ABSTRACT Background Hybridisation associated with biological invasions may generate new phenotypic combinations, allowing hybrids to occupy new ecological niches. To date, few studies have assessed niche shifts associated with hybridisation in recently introduced populations while simultaneously characterising the niche of parental species in both native and introduced ranges. Aims Here, we compared (1) the ecological niche of a novel hybrid monkeyflower, M. × robertsii, with the niches of its two parental taxa (M. guttatus, M. luteus), and (2) the ecological niches of native (Americas) and introduced parental populations (Europe and New Zealand). Methods We assembled >13,000 geo-referenced occurrence records and eight environmental variables and conducted an ecological niche model analysis using maximum entropy, principal component and niche dynamics analysis. Results We found no evidence of niche shift in the hybrid, which may result in potential competition between parental and derived taxa in the introduced range. M. guttatus showed niche conservatism in introduced populations in Europe, but a niche shift in New Zealand, while M. luteus showed a niche shift in Europe. Conclusions The comparison of native and non-native populations of parental taxa, suggests that whether invasions result in niche shifts or not depends on both taxon and geographic region, highlighting the idiosyncratic nature of biological invasions.
{"title":"Global analysis of ecological niche conservation and niche shift in exotic populations of monkeyflowers (Mimulus guttatus, M. luteus) and their hybrid (M. × robertsii)","authors":"D. Da Re, Angel P. Olivares, William A. Smith, M. Vallejo‐Marín","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2020.1750721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2020.1750721","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background Hybridisation associated with biological invasions may generate new phenotypic combinations, allowing hybrids to occupy new ecological niches. To date, few studies have assessed niche shifts associated with hybridisation in recently introduced populations while simultaneously characterising the niche of parental species in both native and introduced ranges. Aims Here, we compared (1) the ecological niche of a novel hybrid monkeyflower, M. × robertsii, with the niches of its two parental taxa (M. guttatus, M. luteus), and (2) the ecological niches of native (Americas) and introduced parental populations (Europe and New Zealand). Methods We assembled >13,000 geo-referenced occurrence records and eight environmental variables and conducted an ecological niche model analysis using maximum entropy, principal component and niche dynamics analysis. Results We found no evidence of niche shift in the hybrid, which may result in potential competition between parental and derived taxa in the introduced range. M. guttatus showed niche conservatism in introduced populations in Europe, but a niche shift in New Zealand, while M. luteus showed a niche shift in Europe. Conclusions The comparison of native and non-native populations of parental taxa, suggests that whether invasions result in niche shifts or not depends on both taxon and geographic region, highlighting the idiosyncratic nature of biological invasions.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"13 1","pages":"133 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2020.1750721","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44297568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-03DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2020.1729888
Vincent Hoeber, Moritz Klinghardt, G. Zotz
ABSTRACT Background Accidental epiphytism is common among vascular plants in forest ecosystems around the globe. A frequent observation in surveys of accidental epiphytes is the occurrence of few species with high epiphytic abundance, while most co-occurring terrestrial species are rarely found as epiphytes. Aims Based on the general assumption that water is the major limiting factor for epiphytic plants, we hypothesised that differences in drought resistance of accidental epiphytes explain the difference in epiphytic abundances. Methods We exposed 16 species with different epiphytic abundance in central Europe to experimentally induced drought during germination and growth of juvenile plants. Results Drought resistance differed substantially among species but did not correlate with their epiphytic abundance, neither during germination nor during juvenile growth. Conclusions In central Europe, accidental epiphytes are usually found on moss cushions or in accumulated arboreal soil on their host tree. In such water-storing substrates, water availability might be less limiting than it is for obligate epiphytes that typically grow on bare bark, which would explain the lack of a correlation between drought resistance and epiphytic abundance of the studied species. Hence, other factors must explain the consistent differences in epiphytic abundance, e.g. dispersal traits and mass effect.
{"title":"Drought resistance does not explain epiphytic abundance of accidental epiphytes","authors":"Vincent Hoeber, Moritz Klinghardt, G. Zotz","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2020.1729888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2020.1729888","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background Accidental epiphytism is common among vascular plants in forest ecosystems around the globe. A frequent observation in surveys of accidental epiphytes is the occurrence of few species with high epiphytic abundance, while most co-occurring terrestrial species are rarely found as epiphytes. Aims Based on the general assumption that water is the major limiting factor for epiphytic plants, we hypothesised that differences in drought resistance of accidental epiphytes explain the difference in epiphytic abundances. Methods We exposed 16 species with different epiphytic abundance in central Europe to experimentally induced drought during germination and growth of juvenile plants. Results Drought resistance differed substantially among species but did not correlate with their epiphytic abundance, neither during germination nor during juvenile growth. Conclusions In central Europe, accidental epiphytes are usually found on moss cushions or in accumulated arboreal soil on their host tree. In such water-storing substrates, water availability might be less limiting than it is for obligate epiphytes that typically grow on bare bark, which would explain the lack of a correlation between drought resistance and epiphytic abundance of the studied species. Hence, other factors must explain the consistent differences in epiphytic abundance, e.g. dispersal traits and mass effect.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"13 1","pages":"175 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2020.1729888","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44696990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-03DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2020.1744760
A. A. D. Nascimento, L. Silva Carvalho, M. R. G. Vega, D. M. Villela, M. Nascimento
ABSTRACT Background The degree of herbivory in plants can be related to leaf traits, which are, in turn, determined by phylogeny and environment. Aims The objective of our study was to determine the level of trait conservation (determined by phylogeny) vs. trait convergence (owing to overbearing effect of environmental factors) in leaf attributes and its relationship with rates of herbivory in two contrasting neotropical habitats. Methods We quantified herbivory and 12 leaf traits in 10 congeneric, co-occurring pairs of tree species of an Atlantic Rain Forest (ARF) and a coastal forest (Restinga - REST). Results Higher values of N, N:P, leaf area and water content were found for the ARF species, while REST species were characterised by higher total phenol, Ca, C:N and leaf mass per area. There was a great degree of trait convergence in leaf attributes by habitat, and a near lack of trait conservation. Rates of herbivory were related to leaf attributes and were significantly larger in ARF species compared to those in REST. Conclusions These findings indicate that leaf attributes are relatively convergent and closely related to habitat. The results also support theory in confirming greater investment in leaf defence in REST species in a more resource-poor environment than in ARF.
{"title":"Environment, not phylogeny, drives herbivory and leaf attributes in trees from two contrasting forest formations of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest","authors":"A. A. D. Nascimento, L. Silva Carvalho, M. R. G. Vega, D. M. Villela, M. Nascimento","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2020.1744760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2020.1744760","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background The degree of herbivory in plants can be related to leaf traits, which are, in turn, determined by phylogeny and environment. Aims The objective of our study was to determine the level of trait conservation (determined by phylogeny) vs. trait convergence (owing to overbearing effect of environmental factors) in leaf attributes and its relationship with rates of herbivory in two contrasting neotropical habitats. Methods We quantified herbivory and 12 leaf traits in 10 congeneric, co-occurring pairs of tree species of an Atlantic Rain Forest (ARF) and a coastal forest (Restinga - REST). Results Higher values of N, N:P, leaf area and water content were found for the ARF species, while REST species were characterised by higher total phenol, Ca, C:N and leaf mass per area. There was a great degree of trait convergence in leaf attributes by habitat, and a near lack of trait conservation. Rates of herbivory were related to leaf attributes and were significantly larger in ARF species compared to those in REST. Conclusions These findings indicate that leaf attributes are relatively convergent and closely related to habitat. The results also support theory in confirming greater investment in leaf defence in REST species in a more resource-poor environment than in ARF.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"13 1","pages":"147 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2020.1744760","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47244197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-03DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2020.1730459
A. Westerband, Lalasia Bialic‐Murphy, Lauren A. Weisenberger, K. Barton
ABSTRACT Background: Climates are changing at a rate that exceeds the adaptive capacity of species, especially endangered species. Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity are important for population persistence, yet few studies have linked traits to seedling performance under drought in endangered species. Aims: We assessed intraspecific variation and trait plasticity under drought, to understand how an endangered species would cope with increasingly severe droughts. Methods: Using greenhouse experiments, we assessed drought tolerance of a critically endangered Hawaiian shrub, Schiedea obovata. Seedlings from five maternal families (three selfed and two interpopulation crosses) were subjected to daily watering or a simulated drought, and we measured growth, traits linked to drought tolerance, and days until death under terminal drought. Results: Drought reduced growth but not days until death. We detected genetic variation in growth, but no trait plasticity except in carbon:nitrogen, which decreased under drought. We did not detect traits that enhanced performance under drought but identified four physiological traits whose effects on growth varied under control and drought. Conclusions: Our results indicate moderate drought tolerance of an endangered shrub, and low trait plasticity. Conservation of endangered species under shifting climates will benefit from studies of stress tolerance, particularly at the vulnerable seedling stage.
{"title":"Intraspecific variation in seedling drought tolerance and associated traits in a critically endangered, endemic Hawaiian shrub","authors":"A. Westerband, Lalasia Bialic‐Murphy, Lauren A. Weisenberger, K. Barton","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2020.1730459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2020.1730459","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Climates are changing at a rate that exceeds the adaptive capacity of species, especially endangered species. Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity are important for population persistence, yet few studies have linked traits to seedling performance under drought in endangered species. Aims: We assessed intraspecific variation and trait plasticity under drought, to understand how an endangered species would cope with increasingly severe droughts. Methods: Using greenhouse experiments, we assessed drought tolerance of a critically endangered Hawaiian shrub, Schiedea obovata. Seedlings from five maternal families (three selfed and two interpopulation crosses) were subjected to daily watering or a simulated drought, and we measured growth, traits linked to drought tolerance, and days until death under terminal drought. Results: Drought reduced growth but not days until death. We detected genetic variation in growth, but no trait plasticity except in carbon:nitrogen, which decreased under drought. We did not detect traits that enhanced performance under drought but identified four physiological traits whose effects on growth varied under control and drought. Conclusions: Our results indicate moderate drought tolerance of an endangered shrub, and low trait plasticity. Conservation of endangered species under shifting climates will benefit from studies of stress tolerance, particularly at the vulnerable seedling stage.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"13 1","pages":"159 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2020.1730459","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46371702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-25DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2020.1729889
Hudson G. V. Fontenele, Rebeca N. A. Figueirôa, C. M. Pereira, V. T. D. Nascimento, C. Musso, H. Miranda
ABSTRACT Background The Cerrado is a fire-prone Neotropical savanna and grass seeds are the main component of the soil seed bank. Although grass seeds are presumed to tolerate heat pulses during fires, the assumption that these seeds will be recruited may be an overestimation, since it does not account for factors that limit seedling emergence from the soil. Aims We tested if burial depth constrained the seedling emergence of nine common Neotropical savanna grasses. Methods Seeds were sown at the surface or at 5, 10, 20 and 30 mm in trays filled with cerrado soil. Emergence was assessed daily for 30 days and any remaining non-germinated seeds were tested for viability. Results Seedling emergence decreased with depth, and was positively related to the seed mass. Seven species showed a significant reduction in emergence when sown at 10 mm and only two species emerged from 30 mm. Most non-germinated seeds lost viability after 30 days. Conclusions Burial depth constrained the seedling emergence of Neotropical savanna grasses. Although seeds in the soil are protected during Cerrado fires, they may not generate new individuals, as seedling emergence is limited once a depth of 10 mm is reached and the seeds lose viability within 30 days in humid soil.
{"title":"Protected from fire, but not from harm: seedling emergence of savanna grasses is constrained by burial depth","authors":"Hudson G. V. Fontenele, Rebeca N. A. Figueirôa, C. M. Pereira, V. T. D. Nascimento, C. Musso, H. Miranda","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2020.1729889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2020.1729889","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background The Cerrado is a fire-prone Neotropical savanna and grass seeds are the main component of the soil seed bank. Although grass seeds are presumed to tolerate heat pulses during fires, the assumption that these seeds will be recruited may be an overestimation, since it does not account for factors that limit seedling emergence from the soil. Aims We tested if burial depth constrained the seedling emergence of nine common Neotropical savanna grasses. Methods Seeds were sown at the surface or at 5, 10, 20 and 30 mm in trays filled with cerrado soil. Emergence was assessed daily for 30 days and any remaining non-germinated seeds were tested for viability. Results Seedling emergence decreased with depth, and was positively related to the seed mass. Seven species showed a significant reduction in emergence when sown at 10 mm and only two species emerged from 30 mm. Most non-germinated seeds lost viability after 30 days. Conclusions Burial depth constrained the seedling emergence of Neotropical savanna grasses. Although seeds in the soil are protected during Cerrado fires, they may not generate new individuals, as seedling emergence is limited once a depth of 10 mm is reached and the seeds lose viability within 30 days in humid soil.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"13 1","pages":"189 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2020.1729889","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41974650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2020.1718233
R. Erfanzadeh, Ali A. Shayesteh Palaye, H. Ghelichnia
ABSTRACT Background Little information is available about the effects of different species of shrubs on the composition of the soil seed bank (SSB) and how the SSB could contribute to restoration of degraded grasslands. Aims We determined the role of three dominant shrubs on SSB characteristics and evaluated their potential for their possible use in rangeland restoration projects. Methods Ten sites, each containing three shrub species (Onobrychis cornuta, Berberis integerrima and Juniperus sabina) and a herbaceous patch (control) in close proximity, were sampled and their SSB density, richness and diversity were determined. Results Density of the SSB at 0–5 cm depth was lowest under J. sabina and highest under herbaceous vegetation, but did not differ between B. integerrima and O. cornuta. SSB density at 5–10 cm depth was significantly greater under B. integerrima than under the other shrubs or herbaceous patch. Species richness of the SSB was significantly greater under B. integerrima at 5–10 cm depth than under the other shrubs. Conclusion This study revealed that the extent to which vegetation affected SSB characteristics did not only depend on the presence of shrubs, but also on the species of shrub. We recommend B. integerrima as a priority species in restoration projects due to its significant positive influences on SSB.
{"title":"Shrub effects on germinable soil seed bank in overgrazed rangelands","authors":"R. Erfanzadeh, Ali A. Shayesteh Palaye, H. Ghelichnia","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2020.1718233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2020.1718233","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background Little information is available about the effects of different species of shrubs on the composition of the soil seed bank (SSB) and how the SSB could contribute to restoration of degraded grasslands. Aims We determined the role of three dominant shrubs on SSB characteristics and evaluated their potential for their possible use in rangeland restoration projects. Methods Ten sites, each containing three shrub species (Onobrychis cornuta, Berberis integerrima and Juniperus sabina) and a herbaceous patch (control) in close proximity, were sampled and their SSB density, richness and diversity were determined. Results Density of the SSB at 0–5 cm depth was lowest under J. sabina and highest under herbaceous vegetation, but did not differ between B. integerrima and O. cornuta. SSB density at 5–10 cm depth was significantly greater under B. integerrima than under the other shrubs or herbaceous patch. Species richness of the SSB was significantly greater under B. integerrima at 5–10 cm depth than under the other shrubs. Conclusion This study revealed that the extent to which vegetation affected SSB characteristics did not only depend on the presence of shrubs, but also on the species of shrub. We recommend B. integerrima as a priority species in restoration projects due to its significant positive influences on SSB.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"13 1","pages":"199 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2020.1718233","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43418165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2019.1675095
P. Addo‐Fordjour, B. Ofosu-Bamfo, F. Kwofie, Nukunu E. Akyea-Bobi, Fidaus A. Rahman, Emmanuel Amoah
ABSTRACT Background: Lianas are an important component of tropical forests that respond to logging disturbance. Determining liana response to selective logging chronosequence is important for understanding long-term logging effects on lianas and tropical forests. Aims: Our objective was to quantify the response of liana communities to selective logging chronosequence in a moist semi-deciduous forest in Ghana. Methods: Liana community characteristics were determined in ten 40 m × 40 m plots randomly and homogenously distributed in each of four selectively logged forest stands that had been logged 2, 14, 40 and 68 years before the surveys and in an old-growth forest stand (ca. >200 years). Results: Liana species composition differed significantly among the forest stands, as a function of logging time span, while species richness fluctuated along the chronosequence. The abundance of liana communities and of reproductive and climbing guilds was lower in the logged forests than in the old-growth forest. The ratio of liana abundance and basal area to those of trees was similar in the logged forests, but significantly lower than those in the old-growth forest. Conclusions: Logging impacts on liana community structure and functional traits were largely evident, though no clear chronosequence trends were recorded, except for species composition.
{"title":"Changes in liana community structure and functional traits along a chronosequence of selective logging in a moist semi-deciduous forest in Ghana","authors":"P. Addo‐Fordjour, B. Ofosu-Bamfo, F. Kwofie, Nukunu E. Akyea-Bobi, Fidaus A. Rahman, Emmanuel Amoah","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2019.1675095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1675095","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Lianas are an important component of tropical forests that respond to logging disturbance. Determining liana response to selective logging chronosequence is important for understanding long-term logging effects on lianas and tropical forests. Aims: Our objective was to quantify the response of liana communities to selective logging chronosequence in a moist semi-deciduous forest in Ghana. Methods: Liana community characteristics were determined in ten 40 m × 40 m plots randomly and homogenously distributed in each of four selectively logged forest stands that had been logged 2, 14, 40 and 68 years before the surveys and in an old-growth forest stand (ca. >200 years). Results: Liana species composition differed significantly among the forest stands, as a function of logging time span, while species richness fluctuated along the chronosequence. The abundance of liana communities and of reproductive and climbing guilds was lower in the logged forests than in the old-growth forest. The ratio of liana abundance and basal area to those of trees was similar in the logged forests, but significantly lower than those in the old-growth forest. Conclusions: Logging impacts on liana community structure and functional traits were largely evident, though no clear chronosequence trends were recorded, except for species composition.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"13 1","pages":"75 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2019.1675095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49320017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2019.1708985
K. Y. Leyva-Madrigal, P. Báez-Astorga, S. Negrete‐Yankelevich, A. Núñez‐de la Mora, G. Amescua-Villela, I. Maldonado-Mendoza
ABSTRACT Background: Maize in Mexico exhibits great genetic diversity, maintained by traditional practices of indigenous and non-indigenous communities, the same practices that have led to crop diversification over centuries. As one of the main staple crops worldwide, safeguarding the genetic diversity of maize is paramount to food security. Aims: This study evaluated the genetic diversity and population structure of traditionally cultured maize landraces in a rural seasonal agricultural community in Veracruz, Mexico, in order to learn how traditional practices shape these landraces, and propose strategies for their preservation. Methods: We analysed 118 individual maize samples belonging to five morphotypes (white, yellow, black, red and mottled) with eight microsatellite markers. Results: We encountered high genetic diversity, according to expected heterozygosity (He = 0.61). However, inbreeding coefficient and gene flow values suggested the existence of assortative mating, which causes low genetic differentiation. Population structure analysis identified three genetic pools, independent of grain colour. These findings suggest that all morphotypes belong to the same population, which is sub-structured due to assortative mating and gene flow related to local agronomic management. Conclusions: Current management practices in this community could lead to genetic erosion. In order to preserve diversity, wider regional seed exchange and selection for morphological diversity could be implemented.
{"title":"Maize genetic diversity in traditionally cultivated polycultures in an isolated rural community in Mexico: implications for management and sustainability","authors":"K. Y. Leyva-Madrigal, P. Báez-Astorga, S. Negrete‐Yankelevich, A. Núñez‐de la Mora, G. Amescua-Villela, I. Maldonado-Mendoza","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2019.1708985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1708985","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Maize in Mexico exhibits great genetic diversity, maintained by traditional practices of indigenous and non-indigenous communities, the same practices that have led to crop diversification over centuries. As one of the main staple crops worldwide, safeguarding the genetic diversity of maize is paramount to food security. Aims: This study evaluated the genetic diversity and population structure of traditionally cultured maize landraces in a rural seasonal agricultural community in Veracruz, Mexico, in order to learn how traditional practices shape these landraces, and propose strategies for their preservation. Methods: We analysed 118 individual maize samples belonging to five morphotypes (white, yellow, black, red and mottled) with eight microsatellite markers. Results: We encountered high genetic diversity, according to expected heterozygosity (He = 0.61). However, inbreeding coefficient and gene flow values suggested the existence of assortative mating, which causes low genetic differentiation. Population structure analysis identified three genetic pools, independent of grain colour. These findings suggest that all morphotypes belong to the same population, which is sub-structured due to assortative mating and gene flow related to local agronomic management. Conclusions: Current management practices in this community could lead to genetic erosion. In order to preserve diversity, wider regional seed exchange and selection for morphological diversity could be implemented.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"13 1","pages":"15 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2019.1708985","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43693944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2019.1673495
I. A. Ortiz-Rodríguez, J. Raventós, E. Mújica, Elaine González-Hernández, E. Vega-Peña, Pilar Ortega-Larrocea, A. Bonet, C. Merow
ABSTRACT Background: Hurricanes have a strong influence on the ecological dynamics and structure of tropical forests. Orchid populations are especially vulnerable to these perturbations due to their canopy exposure and lack of underground storage organs and seed banks. Aims: We evaluated the effects of Hurricane Ivan on the population of the endemic epiphytic orchid Encyclia bocourtii to propose a management strategy. Methods: Using a pre- and post-hurricane dataset (2003–2013), we assessed the population asymptotic and transient dynamics. We also identified the individual size-stages that maximise population inertia and E. bocourtii’s spatial arrangement relative to phorophytes and other epiphytes. Results: Hurricane Ivan severely affected the survival and growth of individuals of E. bocourtii, and caused an immediate decline of the population growth rate from λ = 1.05 to λ = 0.32, which was buffered by a population reactivity of ρ1 = 1.42. Our stochastic model predicted an annual population decrease of 14%. We found an aggregated spatial pattern between E. bocourtii and its host trees, and a random pattern relative to other epiphytes. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that E. bocourtii is not safe from local extinction. We propose the propagation and reintroduction of reproductive specimens, the relocation of surviving individuals, and the establishment of new plantations of phorophytes.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal effects of Hurricane Ivan on an endemic epiphytic orchid: 10 years of follow-up","authors":"I. A. Ortiz-Rodríguez, J. Raventós, E. Mújica, Elaine González-Hernández, E. Vega-Peña, Pilar Ortega-Larrocea, A. Bonet, C. Merow","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2019.1673495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1673495","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Hurricanes have a strong influence on the ecological dynamics and structure of tropical forests. Orchid populations are especially vulnerable to these perturbations due to their canopy exposure and lack of underground storage organs and seed banks. Aims: We evaluated the effects of Hurricane Ivan on the population of the endemic epiphytic orchid Encyclia bocourtii to propose a management strategy. Methods: Using a pre- and post-hurricane dataset (2003–2013), we assessed the population asymptotic and transient dynamics. We also identified the individual size-stages that maximise population inertia and E. bocourtii’s spatial arrangement relative to phorophytes and other epiphytes. Results: Hurricane Ivan severely affected the survival and growth of individuals of E. bocourtii, and caused an immediate decline of the population growth rate from λ = 1.05 to λ = 0.32, which was buffered by a population reactivity of ρ1 = 1.42. Our stochastic model predicted an annual population decrease of 14%. We found an aggregated spatial pattern between E. bocourtii and its host trees, and a random pattern relative to other epiphytes. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that E. bocourtii is not safe from local extinction. We propose the propagation and reintroduction of reproductive specimens, the relocation of surviving individuals, and the establishment of new plantations of phorophytes.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"13 1","pages":"29 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2019.1673495","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41394036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2019.1673846
Luiza F. A. de Paula, Sara L. Colmenares-Trejos, D. Negreiros, Bruno H. P. Rosado, Eduardo Arcoverde de Mattos, F. de Bello, S. Porembski, F. A. Silveira
ABSTRACT Background: Inselbergs (granitic and gneissic rock outcrops) are common elements in the Atlantic Forest and present large taxonomic (TD), functional (FD) and phylogenetic (PD) diversity. Aims: We investigated how plant diversity changed across ecological and biogeographic scales by comparing TD, FD and PD of communities within and between two inselbergs. We expected converging FD and PD but distinct TD between outcrops, because of similar local environmental conditions in inselbergs and the long-term lineage isolation. Methods: We calculated TD, PD and FD, and partitioned diversity into α (each inselberg), β (between inselbergs) and γ (whole sample) components. Phylogenetic signal was estimated for all traits. To link environmental predictors to functional traits a redundancy analysis was run. Variation in TD, FD and PD was analysed by general linear models with patch area and the two inselbergs as predictors. Results: The inselbergs were taxonomically different, but showed convergence in their functional and phylogenetic diversity. The limited retention of phylogenetic signal suggests that different species may converge and respond similarly to environmental variables. Within inselbergs, larger patches displayed higher TD, FD and PD. Conclusions: Seeking conservation strategies for inselbergs is challenging since, despite their functional and phylogenetic similarity, endemic species make individual rock outcrops unique.
{"title":"High plant taxonomic beta diversity and functional and phylogenetic convergence between two Neotropical inselbergs","authors":"Luiza F. A. de Paula, Sara L. Colmenares-Trejos, D. Negreiros, Bruno H. P. Rosado, Eduardo Arcoverde de Mattos, F. de Bello, S. Porembski, F. A. Silveira","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2019.1673846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2019.1673846","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Inselbergs (granitic and gneissic rock outcrops) are common elements in the Atlantic Forest and present large taxonomic (TD), functional (FD) and phylogenetic (PD) diversity. Aims: We investigated how plant diversity changed across ecological and biogeographic scales by comparing TD, FD and PD of communities within and between two inselbergs. We expected converging FD and PD but distinct TD between outcrops, because of similar local environmental conditions in inselbergs and the long-term lineage isolation. Methods: We calculated TD, PD and FD, and partitioned diversity into α (each inselberg), β (between inselbergs) and γ (whole sample) components. Phylogenetic signal was estimated for all traits. To link environmental predictors to functional traits a redundancy analysis was run. Variation in TD, FD and PD was analysed by general linear models with patch area and the two inselbergs as predictors. Results: The inselbergs were taxonomically different, but showed convergence in their functional and phylogenetic diversity. The limited retention of phylogenetic signal suggests that different species may converge and respond similarly to environmental variables. Within inselbergs, larger patches displayed higher TD, FD and PD. Conclusions: Seeking conservation strategies for inselbergs is challenging since, despite their functional and phylogenetic similarity, endemic species make individual rock outcrops unique.","PeriodicalId":49691,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology & Diversity","volume":"13 1","pages":"61 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17550874.2019.1673846","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47605455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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