Effective sample size accounts for the equivalent number of independent observations contained in a sample of correlated data. This notion has been widely studied in the context of univariate spatial variables. In that case, the effective sample size determines the reduction in the sample size due to the existing spatial correlation. In this paper, we generalize the methodology for multivariate spatial variables to provide a common effective sample size when all variables have been measured at the same locations. Together with the definition, we provide examples to investigate what an effective sample size looks like. An application for a soil contamination data set is considered. To reduce the dimensions of the process, clustering techniques are applied to obtain three bivariate vectors that are modeled using coregionalization models. Because the sample size of the data set is moderate and the locations are very unevenly distributed in the study area, the spatial analysis is challenging and interesting. We find that due to the presence of spatial autocorrelation, the sample size can be reduced by 38.53%, avoiding the duplication of information.
{"title":"The effective sample size for multivariate spatial processes with an application to soil contamination","authors":"R. Vallejos, Jonathan Acosta","doi":"10.1111/nrm.12322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12322","url":null,"abstract":"Effective sample size accounts for the equivalent number of independent observations contained in a sample of correlated data. This notion has been widely studied in the context of univariate spatial variables. In that case, the effective sample size determines the reduction in the sample size due to the existing spatial correlation. In this paper, we generalize the methodology for multivariate spatial variables to provide a common effective sample size when all variables have been measured at the same locations. Together with the definition, we provide examples to investigate what an effective sample size looks like. An application for a soil contamination data set is considered. To reduce the dimensions of the process, clustering techniques are applied to obtain three bivariate vectors that are modeled using coregionalization models. Because the sample size of the data set is moderate and the locations are very unevenly distributed in the study area, the spatial analysis is challenging and interesting. We find that due to the presence of spatial autocorrelation, the sample size can be reduced by 38.53%, avoiding the duplication of information.","PeriodicalId":49778,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resource Modeling","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/nrm.12322","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63504168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biodiversity conservation benefits the sustainability of the environment and also the well‐being of humanity. Here we consider the possible importance of biodiversity of resources in limiting disease. With this aim we formulate a dynamical system model for a terrestrial ecosystem that takes into account, biodiversity of resources together with competition among species. The dynamics of the model are explored using appropriate dynamical system analyses. The effects of the competition terms and carrying capacity on the dynamics of the model are considered in terms of which ranges allow sustainability of the system. Simulations illustrate how biodiversity conservation can of itself lead to reduction in infectious diseases in an ecosystem.
{"title":"Model analyses show how biodiversity conservation could reduce infectious diseases in an ecosystem","authors":"K. Duffy, O. C. Collins","doi":"10.1111/nrm.12319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12319","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiversity conservation benefits the sustainability of the environment and also the well‐being of humanity. Here we consider the possible importance of biodiversity of resources in limiting disease. With this aim we formulate a dynamical system model for a terrestrial ecosystem that takes into account, biodiversity of resources together with competition among species. The dynamics of the model are explored using appropriate dynamical system analyses. The effects of the competition terms and carrying capacity on the dynamics of the model are considered in terms of which ranges allow sustainability of the system. Simulations illustrate how biodiversity conservation can of itself lead to reduction in infectious diseases in an ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":49778,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resource Modeling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/nrm.12319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46732999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Erickson, J. Burnett, Mark T. Wiltermuth, E. Bulliner, Leslie Hsu
Natural resource management and supporting research teams need computational fluency in the data and model‐rich 21st century. Computational fluency describes the ability of practitioners and scientists to conduct research and represent natural systems within the computer's environment. Advancement in information synthesis for natural resource management requires more sophisticated computational approaches, as well as reproducible, reusable, extensible, and transferable methods. Despite this importance, many new and current natural resource practitioners lack computational fluency and no common set of recommended resources and practices exist for learning these skills. Broadly, attaining computational fluency entails moving beyond the simple use of computers to applying sound computational principles and methods and including computational experts (such as computer scientists) on research teams. Our path for computational fluency includes using open‐source tools when possible; reproducible data management, statistics, and modeling; understanding and applying the benefits of basic computer programming to carry out more complex procedures; tracking code with version control; working in controlled computer environments; and using advanced computing resources.
{"title":"Paths to computational fluency for natural resource educators, researchers, and managers","authors":"R. Erickson, J. Burnett, Mark T. Wiltermuth, E. Bulliner, Leslie Hsu","doi":"10.1111/nrm.12318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12318","url":null,"abstract":"Natural resource management and supporting research teams need computational fluency in the data and model‐rich 21st century. Computational fluency describes the ability of practitioners and scientists to conduct research and represent natural systems within the computer's environment. Advancement in information synthesis for natural resource management requires more sophisticated computational approaches, as well as reproducible, reusable, extensible, and transferable methods. Despite this importance, many new and current natural resource practitioners lack computational fluency and no common set of recommended resources and practices exist for learning these skills. Broadly, attaining computational fluency entails moving beyond the simple use of computers to applying sound computational principles and methods and including computational experts (such as computer scientists) on research teams. Our path for computational fluency includes using open‐source tools when possible; reproducible data management, statistics, and modeling; understanding and applying the benefits of basic computer programming to carry out more complex procedures; tracking code with version control; working in controlled computer environments; and using advanced computing resources.","PeriodicalId":49778,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resource Modeling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/nrm.12318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47522141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we have discussed harvesting of prey and intermediate predator species. Both are subjected to Holling type I–V functional response. Conditions for local and global stability of the nonnegative equilibria are verified. The permanent coexistence criterion of the model system and existence of optimal equilibrium solution of the control problem are demonstrated. Maximum sustainable yield and maximal net present revenue are determined. To confirm analytical results, numerical solution has been carried out using the Matlab™ ODE solver ODE45 and the simulations show the model system reveals complex behavior (such as oscillations), which reflects the real situation.
{"title":"Coexistence and harvesting optimal policy in three species food chain model with general Holling type functional response","authors":"M. Dawed, Kiros G. Kebedow","doi":"10.1111/nrm.12316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12316","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we have discussed harvesting of prey and intermediate predator species. Both are subjected to Holling type I–V functional response. Conditions for local and global stability of the nonnegative equilibria are verified. The permanent coexistence criterion of the model system and existence of optimal equilibrium solution of the control problem are demonstrated. Maximum sustainable yield and maximal net present revenue are determined. To confirm analytical results, numerical solution has been carried out using the Matlab™ ODE solver ODE45 and the simulations show the model system reveals complex behavior (such as oscillations), which reflects the real situation.","PeriodicalId":49778,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resource Modeling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/nrm.12316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47833284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mark P. Zimmerman, D. M. Chan, K. Kester, R. Rael, S. Robertson
Allelochemicals produced by plants may be ingested by herbivorous insects and transferred to higher trophic levels with potentially deleterious effects. We develop a system of differential equations to investigate the effect of the transfer of allelochemicals, such as nicotine, on the population dynamics of a system of hosts, parasitoids, and two competing hyperparasitoids that attack different life stages of the parasitoids. We find both somewhat deleterious effects of nicotine on the larvae‐attacking hyperparasitoids and increased attack rates for the pupae‐attacking hyperparasitoids can promote coexistence. We also use an evolutionary game‐theoretic approach to determine the optimal distribution of hyperparasitoid attacks among nicotine‐producing and nicotine‐free plants. With strong deleterious effects of nicotine and increased attack rates for the pupae‐attacking hyperparasitoid, we find both species attack parasitoids on the nicotine‐free plant but only pupae‐attacking hyperparasitoids attack parasitoids on the nicotine‐producing plant.
{"title":"The effects of allelochemical transfer on the dynamics of hosts, parasitoids, and competing hyperparasitoids","authors":"Mark P. Zimmerman, D. M. Chan, K. Kester, R. Rael, S. Robertson","doi":"10.1111/nrm.12311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12311","url":null,"abstract":"Allelochemicals produced by plants may be ingested by herbivorous insects and transferred to higher trophic levels with potentially deleterious effects. We develop a system of differential equations to investigate the effect of the transfer of allelochemicals, such as nicotine, on the population dynamics of a system of hosts, parasitoids, and two competing hyperparasitoids that attack different life stages of the parasitoids. We find both somewhat deleterious effects of nicotine on the larvae‐attacking hyperparasitoids and increased attack rates for the pupae‐attacking hyperparasitoids can promote coexistence. We also use an evolutionary game‐theoretic approach to determine the optimal distribution of hyperparasitoid attacks among nicotine‐producing and nicotine‐free plants. With strong deleterious effects of nicotine and increased attack rates for the pupae‐attacking hyperparasitoid, we find both species attack parasitoids on the nicotine‐free plant but only pupae‐attacking hyperparasitoids attack parasitoids on the nicotine‐producing plant.","PeriodicalId":49778,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resource Modeling","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/nrm.12311","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63504124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We model a stylized economy dependent on agriculture and fisheries to study optimal environmental policy in the face of interacting external effects of ocean acidification, global warming, and eutrophication. This allows us to capture some of the latest insights from research on ocean acidification. Using a static two‐sector general equilibrium model we derive optimal rules for national taxes on CO 2 emissions and agricultural run‐off and show how they depend on both isolated and interacting damage effects. In addition, we derive a second‐best rule for a tax on agricultural run‐off of fertilizers for the realistic case that effective internalization of CO 2 externalities is lacking. The results contribute to a better understanding of the social costs of ocean acidification in coastal economies when there is interaction with other environmental stressors.
{"title":"Taxing interacting externalities of ocean acidification, global warming, and eutrophication","authors":"Martin C. Hänsel, J. Bergh","doi":"10.1111/nrm.12317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12317","url":null,"abstract":"We model a stylized economy dependent on agriculture and fisheries to study optimal environmental policy in the face of interacting external effects of ocean acidification, global warming, and eutrophication. This allows us to capture some of the latest insights from research on ocean acidification. Using a static two‐sector general equilibrium model we derive optimal rules for national taxes on CO 2 emissions and agricultural run‐off and show how they depend on both isolated and interacting damage effects. In addition, we derive a second‐best rule for a tax on agricultural run‐off of fertilizers for the realistic case that effective internalization of CO 2 externalities is lacking. The results contribute to a better understanding of the social costs of ocean acidification in coastal economies when there is interaction with other environmental stressors.","PeriodicalId":49778,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resource Modeling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/nrm.12317","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42759254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Meresa, B. Tischbein, Josephine Mendela, Rediet Demoz, Tarikua Abreha, M. Weldemichael, K. Ogbu
Quantifying possible sources of uncertainty in simulations of hydrological extreme events is very important for better risk management in extreme situations and water resource planning. The main objective of this research work is to identify and address the role of input data quality and hydrological parameter sets, and uncertainty propagation in hydrological extremes estimation. This includes identifying and estimating their contribution to flood and low flow magnitude using two objective functions (NSE for flood and LogNSE for low flow), 20,000 Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) hydrological parameter sets, and three frequency distribution models (Log‐Normal, Pearson‐III, and Generalized Extreme Value). The influence of uncertainty on the simulated flow is not uniform across all the selected three catchments due to different flow regimes and runoff generation mechanisms. The result shows that the uncertainty in high flow frequency modeling mainly comes from the input data quality. In the modeling of low flow frequency, the main contributor to the total uncertainty is model parameterization. The total uncertainty of QT90 (extreme peak flow quantile at 90‐year return period) quantile shows that the interaction of input data and hydrological parameter sets have a significant role in the total uncertainty. In contrast, in the QT10 (extreme low flow quantile at 10‐year return period) estimation, the input data quality and hydrological parameters significantly impact the total uncertainty. This implies that the primary factors and their interactions may cause considerable risk in water resources management and flood and drought risk management. Therefore, neglecting these factors and their interaction in disaster risk management, water resource planning, and evaluation of environmental impact assessment is not feasible and may lead to considerable risk.
{"title":"The role of input and hydrological parameters uncertainties in extreme hydrological simulations","authors":"H. Meresa, B. Tischbein, Josephine Mendela, Rediet Demoz, Tarikua Abreha, M. Weldemichael, K. Ogbu","doi":"10.1111/nrm.12320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12320","url":null,"abstract":"Quantifying possible sources of uncertainty in simulations of hydrological extreme events is very important for better risk management in extreme situations and water resource planning. The main objective of this research work is to identify and address the role of input data quality and hydrological parameter sets, and uncertainty propagation in hydrological extremes estimation. This includes identifying and estimating their contribution to flood and low flow magnitude using two objective functions (NSE for flood and LogNSE for low flow), 20,000 Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) hydrological parameter sets, and three frequency distribution models (Log‐Normal, Pearson‐III, and Generalized Extreme Value). The influence of uncertainty on the simulated flow is not uniform across all the selected three catchments due to different flow regimes and runoff generation mechanisms. The result shows that the uncertainty in high flow frequency modeling mainly comes from the input data quality. In the modeling of low flow frequency, the main contributor to the total uncertainty is model parameterization. The total uncertainty of QT90 (extreme peak flow quantile at 90‐year return period) quantile shows that the interaction of input data and hydrological parameter sets have a significant role in the total uncertainty. In contrast, in the QT10 (extreme low flow quantile at 10‐year return period) estimation, the input data quality and hydrological parameters significantly impact the total uncertainty. This implies that the primary factors and their interactions may cause considerable risk in water resources management and flood and drought risk management. Therefore, neglecting these factors and their interaction in disaster risk management, water resource planning, and evaluation of environmental impact assessment is not feasible and may lead to considerable risk.","PeriodicalId":49778,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resource Modeling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/nrm.12320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48445515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marine fisheries are an important source of food supply and play an important economic role in many regions worldwide. However, due to aggressive fishing practices they are increasingly overexploited. Marine reserves have the potential to alleviate this problem and moreover, they also provide a physical area where an alternative economic activity can exist without being in conflict with fishing gear. Here we explore the idea of combining multiple economic activities in a marine ecosystem, namely: fishing and tourism. We use a model in which the fish population evolves according to a reaction‐diffusion partial differential equation, and we consider the interactions between fishing and tourism. We use optimal control theory to find, depending on the model parameters, the optimal management strategy. The results show that, subject to certain conditions, it is possible to have two different revenue streams in the same habitat in contrast with the classical view of competing uses. We also corroborate that marine reserves emerge as the optimal strategy and that the presence of visitors in these areas generates larger profits than if only fishing was considered.
{"title":"Optimal spatial management in a multiuse marine habitat: Balancing fisheries and tourism","authors":"C. Falco, H. Moeller","doi":"10.1111/nrm.12309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12309","url":null,"abstract":"Marine fisheries are an important source of food supply and play an important economic role in many regions worldwide. However, due to aggressive fishing practices they are increasingly overexploited. Marine reserves have the potential to alleviate this problem and moreover, they also provide a physical area where an alternative economic activity can exist without being in conflict with fishing gear. Here we explore the idea of combining multiple economic activities in a marine ecosystem, namely: fishing and tourism. We use a model in which the fish population evolves according to a reaction‐diffusion partial differential equation, and we consider the interactions between fishing and tourism. We use optimal control theory to find, depending on the model parameters, the optimal management strategy. The results show that, subject to certain conditions, it is possible to have two different revenue streams in the same habitat in contrast with the classical view of competing uses. We also corroborate that marine reserves emerge as the optimal strategy and that the presence of visitors in these areas generates larger profits than if only fishing was considered.","PeriodicalId":49778,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resource Modeling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/nrm.12309","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44954991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a discrete‐time predator–prey model in which the prey population is assumed to evolve in response to a toxicant. We incorporate frequency‐dependent selection into the prey evolution, assuming that an individual's susceptibility to predation depends on both the trait it possesses and the traits of others in the population. When frequency‐dependent selection is symmetric, we show that the trait equation is unable to track changes in the fitness landscape, that is, the fitness landscape may change while the trait continues to evolve to the same trait value. As a result, evolution may produce unfit prey populations. Meanwhile, we show that asymmetric frequency‐dependence may have a destabilizing effect on the system, resulting in a closed invariant curve via a Neimark–Sacker bifurcation.
{"title":"Frequency‐dependent evolution in a predator–prey system","authors":"Azmy S. Ackleh, A. Veprauskas","doi":"10.1111/nrm.12308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12308","url":null,"abstract":"We present a discrete‐time predator–prey model in which the prey population is assumed to evolve in response to a toxicant. We incorporate frequency‐dependent selection into the prey evolution, assuming that an individual's susceptibility to predation depends on both the trait it possesses and the traits of others in the population. When frequency‐dependent selection is symmetric, we show that the trait equation is unable to track changes in the fitness landscape, that is, the fitness landscape may change while the trait continues to evolve to the same trait value. As a result, evolution may produce unfit prey populations. Meanwhile, we show that asymmetric frequency‐dependence may have a destabilizing effect on the system, resulting in a closed invariant curve via a Neimark–Sacker bifurcation.","PeriodicalId":49778,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resource Modeling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/nrm.12308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46255539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. McKelvey, F. Koch, William D. Smith, Kelly R. Hawley
A two‐phase Bayesian model is presented for updating risk assessments for locations susceptible to infection by exotic pathogens. Human transportation from previously infected regions to uninfected regions is the main dispersal mechanism. Information embedded in patterns within the transportation flow are exploited in the update process. We explore the sensitivity of the model's outputs to changes in inputs. A sample application of the model to sudden oak death, using fictitious infection data, is performed.
{"title":"A Bayesian model identifying locations at risk from human‐transported exotic pathogens","authors":"S. McKelvey, F. Koch, William D. Smith, Kelly R. Hawley","doi":"10.1111/nrm.12307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12307","url":null,"abstract":"A two‐phase Bayesian model is presented for updating risk assessments for locations susceptible to infection by exotic pathogens. Human transportation from previously infected regions to uninfected regions is the main dispersal mechanism. Information embedded in patterns within the transportation flow are exploited in the update process. We explore the sensitivity of the model's outputs to changes in inputs. A sample application of the model to sudden oak death, using fictitious infection data, is performed.","PeriodicalId":49778,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resource Modeling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/nrm.12307","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42576412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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