Saif Benjaafar, David Chen, Rowan Wang, Zhenzhen Yan
Problem definition: This paper studies an appointment system where a finite number of customers are scheduled to arrive in such a way that (1) the expected waiting time of each individual customer cannot exceed a given threshold; and (2) the appointment times are set as early as possible (without breaking the waiting time constraint). Methodology/results: First, we show that, under the service-level constraint, a prospective schedule can be obtained from a sequential scheduling approach. In particular, we can schedule the appointment time of the next customer based on the scheduled appointment times of the previous customers. Then, we use a transient queueing-analysis approach and apply the theory of majorization to analytically characterize the structure of the optimal appointment schedule. We prove that, to keep the expected waiting time of each customer below a certain threshold, the minimum inter-appointment time required increases with the arrival sequence. We further identify additional properties of the optimal schedule. For example, a later arrival has a higher chance of finding an empty system and is more likely to wait less than the duration of his expected service time. We show the convergence of the service-level-constrained system to the D/M/1 queueing system as the number of arrivals approaches infinity and propose a simple, yet practical, heuristic schedule that is asymptotically optimal. We also develop algorithms that can help system managers determine the number of customers that can be scheduled in a fixed time window. We compare the service-level-constrained appointment system with other widely studied systems (including the equal-space and cost-minimization systems). We show that the service-level-constrained system leads to a lower upper bound on each customer’s waiting time; ensures a fair waiting experience among customers; and performs quite well in terms of system overtime. Finally, we investigate various extended settings of our analysis, including customer no-shows; mixed Erlang service times; multiple servers; and probability-based service-level constraints. Managerial implications: Our results provide guidelines on how to design appointment schedules with individual service-level constraints. Such a design ensures fairness and incorporates the threshold-type waiting perception of customers. It is also free from cost estimation and can be easily applied in practice. In addition, under the service-level-constrained appointment system, customers with later appointment times can have better waiting experiences, in contrast to the situation under other commonly studied systems. Funding: Z. Yan was partly supported by a Nanyang Technological University startup grant; the Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 1 [Grant RG17/21] and Tier 2 [Grant MOE2019-T2-1-045]; and Neptune Orient Lines [Fellowship Grant NOL21RP04]. Supplemental Material: The online supplement is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1
问题定义:本文研究了一个预约系统，其中有限数量的顾客被安排到达，并且:(1)每个顾客的期望等待时间不能超过给定的阈值;(2)尽早设置预约时间(不打破等待时间限制)。方法/结果:首先，我们证明了在服务水平约束下，可以通过顺序调度方法获得预期调度。特别是，我们可以根据前一个客户的预约时间来安排下一个客户的预约时间。然后，利用暂态排队分析方法，运用多数化理论对最优预约调度的结构进行了解析表征。我们证明，为了使每个顾客的期望等待时间低于某一阈值，所需的最小预约间隔时间随着到达顺序的增加而增加。我们进一步确定了最优调度的附加性质。例如，较晚到达的人更有可能找到空系统，并且等待的时间更有可能少于他预期的服务时间。我们展示了服务水平约束系统对D/M/1排队系统趋近于无穷时的收敛性，并提出了一个简单而实用的启发式渐近最优调度。我们还开发了算法，可以帮助系统管理人员确定在固定时间窗口内可以安排的客户数量。我们将服务水平约束的预约系统与其他广泛研究的系统(包括等空间和成本最小化系统)进行了比较。我们证明了服务水平约束的系统会导致每个顾客等待时间的下上界;确保顾客有公平的等待体验;在系统加班方面表现得很好。最后，我们调查了我们分析的各种扩展设置，包括客户缺席;混合Erlang服务时间;多个服务器;以及基于概率的服务水平约束。管理意义:我们的结果为如何设计具有个人服务水平约束的预约安排提供了指导。这样的设计既保证了公平性，又融入了顾客阈值式的等待感知。它也不需要成本估算，可以很容易地在实践中应用。此外，在服务水平约束的预约制度下，预约时间较晚的客户可以获得更好的等待体验，而不是在其他常见的研究制度下。项目资助:Yan获得了南洋理工大学创业基金的部分资助;教育部学术研究基金一级[资助RG17/21]和二级[资助MOE2019-T2-1-045];和Neptune Orient Lines [Fellowship Grant NOL21RP04]。补充材料:在线补充材料可在https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1159上获得。
{"title":"Appointment Scheduling Under a Service-Level Constraint","authors":"Saif Benjaafar, David Chen, Rowan Wang, Zhenzhen Yan","doi":"10.1287/msom.2022.1159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1159","url":null,"abstract":"Problem definition: This paper studies an appointment system where a finite number of customers are scheduled to arrive in such a way that (1) the expected waiting time of each individual customer cannot exceed a given threshold; and (2) the appointment times are set as early as possible (without breaking the waiting time constraint). Methodology/results: First, we show that, under the service-level constraint, a prospective schedule can be obtained from a sequential scheduling approach. In particular, we can schedule the appointment time of the next customer based on the scheduled appointment times of the previous customers. Then, we use a transient queueing-analysis approach and apply the theory of majorization to analytically characterize the structure of the optimal appointment schedule. We prove that, to keep the expected waiting time of each customer below a certain threshold, the minimum inter-appointment time required increases with the arrival sequence. We further identify additional properties of the optimal schedule. For example, a later arrival has a higher chance of finding an empty system and is more likely to wait less than the duration of his expected service time. We show the convergence of the service-level-constrained system to the D/M/1 queueing system as the number of arrivals approaches infinity and propose a simple, yet practical, heuristic schedule that is asymptotically optimal. We also develop algorithms that can help system managers determine the number of customers that can be scheduled in a fixed time window. We compare the service-level-constrained appointment system with other widely studied systems (including the equal-space and cost-minimization systems). We show that the service-level-constrained system leads to a lower upper bound on each customer’s waiting time; ensures a fair waiting experience among customers; and performs quite well in terms of system overtime. Finally, we investigate various extended settings of our analysis, including customer no-shows; mixed Erlang service times; multiple servers; and probability-based service-level constraints. Managerial implications: Our results provide guidelines on how to design appointment schedules with individual service-level constraints. Such a design ensures fairness and incorporates the threshold-type waiting perception of customers. It is also free from cost estimation and can be easily applied in practice. In addition, under the service-level-constrained appointment system, customers with later appointment times can have better waiting experiences, in contrast to the situation under other commonly studied systems. Funding: Z. Yan was partly supported by a Nanyang Technological University startup grant; the Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 1 [Grant RG17/21] and Tier 2 [Grant MOE2019-T2-1-045]; and Neptune Orient Lines [Fellowship Grant NOL21RP04]. Supplemental Material: The online supplement is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1","PeriodicalId":49901,"journal":{"name":"M&som-Manufacturing & Service Operations Management","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135008043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Problem definition: We investigate variations of the bullwhip effect across foreign subsidiaries and explore how it is affected by various features of foreign subsidiaries. Academic/practical relevance: During the era of global supply chain restructuring, researchers and executives of multinational firms should understand variations of the foreign subsidiary’s bullwhip effect, given that its reduction is a key strategy for coordinating supply chains. Methodology: Our work is based on a balanced panel data set of Korean-owned subsidiaries that provides distinguishable information on subsidiary purchases. It enables us to estimate an alternative measure for the bullwhip effect by the ratio of purchase volatility to demand volatility and compare it with the traditional measure of the ratio of production volatility to demand volatility. Results: Our alternative measure differs significantly from the traditional measure and better reflects the prevalence of the bullwhip effect across foreign subsidiaries. Using this new measure, we find that the bullwhip effect is strongly affected by country-specific factors and foreign subsidiary-specific factors. These findings support not only previous analytical findings on the bullwhip effect but also provide new remedies to reduce the bullwhip effect. Managerial implications: Our study advises managers of multinational firms. First, although locating foreign subsidiaries in developing countries tends to reduce production costs, it could instead increase the bullwhip effect, especially for politically unstable countries or those with lower import penetration. Second, we provide empirical evidence that relocating a subsidiary to a country close to its main suppliers or to one that incurs lower transportation costs will reduce the bullwhip effect. Finally, deploying expatriate managers and wholly owning the subsidiary are recommended strategies to reduce the bullwhip effect of foreign subsidiaries. Funding: This work was supported by Yonsei University [Grants 2019-22-0006, 2020-22-0089, and 2021-22-0072] and Hankuk University of Foreign Studies [Grant 2022]. Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1137 .
{"title":"Variations of the Bullwhip Effect Across Foreign Subsidiaries","authors":"Seungrae Lee, Seung Jae Park, Sridhar Seshadri","doi":"10.1287/msom.2022.1137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1137","url":null,"abstract":"Problem definition: We investigate variations of the bullwhip effect across foreign subsidiaries and explore how it is affected by various features of foreign subsidiaries. Academic/practical relevance: During the era of global supply chain restructuring, researchers and executives of multinational firms should understand variations of the foreign subsidiary’s bullwhip effect, given that its reduction is a key strategy for coordinating supply chains. Methodology: Our work is based on a balanced panel data set of Korean-owned subsidiaries that provides distinguishable information on subsidiary purchases. It enables us to estimate an alternative measure for the bullwhip effect by the ratio of purchase volatility to demand volatility and compare it with the traditional measure of the ratio of production volatility to demand volatility. Results: Our alternative measure differs significantly from the traditional measure and better reflects the prevalence of the bullwhip effect across foreign subsidiaries. Using this new measure, we find that the bullwhip effect is strongly affected by country-specific factors and foreign subsidiary-specific factors. These findings support not only previous analytical findings on the bullwhip effect but also provide new remedies to reduce the bullwhip effect. Managerial implications: Our study advises managers of multinational firms. First, although locating foreign subsidiaries in developing countries tends to reduce production costs, it could instead increase the bullwhip effect, especially for politically unstable countries or those with lower import penetration. Second, we provide empirical evidence that relocating a subsidiary to a country close to its main suppliers or to one that incurs lower transportation costs will reduce the bullwhip effect. Finally, deploying expatriate managers and wholly owning the subsidiary are recommended strategies to reduce the bullwhip effect of foreign subsidiaries. Funding: This work was supported by Yonsei University [Grants 2019-22-0006, 2020-22-0089, and 2021-22-0072] and Hankuk University of Foreign Studies [Grant 2022]. Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1137 .","PeriodicalId":49901,"journal":{"name":"M&som-Manufacturing & Service Operations Management","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136229770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Problem definition: Recent developments in mobile payment services (MPS) have shown an increasing role of mobile-government (m-government) initiatives in improving the market performance of mobile network operators (MNOs) and financial inclusion. High costs and operational challenges have discouraged MNOs from fully committing to the development of MPS, but government involvement under m-government may increase MNO user bases by providing the scale and scope necessary to incentivize MNOs. Academic/practical relevance: Extant research on mobile payment has ignored the role of governments as important stakeholders in the mobile financial ecosystem. Our research contributes to the literature by examining the role of governments as business partners in MPS launches and the effect of government involvement on MNO user bases. Methodology: Using a unique proprietary data set from the mobile network industry, we design a quasi-experiment to examine the causal effects of government involvement in MPS on MNOs’ total mobile connections. More importantly, we adopt a changes-in-changes (CIC) estimation approach to further establish nonlinear treatment effects of government involvement based on MNO size and MPS type. Results: We find that government involvement expands MNO user bases beyond MPS launches. Such effects increase with MNO size and MPS variety, favoring larger MNOs and, to a certain degree, MNOs with diverse offerings of government-involved MPS. Government involvement in MPS launches also directly benefits MNOs with microloan services. In addition, government regulations and policies to encourage financial inclusion can also expand MNO user bases. Managerial implications: Governments play a critical role in promoting technologies and financial services both as a regulator and as a business partner. To improve market performance, MNOs should take advantage of the scale and scope of government services by partnering with government agencies in launching MPS. MNOs should also embrace government policies and regulations to increase user bases.
{"title":"Mobile Payment Services, Government Involvement, and Mobile Network Operator Performance","authors":"Yang Dong, Sin-Geun Song, Fan Zou","doi":"10.1287/msom.2021.1068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2021.1068","url":null,"abstract":"Problem definition: Recent developments in mobile payment services (MPS) have shown an increasing role of mobile-government (m-government) initiatives in improving the market performance of mobile network operators (MNOs) and financial inclusion. High costs and operational challenges have discouraged MNOs from fully committing to the development of MPS, but government involvement under m-government may increase MNO user bases by providing the scale and scope necessary to incentivize MNOs. Academic/practical relevance: Extant research on mobile payment has ignored the role of governments as important stakeholders in the mobile financial ecosystem. Our research contributes to the literature by examining the role of governments as business partners in MPS launches and the effect of government involvement on MNO user bases. Methodology: Using a unique proprietary data set from the mobile network industry, we design a quasi-experiment to examine the causal effects of government involvement in MPS on MNOs’ total mobile connections. More importantly, we adopt a changes-in-changes (CIC) estimation approach to further establish nonlinear treatment effects of government involvement based on MNO size and MPS type. Results: We find that government involvement expands MNO user bases beyond MPS launches. Such effects increase with MNO size and MPS variety, favoring larger MNOs and, to a certain degree, MNOs with diverse offerings of government-involved MPS. Government involvement in MPS launches also directly benefits MNOs with microloan services. In addition, government regulations and policies to encourage financial inclusion can also expand MNO user bases. Managerial implications: Governments play a critical role in promoting technologies and financial services both as a regulator and as a business partner. To improve market performance, MNOs should take advantage of the scale and scope of government services by partnering with government agencies in launching MPS. MNOs should also embrace government policies and regulations to increase user bases.","PeriodicalId":49901,"journal":{"name":"M&som-Manufacturing & Service Operations Management","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44562853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Brandt, Oliver Dlugosch, Ayman Abdelwahed, Pieter L. van den Berg, Dirk Neumann
Problem definition: We consider the case of prescriptive policing, that is, the data-driven assignment of police cars to different areas of a city. We analyze key problems with respect to prediction, optimization, and evaluation as well as trade-offs between different quality measures and crime types. Academic/practical relevance: Data-driven prescriptive analytics is gaining substantial attention in operations management research, and effective policing is at the core of the operations of almost every city in the world. Given the vast amounts of data increasingly collected within smart city initiatives and the growing safety challenges faced by urban centers worldwide, our work provides novel insights on the development and evaluation of prescriptive analytics applications in an urban context. Methodology: We conduct a computational study using crime and auxiliary data on the city of San Francisco. We analyze both strong and weak prediction methods along with two optimization formulations representing the deterrence and response time impact of police vehicle allocations. We analyze trade-offs between these effects and between different crime types. Results: We find that even weaker prediction methods can produce Pareto-efficient outcomes with respect to deterrence and response time. We identify three different archetypes of combinations of prediction methods and optimization objectives that constitute the Pareto frontier among the configurations we analyze. Furthermore, optimizing for multiple crime types biases allocations in a way that generally decreases single-type performance along one outcome metric but can improve it along the other. Managerial implications: Although optimization integrating all relevant crime types is theoretically possible, it is practically challenging because each crime type requires a collectively consistent weight. We present a framework combining prediction and optimization for a subset of key crime types with exploring the impact on the remaining types to support implementation of operations-focused smart city solutions in practice.
{"title":"Prescriptive Analytics in Urban Policing Operations","authors":"T. Brandt, Oliver Dlugosch, Ayman Abdelwahed, Pieter L. van den Berg, Dirk Neumann","doi":"10.1287/msom.2021.1022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2021.1022","url":null,"abstract":"Problem definition: We consider the case of prescriptive policing, that is, the data-driven assignment of police cars to different areas of a city. We analyze key problems with respect to prediction, optimization, and evaluation as well as trade-offs between different quality measures and crime types. Academic/practical relevance: Data-driven prescriptive analytics is gaining substantial attention in operations management research, and effective policing is at the core of the operations of almost every city in the world. Given the vast amounts of data increasingly collected within smart city initiatives and the growing safety challenges faced by urban centers worldwide, our work provides novel insights on the development and evaluation of prescriptive analytics applications in an urban context. Methodology: We conduct a computational study using crime and auxiliary data on the city of San Francisco. We analyze both strong and weak prediction methods along with two optimization formulations representing the deterrence and response time impact of police vehicle allocations. We analyze trade-offs between these effects and between different crime types. Results: We find that even weaker prediction methods can produce Pareto-efficient outcomes with respect to deterrence and response time. We identify three different archetypes of combinations of prediction methods and optimization objectives that constitute the Pareto frontier among the configurations we analyze. Furthermore, optimizing for multiple crime types biases allocations in a way that generally decreases single-type performance along one outcome metric but can improve it along the other. Managerial implications: Although optimization integrating all relevant crime types is theoretically possible, it is practically challenging because each crime type requires a collectively consistent weight. We present a framework combining prediction and optimization for a subset of key crime types with exploring the impact on the remaining types to support implementation of operations-focused smart city solutions in practice.","PeriodicalId":49901,"journal":{"name":"M&som-Manufacturing & Service Operations Management","volume":"24 1","pages":"2463-2480"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66529067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaolong Guo, Yugang Yu, Gad Allon, M. Wang, Zhentai Zhang
To support the 2021 Manufacturing & Service Operations Management (MSOM) Data-Driven Research Challenge, RiRiShun Logistics (a Haier group subsidiary focusing on logistics service for home appliances) provides MSOM members with logistics operational-level data for data-driven research. This paper provides a detailed description of the data associated with over 14 million orders from 149 clients (the consigners) associated with 4.2 million end consumers (the recipients and end users of the appliances) in China, involving 18,000 stock keeping units operated at 103 warehouses. Researchers are welcomed to develop econometric models, data-driven optimization techniques, analytical models, and algorithm designs by using this data set to address questions suggested by company managers.
{"title":"RiRiShun Logistics: Home Appliance Delivery Data for the 2021 Manufacturing & Service Operations Management Data-Driven Research Challenge","authors":"Xiaolong Guo, Yugang Yu, Gad Allon, M. Wang, Zhentai Zhang","doi":"10.1287/MSOM.2021.0994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/MSOM.2021.0994","url":null,"abstract":"To support the 2021 Manufacturing & Service Operations Management (MSOM) Data-Driven Research Challenge, RiRiShun Logistics (a Haier group subsidiary focusing on logistics service for home appliances) provides MSOM members with logistics operational-level data for data-driven research. This paper provides a detailed description of the data associated with over 14 million orders from 149 clients (the consigners) associated with 4.2 million end consumers (the recipients and end users of the appliances) in China, involving 18,000 stock keeping units operated at 103 warehouses. Researchers are welcomed to develop econometric models, data-driven optimization techniques, analytical models, and algorithm designs by using this data set to address questions suggested by company managers.","PeriodicalId":49901,"journal":{"name":"M&som-Manufacturing & Service Operations Management","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41771804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Problem definition: Faced with the challenge of serving beneficiaries with heterogeneous needs and under budget constraints, some nonprofit organizations (NPOs) have adopted an innovative solution: providing partially complete products or services to beneficiaries. We seek to understand what drives an NPO’s choice of partial completion as a design strategy and how it interacts with the level of variety offered in the NPO’s product or service portfolio. Academic/practical relevance: Although partial product or service provision has been observed in the nonprofit operations, there is limited understanding of when it is an appropriate strategy—a void that we seek to fill in this paper. Methodology: We synthesize the practices of two NPOs operating in different contexts to develop a stylized analytical model to study an NPO’s product/service completion and variety choices. Results: We identify when and to what extent partial completion is optimal for an NPO. We also characterize a budget allocation structure for an NPO between product/service variety and completion. Our analysis sheds light on how beneficiary characteristics (e.g., heterogeneity of their needs, capability to self-complete) and NPO objectives (e.g., total-benefit maximization versus fairness) affect the optimal levels of variety and completion. Managerial implications: We provide three key observations. (1) Partial completion is not a compromise solution to budget limitations but can be an optimal strategy for NPOs under a wide range of circumstances, even in the presence of ample resources. (2) Partial provision is particularly valuable when beneficiary needs are highly heterogeneous, or beneficiaries have high self-completion capabilities. A higher self-completion capability generally implies a lower optimal completion level; however, it may lead to either a higher or a lower optimal variety level. (3) Although providing incomplete products may appear to burden beneficiaries, a lower completion level can be optimal when fairness is factored into an NPO’s objective or when beneficiary capabilities are more heterogeneous.
{"title":"Partial Completion as a Nonprofit Strategy","authors":"Can Zhang, A. Atasu, Karthik Ramachandran","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3684891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3684891","url":null,"abstract":"Problem definition: Faced with the challenge of serving beneficiaries with heterogeneous needs and under budget constraints, some nonprofit organizations (NPOs) have adopted an innovative solution: providing partially complete products or services to beneficiaries. We seek to understand what drives an NPO’s choice of partial completion as a design strategy and how it interacts with the level of variety offered in the NPO’s product or service portfolio. Academic/practical relevance: Although partial product or service provision has been observed in the nonprofit operations, there is limited understanding of when it is an appropriate strategy—a void that we seek to fill in this paper. Methodology: We synthesize the practices of two NPOs operating in different contexts to develop a stylized analytical model to study an NPO’s product/service completion and variety choices. Results: We identify when and to what extent partial completion is optimal for an NPO. We also characterize a budget allocation structure for an NPO between product/service variety and completion. Our analysis sheds light on how beneficiary characteristics (e.g., heterogeneity of their needs, capability to self-complete) and NPO objectives (e.g., total-benefit maximization versus fairness) affect the optimal levels of variety and completion. Managerial implications: We provide three key observations. (1) Partial completion is not a compromise solution to budget limitations but can be an optimal strategy for NPOs under a wide range of circumstances, even in the presence of ample resources. (2) Partial provision is particularly valuable when beneficiary needs are highly heterogeneous, or beneficiaries have high self-completion capabilities. A higher self-completion capability generally implies a lower optimal completion level; however, it may lead to either a higher or a lower optimal variety level. (3) Although providing incomplete products may appear to burden beneficiaries, a lower completion level can be optimal when fairness is factored into an NPO’s objective or when beneficiary capabilities are more heterogeneous.","PeriodicalId":49901,"journal":{"name":"M&som-Manufacturing & Service Operations Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43308523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-03DOI: 10.23977/MSOM.2021.020101
Bing Zhou, Qiang Liu, Yu Guo, Chunmei Cheng
In the context of rapid economic development, the status of quality in enterprises is gradually rising, and high-quality development has become a goal that enterprises continue to pursue. In this era of quality wins, the importance of quality cannot be ignored. This has also led many manufacturing companies to set up quality improvement teams to enhance the quality of products or services and thus enhance their competitiveness. Innate immunity is the basis of immunity and the foundation of maintaining the health of the team. Therefore, the quality improvement team of a manufacturing company first needs to enhance its own immunity and strive to maintain the health of the team's own innate immune system in order to maintain the normal operation of the team. Therefore, this article aims at related issues, uses the principle of bionics, and takes innate immunity as the starting point to study the operating mechanism of quality improvement team innate immune system health in manufacturing enterprises. The antecedent variables are selected as information sharing and employee incentives; the mediating variables are the constructive elements of the innate immunity of organizational quality are quality resources and quality culture; the moderating variable is team conflict; the result variable is the health of the immune system. Through the combination and configuration of all parties, jointly construct its theoretical model, study the operating mechanism, and ultimately improve the quality of the manufacturing enterprise. The healthy operation of the team's innate immune system provides a theoretical basis.
{"title":"Healthy Operation Mechanism of Innate Immune System of Quality Improvement Team in Manufacturing Enterprises","authors":"Bing Zhou, Qiang Liu, Yu Guo, Chunmei Cheng","doi":"10.23977/MSOM.2021.020101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23977/MSOM.2021.020101","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of rapid economic development, the status of quality in enterprises is gradually rising, and high-quality development has become a goal that enterprises continue to pursue. In this era of quality wins, the importance of quality cannot be ignored. This has also led many manufacturing companies to set up quality improvement teams to enhance the quality of products or services and thus enhance their competitiveness. Innate immunity is the basis of immunity and the foundation of maintaining the health of the team. Therefore, the quality improvement team of a manufacturing company first needs to enhance its own immunity and strive to maintain the health of the team's own innate immune system in order to maintain the normal operation of the team. Therefore, this article aims at related issues, uses the principle of bionics, and takes innate immunity as the starting point to study the operating mechanism of quality improvement team innate immune system health in manufacturing enterprises. The antecedent variables are selected as information sharing and employee incentives; the mediating variables are the constructive elements of the innate immunity of organizational quality are quality resources and quality culture; the moderating variable is team conflict; the result variable is the health of the immune system. Through the combination and configuration of all parties, jointly construct its theoretical model, study the operating mechanism, and ultimately improve the quality of the manufacturing enterprise. The healthy operation of the team's innate immune system provides a theoretical basis.","PeriodicalId":49901,"journal":{"name":"M&som-Manufacturing & Service Operations Management","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48362284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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