Legal Medicine最新文献_第7页

Estimation of postmortem interval in decomposed remains using insect evidence: A report of two cases 利用昆虫证据估计腐烂尸体的死亡时间：附两例报告。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102722

Siqi Liu , Yundi Gao , Jiangtao Mei , Rui Zhu , Lan Gao , Mingqing Liao , Shuixiu Xia , Yu Wang

Accurate postmortem interval (PMI) estimation is crucial in forensic cases. Forensic entomology, analyzing insect species, developmental stages, and environmental factors associated with decomposing remains, has proved to be an effective method for estimating extended PMIs, especially when traditional postmortem indicators are no longer viable. This study presents two cases demonstrating how to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (PMI_min) by integrating seasonal insect activity, developmental anomalies, and environmental factors. In Case 1, the body was discovered in early spring under low-temperature conditions. However, empty puparia of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) and Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart, 1844) were found on the corpse, indicating that the death occurred during warm weather. Additionally, the presence of developmentally abnormal pupae suggests that the insects may have been exposed to extreme weather, such as a sudden drop in temperature. Based on these observations, the PMI_min was estimated to be in late summer or early autumn of the previous year. Similarly, limited insect evidence on the remains, combined with local climatic data, supported an estimated PMI_min in early autumn of the previous year for Case 2. These findings highlight the significant influence of seasonal insect activity and environmental factors on insect development and distribution, providing critical insights for estimating longer PMIs. This study emphasizes forensic investigations should consider species-specific seasonal and geographical distribution patterns, as well as the environmental adaptability of insects. Moreover, given global climate change and resultant species migration, continuous insect succession experiments are essential for updating forensic entomological databases and improving their practical applicability.

准确的死亡间隔（PMI）估计在法医案件中至关重要。法医昆虫学分析昆虫的种类、发育阶段和与分解遗骸相关的环境因素，已被证明是估计扩展pmi的有效方法，特别是当传统的死后指标不再可行时。本研究提出了两个案例，展示了如何综合季节昆虫活动、发育异常和环境因素来估计最小死后间隔（PMImin）。在案例1中，尸体是在早春的低温条件下被发现的。然而，在尸体上发现了金蝇（Chrysomya megacephala, Fabricius, 1794）和金蝇（Chrysomya rufifacies, Macquart, 1844）的空蛹，表明死亡发生在温暖的天气。此外，发育异常的蛹的存在表明这些昆虫可能暴露在极端天气下，比如温度突然下降。根据这些观测，预估pmmin发生在前一年的夏末或初秋。同样，遗骸上有限的昆虫证据，结合当地气候数据，支持了前一年初秋对案例2的pmmin估计。这些发现强调了季节昆虫活动和环境因素对昆虫发育和分布的显著影响，为估算更长的pmi提供了重要的见解。本研究强调法医调查应考虑特定物种的季节和地理分布模式，以及昆虫的环境适应性。此外，在全球气候变化和物种迁移的背景下，持续的昆虫演替实验是更新法医昆虫学数据库和提高其实用性的必要条件。

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引用次数: 0

Retrohepatic IVC injury after PTBD: Practical reporting details and risk-mitigation suggestions PTBD后肝后IVC损伤：实际报告细节和风险缓解建议

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102719

Hiroyuki Tokue, Yoshito Tsushima

引用次数: 0

Atypical suicide by thermal injury to the femoral artery caused by a hot glue gun: A case report and review of the literature 热胶枪致股动脉热伤致非典型自杀一例报告及文献复习。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102721

Greta Seveso, Federica Bagini, Giacomo Belli, Luca Morini, Silvia Damiana Visonà, Giovanni Cecchetto, Luca Tajana

Analyzing suicidal behavior and methods is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of this complex phenomenon, which affects over 700,000 individuals annually and ranks among the leading causes of death worldwide. The global scope of this issue explains why suicide represents a significant public health concern and why it is so important to unveil the complex mechanisms behind its occurrence.

We report a case of a fatal thermal injury to the left femoral artery, self-inflicted with a hot glue gun. The uniqueness of this case lies primarily in the instrument used, which, to the best of our knowledge, has never been reported in the literature as a means of suicide. In fact, the only previously documented case involving a hot glue gun resulted in non-fatal injuries inflicted in a context of maltreatment. Furthermore, the anatomical region involved is unusual, as self-inflicted injuries typically target specific “elective sites” based on the chosen method.

Forensic experts may occasionally encounter atypical suicide cases involving unusual methods or tools, as well as morphologically peculiar injuries. Reporting such cases is essential for expanding our knowledge of the subject, providing valuable references for medico-legal practice, and improving preventive strategies.

分析自杀行为和方法对于深入了解这一复杂现象至关重要，这一现象每年影响70多万人，是全世界死亡的主要原因之一。这一问题的全球范围解释了为什么自杀是一个重大的公共卫生问题，以及为什么揭示其发生背后的复杂机制如此重要。我们报告一个致命的热伤左股动脉的情况下，自己造成的热熔胶枪。这个案例的独特性主要在于所使用的工具，据我们所知，在文献中从未报道过作为自杀的手段。事实上，之前记录在案的唯一一起涉及热胶枪的案件导致了在虐待背景下造成的非致命伤害。此外，所涉及的解剖区域是不寻常的，因为基于所选择的方法，自我伤害通常针对特定的“选择性部位”。法医专家可能偶尔会遇到非典型自杀案件，涉及不寻常的方法或工具，以及形态上的特殊伤害。报告这类病例对于扩大我们对这一主题的认识、为医疗法律实践提供有价值的参考和改进预防战略至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Medicolegal entomology in an elder neglect investigation: A case study from South Korea 在老年人忽视调查中的法医昆虫学：来自韩国的案例研究。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102720

Jae-Bong Jung , Kyung Min Lee , Seong Hwan Park , Sang-Hyun Park

Medicolegal entomology, once primarily utilized for estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI), now serves an expanding role in evaluating abuse and neglect in vulnerable populations. This case study examines a pivotal 2022 ruling by the Busan District Court, where forensic entomological evidence led to a conviction for negligent homicide by abandonment. The victim, an 82-year-old woman with dementia and multiple chronic conditions, was discovered in a severely unsanitary environment. Numerous third-instar larvae of Lucilia sericata were retrieved from necrotic pressure ulcers, and developmental analysis indicated colonization had begun at least 72 h before death. These findings underscore the need for routine integration of entomological expertise into medicolegal protocols, particularly in jurisdictions where the discipline is still underutilized.

法医昆虫学曾经主要用于估计死后间隔（PMI），现在在评估弱势群体的虐待和忽视方面发挥着越来越大的作用。本案例研究考察了釜山地方法院2022年的一项关键裁决，在该裁决中，法医昆虫学证据导致了遗弃过失杀人罪的定罪。受害者是一名患有痴呆症和多种慢性病的82岁妇女，她是在一个严重不卫生的环境中被发现的。从坏死压疮中提取了大量丝光绿蝇3龄幼虫，发育分析表明至少在死亡前72小时开始定植。这些发现强调需要将昆虫学专业知识纳入医学法律规程，特别是在该学科尚未充分利用的司法管辖区。

引用次数: 0

Towards a standard of scientific evidence in on-site inspection: compilation of the ECLM on-site inspection form in a broad case history 面向现场检查的科学证据标准：在广泛的案例历史中编写ECLM现场检查表。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102717

Jessika Camatti , Anna Laura Santunione , Monica Bolognini , Denis Cusack , Stefania Zerbo , Antonina Argo , Maria Puntarello , Giovanni Scalzo , Fattorini Paolo , Tommaso Bruscagin , Lorenzo Desinan , Laura Battistig , Fabrizio Tosku , Guido Viel , Giorgia Franchetti , Biagio Solarino , Laura Ambrosi , Giovanni Cecchetto , Silvia Damiana Visonà , Emanuele Sala , Rossana Cecchi

The European Council of Legal Medicine (ECLM) on-site inspection form allows the collection of data relevant to the identification, collection, sampling and preservation of all elements that, during the on-site inspection, may be useful as forensic evidence. The aim of this study is to assess the completeness of the information collected in a large number of on-site inspections, the records of which were drawn up without the use of the ECLM on-site inspection form, in order to verify the usefulness and the application of this form.

The authors present a multicentre study involving 20 Italian forensic medicine institutes. For each institute, the reports of on-site inspections carried out without the use of the ECLM on-site inspection form were collected and a forensic pathologist was asked to analyse the individual cases and to identify, for each case, the presence or absence of information regarding all the points examined by the ECLM on-site inspection form. A practical database was prepared and sent to each institute for this analysis.

Data were collected and analysed from a total of 1721 on-site inspection reports. Our results document that certain items on the ECLM on-site inspection form are not always investigated in reports written without the use of this tool.

The use of the ECLM on-site inspection form proves to be a valid tool to assist the forensic pathologist during the on-site inspection. We therefore hope that the forms developed by the ECLM will be systematically adopted in the forensic practice of the forensic pathologist.

欧洲法律医学理事会现场视察表允许收集与现场视察期间可能作为法医证据有用的所有要素的鉴定、收集、抽样和保存有关的数据。本研究的目的是评估在大量现场检查中收集的信息的完整性，这些信息的记录是在没有使用ECLM现场检查表格的情况下编写的，以验证该表格的有用性和应用。作者提出了一项涉及20个意大利法医研究所的多中心研究。对于每个研究所，收集了在不使用ECLM现场检查表的情况下进行现场检查的报告，并请法医病理学家分析个别案件，并就每个案件确定是否存在关于ECLM现场检查表所检查的所有点的信息。编制了一个实用的数据库，并送交各研究所进行分析。从总共1721份现场视察报告中收集和分析了数据。我们的结果表明，在没有使用此工具的情况下，ECLM现场检查表上的某些项目并不总是在编写报告时进行调查。使用ECLM现场检查表是协助法医病理学家进行现场检查的有效工具。因此，我们希望ECLM开发的形式将在法医病理学家的法医实践中系统地采用。

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引用次数: 0

From evidence to proof: case series application of 3d reconstructions in forensic analysis of dog bite injuries 从证据到证据：三维重建在犬咬伤法医分析中的应用

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102718

Marco Piraino , Bianca Beltrame , Salvatore Nigliaccio , Davide Fontana , Antonina Argo , Tommaso D’Anna , Stefania Zerbo , Giuseppe Davide Albano , Pietro Messina , Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina

The use of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction technologies in forensic science is gaining increasing relevance for the documentation and analysis of traumatic injuries. This approach provides an innovative, non-invasive, precise, and reproducible method that is particularly well-suited for evidentiary purposes in judicial contexts.

This study presents two forensic cases of suspected death from dog attacks, in which 3D models were reconstructed to analyze bite-related injuries identified on the victims’ bodies, with the aim of distinguishing them from bite marks caused by other species. Specifically, the Dexis 3600 intraoral scanner was used for data acquisition, Agisoft Metashape software was employed for photogrammetric processing and Geomagic Control X was utilized for 3D analysis. In the first case, five bite wounds were analyzed; in the second case, ten lesions were examined.

The findings demonstrate that the integration of 3D scanning and photogrammetry in forensic and forensic odontology practice can significantly enhance the accuracy of animal bite mark assessment. This integration provides objective support in both identifying the lesion typology and attributing the injuries to a specific animal species, as well as reconstructing the overall dynamics of the attack − an essential aspect of forensic expert analysis.

在法医科学中，三维（3D）重建技术的使用与创伤性损伤的记录和分析越来越相关。这种方法提供了一种创新的、非侵入性的、精确的和可重复的方法，特别适合于司法环境中的证据目的。本研究提出了两起疑似因狗袭击而死亡的法医案例，其中重建了3D模型，以分析受害者身上发现的咬伤，目的是将它们与其他物种造成的咬痕区分开来。具体而言，使用Dexis 3600口腔内扫描仪进行数据采集，使用Agisoft Metashape软件进行摄影测量处理，使用Geomagic Control X进行三维分析。在第一例病例中，分析了5个咬伤；在第二个病例中，检查了十个病变。结果表明，在法医和法医牙科学实践中，三维扫描与摄影测量相结合可以显著提高动物咬痕评估的准确性。这种整合为识别病变类型和将损伤归因于特定动物物种以及重建攻击的整体动态提供了客观支持-这是法医专家分析的重要方面。

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引用次数: 0

Retrospective study on solitary deaths (kodoku-shi) from the aspects of forensic and social medicine 从法医学和社会医学角度对孤独死亡进行回顾性研究。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102712

Yumiko Hashizume, Akiko Ishigami, Yuko Ishida, Mizuho Nosaka, Yumi Kuninaka, Hiroki Yamamoto, Satoshi Hata, Jumpei Matsuki, Haruki Yasuda, Tatsunori Takayasu, Fukumi Furukawa, Akihiko Kimura, Toshikazu Kondo

This retrospective study evaluated 637 forensic autopsy cases of solitary deaths (kodoku-shi in Japanese) and clarified the current status of solitary deaths from the viewpoint of forensic medicine. Of the 637 cases of solitary death, 471 were men and 166 were women, indicating that solitary death predominantly occurred in men. This tendency increased from the age of 40 years in men to 60 years in women. Among these, 349 and 199 were natural and external deaths, respectively. Ischemic heart disease and fire-related fatalities were the most common causes of natural and external death, respectively. Suicidal deaths were more frequent among women than men. We found two peaks of postmortem interval until finding (PMI-f): <1 day (182 cases, 28.6 %) and 7 days to < 1 month (164 cases, 25.7 %). The PMI-f was significantly shorter in women than in men. The PMI-f of external death cases was significantly shorter than that of natural death cases. Kushimoto and Shingu, located in Southern Japan (Kinan region), had a high solitary death rate in forensic autopsy cases because of the high aging rate and high rate of individuals in single-person households aged ≥ 65 years. Few cases of solitary deaths in the Kinan region (non-urban area) were welfare recipients, and 23 of the 36 welfare recipients lived in Wakayama City, indicating that the economic state contributed more to the occurrence of solitary deaths in Wakayama City (urban area). We identified several risk factors and regional characteristics of solitary deaths. Our observations could contribute to administrative welfare measures for the prevention of solitary deaths.

本研究回顾性分析了637例单独死亡的法医尸检案例，从法医学角度阐明了目前单独死亡的现状。在637例单独死亡中，471例为男性，166例为女性，表明单独死亡主要发生在男性中。这种趋势在男性40岁到女性60岁之间增加。其中自然死亡349人，外部死亡199人。缺血性心脏病和火灾相关死亡分别是自然死亡和外部死亡的最常见原因。自杀死亡在女性中比男性更常见。我们发现在发现前的死后时间间隔有两个峰值（PMI-f）：

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引用次数: 0

Accurate Detection and Quantification of Human Nuclear DNA 人类核DNA的精确检测和定量

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102715

Toshifumi Nakagawa , Masanori Doi , Kosuke Nishi , Takuya Sugahara

Accurate detection and quantification of human nuclear DNA (nDNA), named the human accelerated region 1 (HAR1) assay, was developed to simultaneously prove the human origin of forensic biological samples and optimize nDNA input for PCR in human DNA profiling. The HAR1 assay, a TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR assay targeting HAR1 in nDNA, was exclusively specific to human DNA samples with no cross-reactivity across 23 vertebrate species (mammals including non-human primates, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes). This assay is capable of proving the human origin of the samples from as little as the DNA content of a single somatic cell. Moreover, accurate quantification of human nDNA was achieved down to the minimum input concentration (33 pg/μL) recommended by commercial DNA profiling kits. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the presence of non-human DNA mixed with human DNA did not interfere with the accuracy of human nDNA quantification. Therefore, the HAR1 assay represents a valuable and practical tool for improving both the accuracy and efficiency of human DNA profiling, particularly in forensic casework where sample quantity and quality may be limited and the presence of non-human DNA can complicate analysis.

人类核DNA （nDNA）的精确检测和定量，被称为人类加速区1 （HAR1）测定，被开发用于同时证明法医生物样品的人类来源和优化nDNA输入用于人类DNA分析的PCR。HAR1检测是一种基于TaqMan探针的实时PCR检测，针对nDNA中的HAR1，仅针对人类DNA样本，在23种脊椎动物（哺乳动物包括非人灵长类动物、鸟类、爬行动物、两栖动物和鱼类）中没有交叉反应。该试验能够从单个体细胞的DNA含量中证明样品的人类起源。此外，人类nDNA的准确定量可低至商业DNA分析试剂盒推荐的最小输入浓度（33 pg/μL）。此外，证实了非人类DNA与人类DNA混合的存在不会干扰人类DNA定量的准确性。因此，HAR1分析是一种有价值的实用工具，可以提高人类DNA分析的准确性和效率，特别是在样品数量和质量可能有限且非人类DNA的存在可能使分析复杂化的法医案件中。

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引用次数: 0

A systematic review of the diagnostic value of post-mortem blood tryptase in fatal anaphylaxis: assessment of sensitivity and specificity 死后血胰蛋白酶在致死性过敏反应诊断价值的系统综述：敏感性和特异性评估

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102716

Enrico Pilia , Andrea Mastrostefano , Tommaso Germanò , Giuseppe Amato , Gozzelino Camilla , Corrado Ciccu , Ernesto d’Aloja , Emanuela Locci , Alberto Chighine

Objective

The post-mortem diagnosis of fatal anaphylaxis presents significant challenges due to the absence of pathognomonic findings. Serum tryptase has been proposed as a potential biomarker to support forensic diagnosis, but optimal post-mortem thresholds remain undefined. This systematic review investigates the sensitivity and specificity of post-mortem blood tryptase in diagnosing fatal anaphylaxis.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature review adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, with searches across major databases. Studies published between 1990 and 2024 were screened to identify those addressing fatal anaphylactic shock, applying strict inclusion criteria to ensure relevance. A total of 20 studies met our criteria, representing 1033 individuals, including 221 anaphylactic deaths. Sensitivity and specificity of tryptase were analyzed using various thresholds, with data synthesis conducted using the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test and ROC analysis to identify optimal diagnostic cut-offs.

Results

Our findings demonstrated that the cut-off of 30.4 ng/mL proposed by the most recent meta-analysis offers a balanced sensitivity (88.20 %) and specificity (87.00 %). Sensitivity remains stable across tryptase values ranging from 30 to 60 ng/mL, while specificity tends to increase. Youden’s J index was applied to identify the cut-off with the optimal combination of sensitivity and specificity, namely 74.2 ng/mL. Additionally, Negative Likelihood Ratio allowed to identify 12.00 ng/mL as the cut-off at which the possibility of an anaphylactic death can be ruled out.

Conclusion

This review highlights the optimal balance of sensitivity and specificity of post-mortem blood tryptase enhancing forensic diagnostic accuracy for fatal anaphylaxis cases.

目的致死性过敏反应的尸检诊断由于缺乏病理表现而面临重大挑战。血清胰蛋白酶已被提议作为一种潜在的生物标志物来支持法医诊断，但最佳的死后阈值仍未确定。本系统综述探讨了死后血胰蛋白酶诊断致死性过敏反应的敏感性和特异性。方法我们根据PRISMA指南进行了系统的文献综述，并在主要数据库中进行了检索。对1990年至2024年间发表的研究进行筛选，以确定那些涉及致命性过敏性休克的研究，并采用严格的纳入标准以确保相关性。共有20项研究符合我们的标准，涉及1033人，包括221例过敏性死亡。使用不同的阈值分析胰蛋白酶的敏感性和特异性，并使用Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon检验和ROC分析进行数据合成，以确定最佳诊断截止值。结果我们的研究结果表明，最近的荟萃分析提出的30.4 ng/mL的临界值提供了平衡的敏感性（88.20%）和特异性（87.00%）。在30 - 60 ng/mL的胰蛋白酶值范围内，敏感性保持稳定，而特异性趋于增加。采用约登J指数（Youden’s J index）确定敏感性和特异性最佳结合的临界值为74.2 ng/mL。此外，负似然比可以确定12.00 ng/mL作为排除过敏性死亡可能性的临界值。结论本综述强调了死后血胰蛋白酶敏感性和特异性的最佳平衡，提高了致死性过敏反应病例的法医诊断准确性。

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引用次数: 0

A nationwide forensic case-series of femicides in Italy – Part 2: Clues to its epidemiology, prediction and prevention 意大利全国范围的法医案件-第2部分：其流行病学，预测和预防的线索。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Legal Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2025.102708

Rossana Cecchi , Jessika Camatti , Anna Laura Santunione , Marco Vinceti , Tommaso Filippini , Riccardo Mazzoli , Alice Buzzelli , Alessandra De Martina , Graziamaria Corbi , Carlo Pietro Campobasso , Alessandra Sannella , Paolo Fais , Susi Pelotti , Arianna Giorgetti , Elena Lacchè , Andrea Verzeletti , Bianca Beltrame , Riccardo Zoia , Lorenzo Franceschetti , Giulia Vignali , Raffaella Marino

Femicides are grievous, but little is known about risk factors and preventive measures. We present the results of a study conducted across 27 Italian Forensic Institutes. We analyzed 1,238 cases of female homicide and, adopting the definition of femicide as the murder due to the failure to recognize women’s right to self-determination, we identified 410 cases as femicides and 395 as non-femicides Current partners were identified as aggressors in a much larger proportion of femicide cases (241 femicides vs. 145 non-femicides; odds ratio (OR) of femicide 2.46, 95 % CI 1.85–3.27), such association being more pronounced for ex-partners (102 vs. 11; OR 11.56, 95 % CI 6.10–21.92). Sharp weapons showed a higher frequency in femicides (168 vs. 140; OR 1.26, 95 % CI 0.95–1.68). Femicides were more often associated with bodies found in vehicles (31 vs. 9; OR 3.50, 95 % CI 1.64–7.45) and outdoor (68 vs. 43; OR 1.62, 95 % CI 1.08–2.45).

There was an indication of femicides being more frequently associated with overkilling (87/323 vs. 71/324; OR 1.24, 95 % CI 0.88–1.76) and even more with lesions located in erogenous zones (94/316 vs. 70/325; OR 1.38, 95 % CI: 0.97–1.95). However, the strongest (though statistically imprecise) association emerged for overkilling in erogenous zones (12/398 vs. 6/389; OR 1.95, 95 % CI: 0.72–5.25). The number of lesions showed a nonlinear association with femicide likelihood.

These findings offer forensic indicators that could contribute in predicting and potentially prevent femicide occurrence in a Western population such as the Italian one.

杀害妇女是令人痛心的，但人们对危险因素和预防措施知之甚少。我们提出了在27个意大利法医研究所进行的一项研究的结果。我们分析了1238起女性杀人案，并将杀害女性定义为未承认妇女自决权的谋杀，我们将410起案件确定为杀害女性，395起案件确定为非杀害女性。在杀害女性的案件中，目前的伴侣被确定为侵犯者的比例要大得多（杀害女性的241人对非杀害女性的145人；杀害女性的比值比（OR）为2.46,95% CI为1.85-3.27），这种关联在前伴侣中更为明显(102对11；（11.56, 95% ci 6.10-21.92）。锐利武器在杀害女性中的使用频率更高（168比140；OR 1.26, 95% CI 0.95-1.68）。杀女性者通常与在车辆（31对9；OR 3.50, 95%可信区间1.64-7.45）和户外（68对43；OR 1.62, 95%可信区间1.08-2.45）中发现的尸体有关。有迹象表明，杀女性剂更频繁地与过度杀戮相关（87/323 vs. 71/324; OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.88-1.76），甚至与位于性敏感区的病变相关（94/316 vs. 70/325; OR 1.38, 95% CI: 0.97-1.95）。然而，最强烈的关联（尽管统计上不精确）出现在性敏感区的过度杀戮（12/398比6/389；OR 1.95, 95% CI: 0.72-5.25）。病变的数量与杀害女性的可能性呈非线性关系。这些发现提供了法医指标，可以有助于预测和潜在地防止杀害妇女事件在西方人口中发生，如意大利人。

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引用次数: 0