The Sokol gymnastic movement was an important part of civil societies of Slavic nations. The first Sokol society within Yugoslavian nations (Slovenes, Croats, Serbs) was founded in 1863 in Ljubljana and in a few decades, it spread throughout the Slovene, Croatian, and Serbian territories. In the Austro-Hungarian period before WWI, Sokol valued itself as a national, liberal and emancipation-seeking movement, based on the Tyrsch’s gymnastics and national and pan-Slavic idea. In 1919, following the end of WWI and with the formation of the Yugoslav state, the national Sokol organisations merged in the centralised Yugoslav Sokol Union. The Yugoslavian state went through difficult political situations and confrontations in the first decade, which culminated in the summer of 1928 with shooting in the parliament in Belgrade. In attempting to solve the situation, King Aleksandar Karadjordjevic proclaimed the so-called Sixth January Dictatorship (1929). Consequently, the government, with the approval of the King, adopted, on the 4th of December 1929, the law on establishing of a new all-state gymnastic organisation Sokol of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Thenew Sokol organisation, based on the Sokolism of the former Yugoslav Sokol (Sokol’s gymnastics, principles, national-liberal and Slavic idea) was constituted at the beginning of 1930. It was supported by the King and government and the King’s son, Prince Petar became the leader of the Sokol organisation. After the assassination of king Aleksandar (1934), in the filling-in period of Prince Pavle (1935-41) and government of the Prime Minister Milan Stojadinovic (1935-39), Sokol of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia fell out of political grace in the western Roman-Catholic regions and it had to defend its position. Due to drasticall changes in international policy (German revisionist policy, the “Anschluss” in 1938 and the Czechoslovakian crisis in 1938/39), more militaristic practices were included in the Sokol’s professional work to preserve a free and independent state. During tense diplomatic events in March 1941, when Yugoslavia entered the Nazi-Fascist camp, Sokol supported a military putsch and stepped into the front lines of demonstrations. In that mood, Sokol faced the Nazi-Fascist attack on Yugoslavia in April 1941 and the beginning of WWII in theYugoslav territory. Key words: Sokol movement, gymnastic movement, South Slavs (Slovenes, Croats, Serbs), Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Austro-Hungary
{"title":"SOKOL: BETWEEN MAKING NATION AND STATE","authors":"Tomaž Pavlin, Zrinko Čustonja","doi":"10.26582/K.50.2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.50.2.15","url":null,"abstract":"The Sokol gymnastic movement was an important part of civil societies of Slavic nations. The first Sokol society within Yugoslavian nations (Slovenes, Croats, Serbs) was founded in 1863 in Ljubljana and in a few decades, it spread throughout the Slovene, Croatian, and Serbian territories. In the Austro-Hungarian period before WWI, Sokol valued itself as a national, liberal and emancipation-seeking movement, based on the Tyrsch’s gymnastics and national and pan-Slavic idea. In 1919, following the end of WWI and with the formation of the Yugoslav state, the national Sokol organisations merged in the centralised Yugoslav Sokol Union. The Yugoslavian state went through difficult political situations and confrontations in the first decade, which culminated in the summer of 1928 with shooting in the parliament in Belgrade. In attempting to solve the situation, King Aleksandar Karadjordjevic proclaimed the so-called Sixth January Dictatorship (1929). Consequently, the government, with the approval of the King, adopted, on the 4th of December 1929, the law on establishing of a new all-state gymnastic organisation Sokol of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Thenew Sokol organisation, based on the Sokolism of the former Yugoslav Sokol (Sokol’s gymnastics, principles, national-liberal and Slavic idea) was constituted at the beginning of 1930. It was supported by the King and government and the King’s son, Prince Petar became the leader of the Sokol organisation. After the assassination of king Aleksandar (1934), in the filling-in period of Prince Pavle (1935-41) and government of the Prime Minister Milan Stojadinovic (1935-39), Sokol of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia fell out of political grace in the western Roman-Catholic regions and it had to defend its position. Due to drasticall changes in international policy (German revisionist policy, the “Anschluss” in 1938 and the Czechoslovakian crisis in 1938/39), more militaristic practices were included in the Sokol’s professional work to preserve a free and independent state. During tense diplomatic events in March 1941, when Yugoslavia entered the Nazi-Fascist camp, Sokol supported a military putsch and stepped into the front lines of demonstrations. In that mood, Sokol faced the Nazi-Fascist attack on Yugoslavia in April 1941 and the beginning of WWII in theYugoslav territory. \u0000Key words: Sokol movement, gymnastic movement, South Slavs (Slovenes, Croats, Serbs), Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Austro-Hungary","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.50.2.15","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45984248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Coh, K. Hébert-Losier, Stanko Stuhec, V. Babić, M. Supej
This study investigated the maximal sprint velocity kinematics of the fastest 100 m sprinter, Usain Bolt. Two high-speed video cameras recorded kinematics from 60 to 90 m during the men 100 m final at the World Challenge in Zagreb, Croatia. Despite a relatively slow reaction time (194 ms), Bolt won in 9.85 s (mean velocity: 10.15 m/s). His fastest 20-m section velocity was 12.14 m/s, reached between 70 to 90 m, and used a 2.70-m long stride and 4.36 strides/s frequency. At maximal velocity, his contact and flight times were 86 and 145 ms, and vertical ground reaction force equal to 4.2 times body weight (3932 N). The braking and propulsion phase represented 37 and 63% of ground contact, with his centre of mass exhibiting minor reductions in horizontal velocity (2.7%) and minimal vertical displacement (4.9 cm). Bolt's maximal sprint velocity and international dominance stem from advantageous anthropometrical characteristics, coordinated motor abilities, power generation capacities, and effective technique. This study confirms that his maximal velocity is achieved using a relatively long stride, minimal braking phase, high vertical ground reaction force, and minimal vertical displacement. This study is the first in-depth biomechanical analysis with segmental reconstruction of Bolt's maximal sprinting velocity.Keywords: 100 m sprint; athletics; biomechanics; sport performance; sprint running
{"title":"Kinematics of Usain Bolt’s maximal sprint velocity","authors":"M. Coh, K. Hébert-Losier, Stanko Stuhec, V. Babić, M. Supej","doi":"10.26582/K.50.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.50.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the maximal sprint velocity kinematics of the fastest 100 m sprinter, Usain Bolt. Two high-speed video cameras recorded kinematics from 60 to 90 m during the men 100 m final at the World Challenge in Zagreb, Croatia. Despite a relatively slow reaction time (194 ms), Bolt won in 9.85 s (mean velocity: 10.15 m/s). His fastest 20-m section velocity was 12.14 m/s, reached between 70 to 90 m, and used a 2.70-m long stride and 4.36 strides/s frequency. At maximal velocity, his contact and flight times were 86 and 145 ms, and vertical ground reaction force equal to 4.2 times body weight (3932 N). The braking and propulsion phase represented 37 and 63% of ground contact, with his centre of mass exhibiting minor reductions in horizontal velocity (2.7%) and minimal vertical displacement (4.9 cm). Bolt's maximal sprint velocity and international dominance stem from advantageous anthropometrical characteristics, coordinated motor abilities, power generation capacities, and effective technique. This study confirms that his maximal velocity is achieved using a relatively long stride, minimal braking phase, high vertical ground reaction force, and minimal vertical displacement. This study is the first in-depth biomechanical analysis with segmental reconstruction of Bolt's maximal sprinting velocity.Keywords: 100 m sprint; athletics; biomechanics; sport performance; sprint running","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.50.2.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47456544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Vázquez-Guerrero, L. Suárez-Arrones, D. C. Gómez, G. Rodas
The aim of this study was to compare external load, calculated by an accelerometer training load model, the number and intensity of accelerations and decelerations and the acceleration:deceleration ratio between playing positions during basketball matches. Twelve elite male basketball players (mean±SD, age: 25.5±5.2 years (range: 19-36 years); 201.4±8.6 cm; body mass: 98.4±12.6 kg) were monitored during two official matches. An accelerometer training load model and the number of accelerations and decelerations were used to assess the physical demands. Magnitude-based inferences and effect sizes (ES) were used to assess possible differences between positions: Point Guards (PG), Shooting Guards (SG), Small Forwards (SF), Power Forwards (PF) and Centers (C). Elite basketball players in all positions presented higher maximal decelerations than accelerations (ES=2.70 to 6.87) whereas the number of accelerations at moderate intensities was higher than deceleration (ES=0.54 to 3.12). Furthermore, the acceleration:deceleration ratio (>3 m∙s-2) was significantly lower in players on the perimeter (PG and SG) than in PF and C (ES=1.03 to 2.21). Finally, PF had the lowest total external load (ES=0.67 to 1.18). These data allow us to have a greater knowledge of the external demands in matches and this information could be used in the planning of training programs.
{"title":"Comparing external total load, acceleration and deceleration outputs in elite basketball players across positions during match play","authors":"J. Vázquez-Guerrero, L. Suárez-Arrones, D. C. Gómez, G. Rodas","doi":"10.26582/K.50.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.50.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to compare external load, calculated by an accelerometer training load model, the number and intensity of accelerations and decelerations and the acceleration:deceleration ratio between playing positions during basketball matches. Twelve elite male basketball players (mean±SD, age: 25.5±5.2 years (range: 19-36 years); 201.4±8.6 cm; body mass: 98.4±12.6 kg) were monitored during two official matches. An accelerometer training load model and the number of accelerations and decelerations were used to assess the physical demands. Magnitude-based inferences and effect sizes (ES) were used to assess possible differences between positions: Point Guards (PG), Shooting Guards (SG), Small Forwards (SF), Power Forwards (PF) and Centers (C). Elite basketball players in all positions presented higher maximal decelerations than accelerations (ES=2.70 to 6.87) whereas the number of accelerations at moderate intensities was higher than deceleration (ES=0.54 to 3.12). Furthermore, the acceleration:deceleration ratio (>3 m∙s-2) was significantly lower in players on the perimeter (PG and SG) than in PF and C (ES=1.03 to 2.21). Finally, PF had the lowest total external load (ES=0.67 to 1.18). These data allow us to have a greater knowledge of the external demands in matches and this information could be used in the planning of training programs.","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.50.2.11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47812232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to test the competencies of a nationally representative sample of health and fitness (H&F) instructors according to EuropeActive’s educational standards at level 3 referenced to the European Qualifications Framework (EQF), and to explore the associations between the formal education of fitness instructors and their current competencies. The core knowledge (CK) of 155 fitness and group fitness instructors (FI) and the specific knowledge (SK) of 54 FI and 35 group fitness instructors (GFI) were analysed. In addition, 43 FI and 35 GFI underwent an examination of their practical skills. Only n=11 (7.1%) of the H&F instructors met the requirements for the CK. We found no significant differences by age, gender, education, type of employment, and professional experience. No FI passed the test for SK. Only 10 (15.6%) of the GFI passed the SK. Only three instructors passed the overall examination for the educational standards at EQF-level 3. The results highlight the importance of testing the competencies of H&F instructors in other European countries, and promoting the need for lifelong learning for fitness instructors. The competences of H&F instructors are an important source of trust for healthcare providers and other sector stakeholders implementing the strategy for the prevention of non-communicable diseases.
{"title":"Professional Competencies of Health and Fitness Instructors: Do they Match the European Standard?","authors":"R. Jankauskiene, S. Pajaujiene","doi":"10.26582/K.50.2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.50.2.16","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to test the competencies of a nationally representative sample of health and fitness (H&F) instructors according to EuropeActive’s educational standards at level 3 referenced to the European Qualifications Framework (EQF), and to explore the associations between the formal education of fitness instructors and their current competencies. The core knowledge (CK) of 155 fitness and group fitness instructors (FI) and the specific knowledge (SK) of 54 FI and 35 group fitness instructors (GFI) were analysed. In addition, 43 FI and 35 GFI underwent an examination of their practical skills. Only n=11 (7.1%) of the H&F instructors met the requirements for the CK. We found no significant differences by age, gender, education, type of employment, and professional experience. No FI passed the test for SK. Only 10 (15.6%) of the GFI passed the SK. Only three instructors passed the overall examination for the educational standards at EQF-level 3. The results highlight the importance of testing the competencies of H&F instructors in other European countries, and promoting the need for lifelong learning for fitness instructors. The competences of H&F instructors are an important source of trust for healthcare providers and other sector stakeholders implementing the strategy for the prevention of non-communicable diseases.","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.50.2.16","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47762887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomáš Vodička, M. Zvonár, Jiří Pačes, Damir Knjaz, P. Ružbarský, J. Zháněl
Character of modern tennis game in the last decade has become significantly more dynamic, fast andpowerful, which brings high strain to joint and muscular system. The aim of this research was to establishstrength level of external and internal shoulder rotators, and to compare the competitive tennis playersgroup of boys (TEN, n=10, aged 12-14 years) and boys who did not perform any sport activity at competitivelevel (CS, n=10, aged 12-14 years) as well as to assess lateral differences in both groups. Using isokineticdynamometry method (Humac Norm CSMI Stoughton, MA, USA), we tested strength level of external andinternal shoulder rotators (180°/s, 300°/s). The TEN and CS group are comparable from the aspects of age,body height and body weight. Comparison of isokinetic strength values in TEN and CS groups proved significantlyhigher strength level of external and internal rotators in both (dominant and non-dominant) extremitiesfor the TEN group. The lateral difference assessment proved the insignificant difference in externaland significant difference in internal rotators in the TEN group, and the insignificant difference in both theexternal and internal rotators in the CS group. A lower strength level was found in the internal rotators incomparison with the external rotators in both groups (for both the dominant and non-dominant extremity),whereas in the TEN group lower differences between the external and internal rotators of the dominantextremity were proved. Although researches on adult highly skilled tennis players refer to a higher strengthlevel of the upper extremity internal rotators, this fact has not been pronounced in the TEN group. An idealexternal/internal rotators ratio in adult players is considered within the interval of 66-75%. Significantlyhigher values obtained in the TEN group might be attributed to lower age and also lower performance level.It can be said that the level of isokinetic strength in the TEN the group is significantly higher than in the CSgroup, due to the influence of long-term game and training load. Key words: isokinetic dynamometry, glenohumeral joint, muscular dysbalances, prediction of injury
{"title":"STRENGTH VALUES OF SHOULDER INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ROTATORS IN JUNIOR TENNIS PLAYERS","authors":"Tomáš Vodička, M. Zvonár, Jiří Pačes, Damir Knjaz, P. Ružbarský, J. Zháněl","doi":"10.26582/K.50.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.50.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Character of modern tennis game in the last decade has become significantly more dynamic, fast andpowerful, which brings high strain to joint and muscular system. The aim of this research was to establishstrength level of external and internal shoulder rotators, and to compare the competitive tennis playersgroup of boys (TEN, n=10, aged 12-14 years) and boys who did not perform any sport activity at competitivelevel (CS, n=10, aged 12-14 years) as well as to assess lateral differences in both groups. Using isokineticdynamometry method (Humac Norm CSMI Stoughton, MA, USA), we tested strength level of external andinternal shoulder rotators (180°/s, 300°/s). The TEN and CS group are comparable from the aspects of age,body height and body weight. Comparison of isokinetic strength values in TEN and CS groups proved significantlyhigher strength level of external and internal rotators in both (dominant and non-dominant) extremitiesfor the TEN group. The lateral difference assessment proved the insignificant difference in externaland significant difference in internal rotators in the TEN group, and the insignificant difference in both theexternal and internal rotators in the CS group. A lower strength level was found in the internal rotators incomparison with the external rotators in both groups (for both the dominant and non-dominant extremity),whereas in the TEN group lower differences between the external and internal rotators of the dominantextremity were proved. Although researches on adult highly skilled tennis players refer to a higher strengthlevel of the upper extremity internal rotators, this fact has not been pronounced in the TEN group. An idealexternal/internal rotators ratio in adult players is considered within the interval of 66-75%. Significantlyhigher values obtained in the TEN group might be attributed to lower age and also lower performance level.It can be said that the level of isokinetic strength in the TEN the group is significantly higher than in the CSgroup, due to the influence of long-term game and training load. \u0000Key words: isokinetic dynamometry, glenohumeral joint, muscular dysbalances, prediction of injury","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.50.2.9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45145630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accumulation of abdominal fat during adolescence is associated with early metabolic dysfunctions and interrupting bone metabolism. This study aimed at investigating the effects of taekwondo training on abdominal fat and bone metabolism in obese adolescents. Twenty male obese adolescents, with a body mass index above 95th percentile (BMI: 29.4±1.90 kg/m2), aged 12-15 years, were assigned to the taekwondo training group (TKD, n=11) and control group (CON, n=9). Supervised taekwondo training was performed for 60 minutes/day, three times/week at 60-80% of participants’ heart rate reserve for 16 weeks. Body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) were estimated by dual X-ray absorptiometry. A computerized tomography scan was applied to estimate total abdominal fat (TAF), abdominal visceral fat (AVF), abdominal subcutaneous fat (ASF), and AVF to ASF ratio (VSR). Blood samples were analyzed for adipocytokines (leptin and adiponectin) and bone turnover markers (osteocalcin- OC and C-terminal telopeptide-CTx). There were significant interaction effects between abdominal fat variables and training where TAF (p<.01) and AVF (p<.05) decreased in TKD group. Bone metabolism including bone formation (OC, p<.05) and resorption markers (CTx, p<.05) were significantly increased only in the TKD group. The present study suggests that taekwondo training can be an effective afterschool activity program for providing health benefits including improving abdominal fat and bone metabolism in obese adolescents.Key words: abdominal fat, visceral fat, bone turnover markers, obese adolescent, taekwondo
{"title":"Decreased abdominal fat and improved bone metabolism after taekwondo training in obese adolescents","authors":"H. Jung, J. Song","doi":"10.26582/K.50.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.50.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Accumulation of abdominal fat during adolescence is associated with early metabolic dysfunctions and interrupting bone metabolism. This study aimed at investigating the effects of taekwondo training on abdominal fat and bone metabolism in obese adolescents. Twenty male obese adolescents, with a body mass index above 95th percentile (BMI: 29.4±1.90 kg/m2), aged 12-15 years, were assigned to the taekwondo training group (TKD, n=11) and control group (CON, n=9). Supervised taekwondo training was performed for 60 minutes/day, three times/week at 60-80% of participants’ heart rate reserve for 16 weeks. Body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) were estimated by dual X-ray absorptiometry. A computerized tomography scan was applied to estimate total abdominal fat (TAF), abdominal visceral fat (AVF), abdominal subcutaneous fat (ASF), and AVF to ASF ratio (VSR). Blood samples were analyzed for adipocytokines (leptin and adiponectin) and bone turnover markers (osteocalcin- OC and C-terminal telopeptide-CTx). There were significant interaction effects between abdominal fat variables and training where TAF (p<.01) and AVF (p<.05) decreased in TKD group. Bone metabolism including bone formation (OC, p<.05) and resorption markers (CTx, p<.05) were significantly increased only in the TKD group. The present study suggests that taekwondo training can be an effective afterschool activity program for providing health benefits including improving abdominal fat and bone metabolism in obese adolescents.Key words: abdominal fat, visceral fat, bone turnover markers, obese adolescent, taekwondo","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.50.1.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43349549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Factors related to physical behaviour of children are important in understanding the characteristics of their physical activity. Apart from the factors of physical environment, social and demographical factors are also related to physical activity levels. Randomly selected 669 children (9.9±0.8 years; 48.8% boys) from randomly selected Slovenian elementary schools participated in this study. All data were obtained during a single measurement in May 2010. The standardized questionnaire The Quality of Life Survey was used to measure physical activity (PA) levels as well as social and demographic factors which could be associated with it. The results indicated higher PA levels in boys than in girls (704±286 min/week vs. 617±268 min/week; p<.001). The analysis of variance confirmed higher PA levels in girls with parents of a higher socioeconomic status (SES) (p=.0018); in boys, there were no differences in PA levels according SES (p=.580). In both the boys (p=.047) and girls (p=.021) PA levels were higher if their whole family were members of any sport club. However, family structure was not related to PA levels in either boys (p=.648) or girls (p=.132). In boys, the bi-variate regression analysis showed a positive correlation with mother’s educational level (r=.090), with the number of children in the family (r=.150), with the child’s attitude that active commute to school is attractive (r=.108) and that child’s peers actively commute to school (r=.129), whereas a negative correlation was obtained with fear the child would become a victim of violence or harassment on the way to school (r=-.097). In girls, bi-variate regression analysis showed a positive correlation with mother’s educational level (r=.094), with the child’s attitude that active commute to school is attractive (r=.092) and that child’s peers actively commute to school (r=.221), whereas a negative correlation was established with fear the child would become a victim of violence or harassment on the way to school (r=-.061) or at recreational and sporting facilities (r=-.046). According to low correlations in bi-variate analysis, we conclude that other factors, such as, for example, physical environment, might be strongly related to physical activity levels in children and need to be taken into account when preparing interventions for physical activity enhancement. Key words: children, adolescents, socioeconomic status, active commute
{"title":"SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN 9-11 YEARS OLD SLOVENIAN CHILDREN","authors":"Tanja Jerina, R. Pišot, Tadeja Volmut","doi":"10.26582/K.50.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.50.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Factors related to physical behaviour of children are important in understanding the characteristics of their physical activity. Apart from the factors of physical environment, social and demographical factors are also related to physical activity levels. Randomly selected 669 children (9.9±0.8 years; 48.8% boys) from randomly selected Slovenian elementary schools participated in this study. All data were obtained during a single measurement in May 2010. The standardized questionnaire The Quality of Life Survey was used to measure physical activity (PA) levels as well as social and demographic factors which could be associated with it. The results indicated higher PA levels in boys than in girls (704±286 min/week vs. 617±268 min/week; p<.001). The analysis of variance confirmed higher PA levels in girls with parents of a higher socioeconomic status (SES) (p=.0018); in boys, there were no differences in PA levels according SES (p=.580). In both the boys (p=.047) and girls (p=.021) PA levels were higher if their whole family were members of any sport club. However, family structure was not related to PA levels in either boys (p=.648) or girls (p=.132). In boys, the bi-variate regression analysis showed a positive correlation with mother’s educational level (r=.090), with the number of children in the family (r=.150), with the child’s attitude that active commute to school is attractive (r=.108) and that child’s peers actively commute to school (r=.129), whereas a negative correlation was obtained with fear the child would become a victim of violence or harassment on the way to school (r=-.097). In girls, bi-variate regression analysis showed a positive correlation with mother’s educational level (r=.094), with the child’s attitude that active commute to school is attractive (r=.092) and that child’s peers actively commute to school (r=.221), whereas a negative correlation was established with fear the child would become a victim of violence or harassment on the way to school (r=-.061) or at recreational and sporting facilities (r=-.046). According to low correlations in bi-variate analysis, we conclude that other factors, such as, for example, physical environment, might be strongly related to physical activity levels in children and need to be taken into account when preparing interventions for physical activity enhancement. Key words: children, adolescents, socioeconomic status, active commute","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.50.1.13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47421132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maryam Rabbani, E. Bambaeichi, F. Esfarjani, Alireza Rabbani
The aims of this study were to: 1) compare the effects of speed-based versus heart-rate-based high-intensity interval training (HIT) on changes in high-intensity intermittent running performance, and 2) examine between-group differences in heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses during the training sessions. Sixteen female students were divided into the HR-based (n=8, M±SD, age 17.3±0.2 years, body mass, 59.2±5.7 kg, and body height, 167.8±2.2 cm) and speed-based (n=8, age 17.2±0.3 years, body mass, 57.7±6.4 kg, and body height, 171.0±5.1 cm) groups before commencing the HIT intervention. After completing five weeks of HIT, both the HR-based and speed-based groups showed most likely moderate enhancement in high-intensity intermittent running performance (+9%, 90% confidence limits [CL] [6.4; 11.7]; standardized change [ES] +1.04 [0.75; 1.33]) and (+9.2%, [6.0; 12.5]; +1.09 [0.73; 1.46]), respectively. However, the difference between the experimental groups with regards to changes in high-intensity running performance was trivial. Between-group differences of weekly average HR and RPE responses showed trivial to moderate (ES range; -0.95; 0.15) and moderate to very large (ES: -0.63; -2.88) values, respectively. Although it seems that both the speed-based and HR-based HIT approaches have some limitations when implementing for HIT individualization, using the speed reached at the end of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness test (VIFT) seems to elicit the same performance enhancement, but with lower psychophysiological responses during short-term interventions. Key words: rating of perceived exertion (RPE), 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT), VIFT, physiological response, high-intensity running performance, young women
{"title":"SPEED-BASED HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL APPROACH AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO HEART RATE TRAINING: SIMILAR GAIN WITH LESS PAIN","authors":"Maryam Rabbani, E. Bambaeichi, F. Esfarjani, Alireza Rabbani","doi":"10.26582/K.50.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.50.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"The aims of this study were to: 1) compare the effects of speed-based versus heart-rate-based high-intensity interval training (HIT) on changes in high-intensity intermittent running performance, and 2) examine between-group differences in heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses during the training sessions. Sixteen female students were divided into the HR-based (n=8, M±SD, age 17.3±0.2 years, body mass, 59.2±5.7 kg, and body height, 167.8±2.2 cm) and speed-based (n=8, age 17.2±0.3 years, body mass, 57.7±6.4 kg, and body height, 171.0±5.1 cm) groups before commencing the HIT intervention. After completing five weeks of HIT, both the HR-based and speed-based groups showed most likely moderate enhancement in high-intensity intermittent running performance (+9%, 90% confidence limits [CL] [6.4; 11.7]; standardized change [ES] +1.04 [0.75; 1.33]) and (+9.2%, [6.0; 12.5]; +1.09 [0.73; 1.46]), respectively. However, the difference between the experimental groups with regards to changes in high-intensity running performance was trivial. Between-group differences of weekly average HR and RPE responses showed trivial to moderate (ES range; -0.95; 0.15) and moderate to very large (ES: -0.63; -2.88) values, respectively. Although it seems that both the speed-based and HR-based HIT approaches have some limitations when implementing for HIT individualization, using the speed reached at the end of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness test (VIFT) seems to elicit the same performance enhancement, but with lower psychophysiological responses during short-term interventions. Key words: rating of perceived exertion (RPE), 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT), VIFT, physiological response, high-intensity running performance, young women","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.50.1.9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45291730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naoko Aminaka, K. Arthur, J. Porcari, C. Foster, Maria L. Cress, Chelsea J. Hahn
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of highly cushioned shoes on running biomechanics. Sixteen recreational runners (8 males, 8 females) participated and ran at a self-selected pace across the force platform in the research laboratory wearing either the standard or highly cushioned shoes, in randomized order. Impact peak (IP), loading rate to IP (LR), active peak (AP), contact time (CT), strike index (SI), running velocity, and knee and ankle kinematics at initial contact (IC) and AP were recorded during the running trials. Overall, there was no effect of footwear on IP, LR, AP, CT and velocity (p>.05) with small effect sizes (ES .05). Our results indicate that the highly cushioned shoes did not show immediate changes in running biomechanics. Key words: kinematics, kinetics, running, footwear, extra cushion
{"title":"No immediate effects of highly cushioned shoes on basic running biomechanics","authors":"Naoko Aminaka, K. Arthur, J. Porcari, C. Foster, Maria L. Cress, Chelsea J. Hahn","doi":"10.26582/K.50.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.50.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of highly cushioned shoes on running biomechanics. Sixteen recreational runners (8 males, 8 females) participated and ran at a self-selected pace across the force platform in the research laboratory wearing either the standard or highly cushioned shoes, in randomized order. Impact peak (IP), loading rate to IP (LR), active peak (AP), contact time (CT), strike index (SI), running velocity, and knee and ankle kinematics at initial contact (IC) and AP were recorded during the running trials. Overall, there was no effect of footwear on IP, LR, AP, CT and velocity (p>.05) with small effect sizes (ES .05). Our results indicate that the highly cushioned shoes did not show immediate changes in running biomechanics. Key words: kinematics, kinetics, running, footwear, extra cushion","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.50.1.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48375609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jing Jin, Jie Zhuang, Zheng Zhu, Siya Wang, Peijie Chen, Weimo Zhu
SenseWear Mini Armband, an accelerometer with multiple physiological sensors, could be a practical means to estimate energy expenditure (EE) of children and adolescents, but its validity reported for these age groups has not been consistent within the literature. EE of twenty-six healthy Chinese 12-year-old adolescents was measured simultaneously using both SenseWear Mini Armband (SWMA) and metabolic chamber (MC) during a 16-hour stay in a MC. SWMA systematically underestimated the adolescents’ EE during sedentary behaviors, resting metabolic rate (RMR), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and total EE, with the absolute error rate ranging from 14.85% to 28.65%. The SWMA significantly underestimated EE compared with MC in Chinese adolescents. However, the amount of error can be reduced by applying correction equation proposed in this study. Key words: sitting, physical inactivity, accelerometer, activity monitor, whole-room calorimetry
{"title":"Energy expenditure of type-specific sedentary behaviors estimated using sensewear mini armband: a metabolic chamber validation study among adolescents","authors":"Jing Jin, Jie Zhuang, Zheng Zhu, Siya Wang, Peijie Chen, Weimo Zhu","doi":"10.26582/K.50.1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.50.1.14","url":null,"abstract":"SenseWear Mini Armband, an accelerometer with multiple physiological sensors, could be a practical means to estimate energy expenditure (EE) of children and adolescents, but its validity reported for these age groups has not been consistent within the literature. EE of twenty-six healthy Chinese 12-year-old adolescents was measured simultaneously using both SenseWear Mini Armband (SWMA) and metabolic chamber (MC) during a 16-hour stay in a MC. SWMA systematically underestimated the adolescents’ EE during sedentary behaviors, resting metabolic rate (RMR), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and total EE, with the absolute error rate ranging from 14.85% to 28.65%. The SWMA significantly underestimated EE compared with MC in Chinese adolescents. However, the amount of error can be reduced by applying correction equation proposed in this study. Key words: sitting, physical inactivity, accelerometer, activity monitor, whole-room calorimetry","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.50.1.14","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43122269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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