2D:4D ratio is determined by balance between androgens and estrogens. Low level estrogen reduces bone mineral density (BMD) and incurs negative changes to bone microarchitecture, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and, as a consequence, fracture risk in women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between 2D:4D, muscle strength and body composition to BMD in young women. One hundred twenty-seven young women (age range 24-36 years) voluntarily participated in this study. Lengths of the second (index) and fourth (ring) fingers, upper and lower body strength and body composition (body mass index, BMI; waist to hip ratio, WHR) and body fat percentage were estimated. Also, blood levels of calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) were evaluated and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry device was used to measure BMD in the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN). The results showed that digit ratios, upper body and lower body muscle strength, BMI and fat percentage had a positive relationship with LS and FN BMD (LS BMD: r=.47, r=.56, r=.46, r=.34, r=.28, p≤.001, respectively; FN BMD: r=.34, r=.49, r=.51, r=.45, r=.27, p≤.001, respectively). In addition, there was no significant relationship between WHR and BMD of LS and FN (p˃.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed the upper body strength was a stronger determinant of LS BMD and the lower body strength was a stronger determinant of FN BMD. Based on the results, the researchers concluded that upper and lower body strength, 2D:4D ratios and BMI were important determinants of young women’s BMD. Also, it seemed that some of these factors may be able to help predicting the osteoporosis potential in young women
{"title":"The relationship between second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), muscle strength and body composition to bone mineral density in young women","authors":"H. Arazi, Ehsan Eghbali","doi":"10.26582/k.51.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/k.51.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"2D:4D ratio is determined by balance between androgens and estrogens. Low level estrogen reduces bone mineral density (BMD) and incurs negative changes to bone microarchitecture, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and, as a consequence, fracture risk in women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between 2D:4D, muscle strength and body composition to BMD in young women. One hundred twenty-seven young women (age range 24-36 years) voluntarily participated in this study. Lengths of the second (index) and fourth (ring) fingers, upper and lower body strength and body composition (body mass index, BMI; waist to hip ratio, WHR) and body fat percentage were estimated. Also, blood levels of calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) were evaluated and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry device was used to measure BMD in the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN). The results showed that digit ratios, upper body and lower body muscle strength, BMI and fat percentage had a positive relationship with LS and FN BMD (LS BMD: r=.47, r=.56, r=.46, r=.34, r=.28, p≤.001, respectively; FN BMD: r=.34, r=.49, r=.51, r=.45, r=.27, p≤.001, respectively). In addition, there was no significant relationship between WHR and BMD of LS and FN (p˃.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed the upper body strength was a stronger determinant of LS BMD and the lower body strength was a stronger determinant of FN BMD. Based on the results, the researchers concluded that upper and lower body strength, 2D:4D ratios and BMI were important determinants of young women’s BMD. Also, it seemed that some of these factors may be able to help predicting the osteoporosis potential in young women","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/k.51.2.8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44429282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of pregnancy during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters on ground reaction forces (GRFs). Twenty-four non-pregnant women and forty-eight pregnant women in the second and third trimesters participated in this cross-sectional study. Qualisys Gait Analysis System was used to analyze peaks and time parameters of GRFs in vertical (Fz), antero-posterior (Fx) and medio-lateral directions (Fy). The results showed that there were no significant differences between the non-pregnant and the pregnant women in the first peak (Fz1) (p=.147) and the second peak (Fz2) (p=.125) of vertical GRF, braking force (FyB) (p=.867) and propulsion force (FyP) (p=.929), as well as lateral (FxL) (p=0.994) and medial (FxM) GRF (p=.920). However, there was a significant increase in the Fz minimum (min) (p=.008), and a decrease in the difference between the Fz1 and Fz min (p=.042) and the difference between Fz2 and Fz min (p=.028). Moreover, there were increases in the time taken to reach the Fz1 (p=.024), Fz2 (p=.005), Fz min (=0.001), FyB (p=.010), FyP (p=.001), FxL (p=.010) and FxM (p=.011). These findings displayed that the pregnant women assumed a flatter pattern of vertical GRF and a decreased downward movement of center of gravity. This pattern may help to make the gait smooth and efficient. Increased time to reach peaks of GRFs may be a strategy to maximize balance during pregnancy.
{"title":"Analysis of ground reaction forces in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy during walking","authors":"Abeer Mohammed EL Deeb, A. Abdel-aziem","doi":"10.26582/k.51.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/k.51.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of pregnancy during the 2nd\u0000and 3rd trimesters on ground reaction forces (GRFs). Twenty-four\u0000non-pregnant women and forty-eight pregnant women in the second and third\u0000trimesters participated in this cross-sectional study. Qualisys Gait\u0000Analysis System was used to analyze peaks and time parameters of GRFs in\u0000vertical (Fz), antero-posterior (Fx) and medio-lateral directions (Fy). The\u0000results showed that there were no\u0000significant differences between the non-pregnant and the pregnant women in the\u0000first peak (Fz1) (p=.147) and\u0000the second peak (Fz2) (p=.125) of\u0000vertical GRF, braking force (FyB) (p=.867) and propulsion force (FyP) (p=.929), as well as lateral (FxL) (p=0.994) and medial (FxM) GRF (p=.920). However, there was a significant\u0000increase in the Fz minimum (min) (p=.008), and a decrease in the difference between the Fz1 and Fz min\u0000(p=.042) and the difference\u0000between Fz2 and Fz min (p=.028).\u0000Moreover, there were increases in the time taken to reach the Fz1 (p=.024), Fz2 (p=.005), Fz min (=0.001), FyB (p=.010), FyP (p=.001), FxL (p=.010) and FxM (p=.011).\u0000These findings displayed that the pregnant women assumed a flatter\u0000pattern of vertical GRF and a decreased downward movement of center of gravity.\u0000This pattern may help to make the\u0000gait smooth and efficient. Increased time to reach peaks of GRFs may be a\u0000strategy to maximize balance during pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/k.51.2.7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43206126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Filip Kukić, Velimir Jeknić, J. Dawes, R. Orr, M. Stojković, Aleksandar Čvorović
The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of a physical training program and semester break periods on the chosen physical abilities and basic body composition indicators among police trainees. Body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), push-ups (PU), sit-ups (SU) and 2.4 km run (RUN) times of 420 male trainees attending the Abu Dhabi Police College were collected. The testing was conducted by the police education centre during routine testing periods (June, September, December, May) which bracketed the semesters and could be used to investigate the impacts of the physical training program and any potential detraining occurring over the semester break. A repeated measure analysis of variance was performed to identify changes in results across the time periods with a Bonferroni post-hoc adjustment to identify where differences, if any, lay. The level of significance was set at 0.05 a priori. Following the semester break period from June to September, BW, WC and RUN increased significantly (p<.01), while PU and SU decreased significantly (p<.01). WC and RUN significantly decreased from September to December and December to May (p<.01); BW significantly decreased from September to December (p<.01), but did not change from December to May (p=.267); PU and SU significantly increased from September to December (p<.01) and December to May (p=.018 and p<.01, respectively).
{"title":"Effects of training and a semester break on physical fitness of police trainees","authors":"Filip Kukić, Velimir Jeknić, J. Dawes, R. Orr, M. Stojković, Aleksandar Čvorović","doi":"10.26582/k.51.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/k.51.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose\u0000of this research was to investigate the effects of a physical training program\u0000and semester break periods on the chosen physical abilities and basic body\u0000composition indicators among police trainees. Body weight (BW), waist\u0000circumference (WC), push-ups (PU), sit-ups (SU) and 2.4 km run (RUN) times of\u0000420 male trainees attending the Abu Dhabi Police College were collected. The\u0000testing was conducted by the police education centre during routine testing\u0000periods (June, September, December, May) which bracketed the semesters and\u0000could be used to investigate the impacts of the physical training program and\u0000any potential detraining occurring over the semester break. A repeated measure\u0000analysis of variance was performed to identify changes in results across the\u0000time periods with a Bonferroni post-hoc adjustment to identify where\u0000differences, if any, lay. The level of significance was set at 0.05 a priori. Following the semester break period from June to September,\u0000BW, WC and RUN increased significantly (p<.01), while PU and SU decreased\u0000significantly (p<.01). WC and RUN significantly decreased from September to\u0000December and December to May (p<.01); BW significantly decreased from September\u0000to December (p<.01), but did not change from December to May (p=.267); PU\u0000and SU significantly increased from September to December (p<.01) and\u0000December to May (p=.018 and p<.01, respectively).","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/k.51.2.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46485983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined energy expenditure, dietary behavior, and energy balance of female tennis and soccer student-athletes during a competitive season. A sample of 18 (Mage=19.86±1.35 years) Division I female collegiate student-athletes (5 tennis and 13 soccer players) were followed for four days, i. e., during one game/match, two practice sessions, and one recovery day. Physical activity was assessed with accelerometers and dietary behavior with daily food logs. Daily energy expenditure for the game/match, practice, and rest days was 2,848±304kcal, 2,622±248kcal, and 1,833±959kcal, respectively, with a statistically significant main effect (F[2,16]=82.291, p<.001, η2=.91). Daily dietary intake ranged from 1,833±959 to 1849±371kcal, with no significant interaction between different days. There were no sport specific differences in energy expenditure or dietary behaviors. Athletes consumed 4.30±2.07 g/kg carbohydrates, 1.57±.98 g/kg protein, and 1.27±.80 g/kg fats daily. There was a significant main effect in dietary intake (F[2,16]=7.311, p=.006, η2=.48), with a difference between game/match and recovery days (t[17]=3.83, p=.001, d=1.19). This study showed a negative energy balance among female student-athletes. The findings indicate that the lack of carbohydrate intake during game/match days contributed to this energy deficit.
{"title":"Energy expenditure and dietary intake of female collegiate tennis and soccer players during a competitive season","authors":"Sami R. Yli-Piipari","doi":"10.26582/K.51.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.51.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined energy\u0000expenditure, dietary behavior, and energy balance of female tennis and soccer\u0000student-athletes during a competitive season. A sample of 18 (Mage=19.86±1.35 years)\u0000Division I female collegiate student-athletes (5 tennis and 13 soccer players)\u0000were followed for four days, i. e., during one game/match, two practice\u0000sessions, and one recovery day. Physical activity was assessed with\u0000accelerometers and dietary behavior with daily food logs. Daily energy\u0000expenditure for the game/match, practice, and rest days was 2,848±304kcal,\u00002,622±248kcal, and 1,833±959kcal, respectively, with a statistically\u0000significant main effect (F[2,16]=82.291,\u0000p<.001, η2=.91). Daily\u0000dietary intake ranged from 1,833±959 to 1849±371kcal, with no significant\u0000interaction between different days. There were no sport specific differences in\u0000energy expenditure or dietary behaviors. Athletes consumed 4.30±2.07 g/kg\u0000carbohydrates, 1.57±.98 g/kg protein, and 1.27±.80 g/kg fats daily. There was a\u0000significant main effect in dietary intake (F[2,16]=7.311,\u0000p=.006, η2=.48), with a difference\u0000between game/match and recovery days (t[17]=3.83,\u0000p=.001, d=1.19). This study showed a negative energy balance among female\u0000student-athletes. The findings indicate that the lack of carbohydrate intake\u0000during game/match days contributed to this energy deficit.","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.51.1.11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45421406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Leser, T. Hoch, Xiaoying Tan, Bernhard Moser, G. Kellermayr, A. Baca
Most existing game analysis attempts do not consider situational context information sufficiently for the assessments of tactical behaviour. The purpose of this case study was to apply a new analysis approach, so far only used for 1-versus-1 analyses in soccer, to small-sided games and to identify and analyse therewith the efficiency of tactical patterns in 3-versus-2 game play. Therefore, 279 games, performed by an elite youth soccer team, were recorded by video and a position tracking system. The data was processed by the new approach, including unsupervised machine learning routines and artificial intelligence methods. Two crucial moments were used to analyse the occurring tactical patterns for the specific game: T0 (time instant of the shot) and T1 (time instant of the last action before the shot). For both moments typical tactical patterns, considering the spatio-temporal context of the situations were found. By combining the patterns of both moments, hidden tactical strategies were identified and their efficiencies calculated. The most significant result is that offence attempts have the highest scoring probability when played via the wings near to the goal line and the final pass, before the shot, is given against the playing direction into the centre of the field.
{"title":"Finding efficient strategies in 3-versus-2 small-sided games of youth soccer players","authors":"R. Leser, T. Hoch, Xiaoying Tan, Bernhard Moser, G. Kellermayr, A. Baca","doi":"10.26582/K.51.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.51.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Most existing game analysis attempts do not consider situational context information sufficiently for the assessments of tactical behaviour. The purpose of this case study was to apply a new analysis approach, so far only used for 1-versus-1 analyses in soccer, to small-sided games and to identify and analyse therewith the efficiency of tactical patterns in 3-versus-2 game play. Therefore, 279 games, performed by an elite youth soccer team, were recorded by video and a position tracking system. The data was processed by the new approach, including unsupervised machine learning routines and artificial intelligence methods. Two crucial moments were used to analyse the occurring tactical patterns for the specific game: T0 (time instant of the shot) and T1 (time instant of the last action before the shot). For both moments typical tactical patterns, considering the spatio-temporal context of the situations were found. By combining the patterns of both moments, hidden tactical strategies were identified and their efficiencies calculated. The most significant result is that offence attempts have the highest scoring probability when played via the wings near to the goal line and the final pass, before the shot, is given against the playing direction into the centre of the field.","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.51.1.7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41406296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sebastian S. Sandgren, R. Giske, Shaher A I Shalfawi
The aims of the present study were to validate the Norwegian translated Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) and explore the presence of muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptomatology in Norwegian gym-going men. A secondary aim was to examine differences in MD symptomatology and weekly training duration (WTD) according to the participants’ body mass index (BMI), and further investigate relationships between all measured variables. Participants (N = 124; Mage = 24.8, SD = 6.7 years) completed the translated MDDI, and according to BMI, 65 participants were of normal weight and 59 were overweight. A good fit from the confirmatory factor analysis, the results from the construct validity from the principal components analysis, and the detected good internal consistency indicate that the Norwegian translated MDDI is a valid and reliable measure for MD symptomatology. Moreover, MD symptomatology was present with mean scores of 33.7 (SD = 6.6), 15.2 (SD = 3.9), 10.4 (SD = 3.5), and 8.1 (SD = 2.6) for the MDDI total, and for the subscales drive for size (DFS), functional impairment (FI), and appearance intolerance (AI), respectively. Statistical significant differences were detected between the normal weight and overweight participants in DFS, AI, FI (d≤.4, p<.01) and in WTD (d=.7, p<.01), but not significant for the MDDI total score (d=.1, p>.05). Lastly, WTD had a statistically significant correlation with FI and BMI (p<.01); whereas BMI had a statistical significant correlation with DFS, FI, and AI (p<.05). In conclusion, the translated Norwegian MDDI was found to be valid, but additional validations are needed with larger sample sizes. The presence of MD symptomatology and WTD was higher in the overweight compared to the normal weight participants. The findings further suggest that the subscale scores might better assist practitioners in evaluating MD concerns and offer appropriate care, as a MDDI cut-off score have yet to be validated.
{"title":"Muscle dysmorphia in Norwegian gym-going men","authors":"Sebastian S. Sandgren, R. Giske, Shaher A I Shalfawi","doi":"10.26582/K.51.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.51.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The aims of the present study were to validate the Norwegian translated Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) and explore the presence of muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptomatology in Norwegian gym-going men. A secondary aim was to examine differences in MD symptomatology and weekly training duration (WTD) according to the participants’ body mass index (BMI), and further investigate relationships between all measured variables. Participants (N = 124; Mage = 24.8, SD = 6.7 years) completed the translated MDDI, and according to BMI, 65 participants were of normal weight and 59 were overweight. A good fit from the confirmatory factor analysis, the results from the construct validity from the principal components analysis, and the detected good internal consistency indicate that the Norwegian translated MDDI is a valid and reliable measure for MD symptomatology. Moreover, MD symptomatology was present with mean scores of 33.7 (SD = 6.6), 15.2 (SD = 3.9), 10.4 (SD = 3.5), and 8.1 (SD = 2.6) for the MDDI total, and for the subscales drive for size (DFS), functional impairment (FI), and appearance intolerance (AI), respectively. Statistical significant differences were detected between the normal weight and overweight participants in DFS, AI, FI (d≤.4, p<.01) and in WTD (d=.7, p<.01), but not significant for the MDDI total score (d=.1, p>.05). Lastly, WTD had a statistically significant correlation with FI and BMI (p<.01); whereas BMI had a statistical significant correlation with DFS, FI, and AI (p<.05). In conclusion, the translated Norwegian MDDI was found to be valid, but additional validations are needed with larger sample sizes. The presence of MD symptomatology and WTD was higher in the overweight compared to the normal weight participants. The findings further suggest that the subscale scores might better assist practitioners in evaluating MD concerns and offer appropriate care, as a MDDI cut-off score have yet to be validated.","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.51.1.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44777480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Gepner, Adam J. Wells, J. Gordon, Eliott Arroyo, Alyssa N. Varanoske, N. Coker, D. Fukuda, Jeffrey R Stout, J. Hoffman
The aim of this study was to compare muscle oxygenation of the vastus lateralis during a high-volume isokinetic resistance exercise protocol (HVP) between young adult (YA) and middle-aged adult (MA) men. Twenty recreationally trained men were assigned to either the YA (age 21.8±2.0 years, body mass 90.7±11.6 kg, body height 179±4.7 cm) or MA (age 47.0±4.4 years, body mass 96.1±21.6 kg, body height 177±7.7 cm) group. The HVP consisted of eight sets of 10 repetitions of unilateral isokinetic concentric knee extension and eccentric knee flexion at 60°·s-1. Changes in tissue hemoglobin saturation index (TSI), tissue oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (O2Hb), deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb), and muscle oxidation index (O2Hb-HHb) were measured during the exercise session using the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Data were analyzed using two-way mix factorial analyses of variance. Prior to exercise, TSI was significantly greater (p=.024) for YA compared to MA. Significant decreases in O2Hb and O2Hb-HHb and increases in HHb were observed during each of the eight sets relative to the rest periods (p<.05) for both groups. The average change during the eight sets of the HVP revealed a significantly higher (p=.036) level of HHb and a lower (p=.029) level of O2Hb-HHb for MA compared to YA. A significant negative correlation was also noted at baseline between O2Hb-HHb index and the cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis muscle (r=-.45, p=.045). During a high- volume resistance exercise, MA experienced reduced muscle oxygen saturation levels compared to YA. These results may be attributed to reductions in local tissue oxidative capacity and reduced blood delivery occurring during middle-age, and possibly due to group differences in muscle morphology.
{"title":"Differences in muscle oxygenation between young and middle-aged recreationally active men during high-volume resistance exercise","authors":"Y. Gepner, Adam J. Wells, J. Gordon, Eliott Arroyo, Alyssa N. Varanoske, N. Coker, D. Fukuda, Jeffrey R Stout, J. Hoffman","doi":"10.26582/K.51.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.51.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to compare muscle oxygenation of the vastus lateralis during a high-volume isokinetic resistance exercise protocol (HVP) between young adult (YA) and middle-aged adult (MA) men. Twenty recreationally trained men were assigned to either the YA (age 21.8±2.0 years, body mass 90.7±11.6 kg, body height 179±4.7 cm) or MA (age 47.0±4.4 years, body mass 96.1±21.6 kg, body height 177±7.7 cm) group. The HVP consisted of eight sets of 10 repetitions of unilateral isokinetic concentric knee extension and eccentric knee flexion at 60°·s-1. Changes in tissue hemoglobin saturation index (TSI), tissue oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (O2Hb), deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb), and muscle oxidation index (O2Hb-HHb) were measured during the exercise session using the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Data were analyzed using two-way mix factorial analyses of variance. Prior to exercise, TSI was significantly greater (p=.024) for YA compared to MA. Significant decreases in O2Hb and O2Hb-HHb and increases in HHb were observed during each of the eight sets relative to the rest periods (p<.05) for both groups. The average change during the eight sets of the HVP revealed a significantly higher (p=.036) level of HHb and a lower (p=.029) level of O2Hb-HHb for MA compared to YA. A significant negative correlation was also noted at baseline between O2Hb-HHb index and the cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis muscle (r=-.45, p=.045). During a high- volume resistance exercise, MA experienced reduced muscle oxygen saturation levels compared to YA. These results may be attributed to reductions in local tissue oxidative capacity and reduced blood delivery occurring during middle-age, and possibly due to group differences in muscle morphology.","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.51.1.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42353997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ülari Kais, Rasmus Pind, A. Pehme, P. Kaasik, M. Mooses
The purpose of the study was to describe pacing patterns of the finishers of the World Marathon Majors series and the effect of sex and age on the pacing pattern. The finishers of the World Marathon Majors series, a total of 69 814 male runners and 46 856 female runners with finishing time ≤ 6 hours were included in the analysis. Difference in pacing (dev%) was calculated as a difference between the first and second half of the marathon and expressed as a percentage of time. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the differences within and between the marathon time groups. The differences between the first and second half of the marathon by sex and age group were analysed using linear regression. The average difference between the first and second half of the marathon was 3.44±2.67% for male and 2.81±2.10% for female runners. Male runners with finishing times of 3:00 (h:min) and females with 4:00 (h:min) or slower had the significantly faster first half of the marathon compared to the evenly paced marathon (p=.038 and p=.001, respectively). Regression analysis revealed that female runners had 0.26% smaller difference between the first and second half of the race compared to male runners (R2=0.256; p<.001) when controlled for age and time group. Also, veterans (40 years and older) paced more evenly compared to non-veterans (R2=0.256; p<.001). In conclusion, irrespective of sex and age, faster finishers maintain a more constant velocity than the slower ones. In addition, women and veterans present more even pacing strategy compared to men and non-veterans, respectively.
{"title":"Pacing strategy of the finishers of the world marathon majors series","authors":"Ülari Kais, Rasmus Pind, A. Pehme, P. Kaasik, M. Mooses","doi":"10.26582/K.51.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.51.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study was to describe pacing patterns of the finishers of the World Marathon Majors series and the effect of sex and age on the pacing pattern. The finishers of the World Marathon Majors series, a total of 69 814 male runners and 46 856 female runners with finishing time ≤ 6 hours were included in the analysis. Difference in pacing (dev%) was calculated as a difference between the first and second half of the marathon and expressed as a percentage of time. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the differences within and between the marathon time groups. The differences between the first and second half of the marathon by sex and age group were analysed using linear regression. The average difference between the first and second half of the marathon was 3.44±2.67% for male and 2.81±2.10% for female runners. Male runners with finishing times of 3:00 (h:min) and females with 4:00 (h:min) or slower had the significantly faster first half of the marathon compared to the evenly paced marathon (p=.038 and p=.001, respectively). Regression analysis revealed that female runners had 0.26% smaller difference between the first and second half of the race compared to male runners (R2=0.256; p<.001) when controlled for age and time group. Also, veterans (40 years and older) paced more evenly compared to non-veterans (R2=0.256; p<.001). In conclusion, irrespective of sex and age, faster finishers maintain a more constant velocity than the slower ones. In addition, women and veterans present more even pacing strategy compared to men and non-veterans, respectively.","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.51.1.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42490719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this study was to examine the three-dimensional foot shape data and determine foot type’s distribution among Chinese children and adolescents. A total of sixteen three-dimensional foot shape variables of 5,069 Chinese children were measured through filming, including 3 girth-related variables, 3 length-related variables, 2 width-related variables, and 8 height-related variables. Cluster analysis was performed to classify these three-dimensional feet data of Chinese children and adolescents into three identified foot types, namely Robust Feet, Slender Feet, and Flat Feet, which differed in terms of length, volume, and arch height. The distribution of the threefoot types varied across the different foot length groups. The foot types classification may be used in the design of shoe lasts and in the comfortable footwear manufacturing to minimize error fitting.
{"title":"Foot type classification for Chinese\u0000children and adolescents","authors":"Miaomiao Xu, J. Li, Youlian Hong, Lin Wang","doi":"10.26582/K.51.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.51.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"The\u0000objective of this study was to examine the three-dimensional foot shape data\u0000and determine foot type’s distribution among Chinese children and adolescents.\u0000A total of sixteen three-dimensional foot shape variables of 5,069 Chinese children were measured\u0000through filming,\u0000including 3 girth-related variables, 3 length-related variables, 2\u0000width-related variables, and 8 height-related variables. Cluster analysis was\u0000performed to classify these three-dimensional feet data of Chinese children and\u0000adolescents into three identified foot types, namely Robust Feet, Slender Feet,\u0000and Flat Feet, which differed in terms of length, volume, and arch height. The\u0000distribution of the threefoot types varied across the different foot length\u0000groups. The foot types classification may be used in the design of shoe lasts\u0000and in the comfortable footwear manufacturing to minimize error fitting.","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.51.1.8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45887159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Bastos, Maria Teresa da Silva Pinto Marques-Dahi, Fernando G Dos Santos, R. Drews, U. Corrêa
Evidence suggests that postural control could act as a secondary task, leading to a negative effect on sensorimotor skill learning. To investigate this issue, twenty older adults (average age = 70.5 years, SD=5.6) were distributed into two groups, according to the body position maintained during the acquisition (AQ) of a temporal estimation task: performing the task standing with feet together (STA) or sitting (SIT). During the AQ, participants performed 90 trials of the task consisting of synchronising the arrival of two rectangles (‘Target A’ and ‘Target B’) to a target line. The velocity of Target A was chosen by the participants, among three possible ones, before each trial, without exceeding 30 trials per velocity. Target B had only one velocity and should be released by the participants, with a button press, when they judged it would reach the target line simultaneously with Target A. Contrary to what has been shown in studies with reaction time, postural control did not affect the performance of our temporal estimation task. Additionally, no effects on sensorimotor learning – inferred by immediate and delayed transfer tests – were found. Result suggests that postural control may not interfere with cognitive resources used to perform a simultaneous task, when this task does not demand fast processing, i.e. is not highly time constrained. Future studies should consider the physical activity level of participants, since the fact that all participants in the present study were physically active may have contributed to the observed results.
{"title":"Postural control does not affect performing or learning a temporal estimation task in physically active older adults","authors":"F. Bastos, Maria Teresa da Silva Pinto Marques-Dahi, Fernando G Dos Santos, R. Drews, U. Corrêa","doi":"10.26582/K.51.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26582/K.51.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence suggests that postural control could act as a secondary task, leading to a negative effect on sensorimotor skill learning. To investigate this issue, twenty older adults (average age = 70.5 years, SD=5.6) were distributed into two groups, according to the body position maintained during the acquisition (AQ) of a temporal estimation task: performing the task standing with feet together (STA) or sitting (SIT). During the AQ, participants performed 90 trials of the task consisting of synchronising the arrival of two rectangles (‘Target A’ and ‘Target B’) to a target line. The velocity of Target A was chosen by the participants, among three possible ones, before each trial, without exceeding 30 trials per velocity. Target B had only one velocity and should be released by the participants, with a button press, when they judged it would reach the target line simultaneously with Target A. Contrary to what has been shown in studies with reaction time, postural control did not affect the performance of our temporal estimation task. Additionally, no effects on sensorimotor learning – inferred by immediate and delayed transfer tests – were found. Result suggests that postural control may not interfere with cognitive resources used to perform a simultaneous task, when this task does not demand fast processing, i.e. is not highly time constrained. Future studies should consider the physical activity level of participants, since the fact that all participants in the present study were physically active may have contributed to the observed results.","PeriodicalId":49943,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.26582/K.51.1.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48721703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：