The Beveridge curve and its inward or outward shifts are legend in labour market economics. Inward shifts in particular have been shown to reflect, for example, the success of the “Hartz reforms” after 2003-2005, reforms which allegedly have improved the matching efficiency on the German labour market. More recently (not later than since 2020), the German labour market is seriously affected by a “systemic” shortness of skilled labour. The latter occurs when we observe both a rising unemployment rate among the qualified work force _and_ an increasing vacancy rate with regard to skilled labour. In this paper, we develop in three alternative writings the functional form of the Beveridge curve and its corollary, the corresponding econometric estimation equation. This enables us to empirically identify the determinants of the German Beveridge curve (2006-2023). We find evidence for the presumption that recently the German Beveridge curve shifts outwards, most likely as a consequence of the systemic shortness of skilled labour.
{"title":"The German Beveridge Curve in Light of the Shortness of Skilled Labour","authors":"Friedrich L. Sell, Juergen Stiefl","doi":"10.32388/chwuw5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/chwuw5","url":null,"abstract":"The Beveridge curve and its inward or outward shifts are legend in labour market economics. Inward shifts in particular have been shown to reflect, for example, the success of the “Hartz reforms” after 2003-2005, reforms which allegedly have improved the matching efficiency on the German labour market. More recently (not later than since 2020), the German labour market is seriously affected by a “systemic” shortness of skilled labour. The latter occurs when we observe both a rising unemployment rate among the qualified work force _and_ an increasing vacancy rate with regard to skilled labour. In this paper, we develop in three alternative writings the functional form of the Beveridge curve and its corollary, the corresponding econometric estimation equation. This enables us to empirically identify the determinants of the German Beveridge curve (2006-2023). We find evidence for the presumption that recently the German Beveridge curve shifts outwards, most likely as a consequence of the systemic shortness of skilled labour.\u0000","PeriodicalId":500839,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":" 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140997356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The almond plant is considered one of the most important agricultural crops economically, nutritionally, and healthily, its properties and chemical composition differ according to the places of its cultivation. This study aims to estimate the chemical and phytochemical content of some local cultivars of almonds in Yemen. The chemical components, minerals, and secondary metabolites were estimated in the seeds. The results of the chemical analysis showed that the studied cultivars of Yemeni almonds contained a high percentage of nutrients compared to the imported samples, the percentages of moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and ash were 2.88–3.39%, 12.7–19.15%, 36.87–65.34%, 13.23–38.02%, and 2.55–3.56%, respectively, and they contained a high content of some minerals such as iron, zinc, copper, and potassium. The total phenols in the studied almond cultivars ranged from 9.9–113 mg Gallic acid/g, and the total flavonoids ranged from 47.7–63.00 mg Rutin/g. It is concluded from the study that Yemeni almonds are characterized by unique properties that promise multiple uses in the food and pharmaceutical industries and in the prevention and treatment of many diseases.
{"title":"Evaluation of Chemical Content and Phytochemical Composition of Yemeni Almond Cultivars","authors":"Muneer M. Alsayadi","doi":"10.32388/a2w8xt","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/a2w8xt","url":null,"abstract":"The almond plant is considered one of the most important agricultural crops economically, nutritionally, and healthily, its properties and chemical composition differ according to the places of its cultivation. This study aims to estimate the chemical and phytochemical content of some local cultivars of almonds in Yemen. The chemical components, minerals, and secondary metabolites were estimated in the seeds. The results of the chemical analysis showed that the studied cultivars of Yemeni almonds contained a high percentage of nutrients compared to the imported samples, the percentages of moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and ash were 2.88–3.39%, 12.7–19.15%, 36.87–65.34%, 13.23–38.02%, and 2.55–3.56%, respectively, and they contained a high content of some minerals such as iron, zinc, copper, and potassium. The total phenols in the studied almond cultivars ranged from 9.9–113 mg Gallic acid/g, and the total flavonoids ranged from 47.7–63.00 mg Rutin/g. It is concluded from the study that Yemeni almonds are characterized by unique properties that promise multiple uses in the food and pharmaceutical industries and in the prevention and treatment of many diseases.\u0000","PeriodicalId":500839,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":" 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140993935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of: \"Experimental Behavior of Solar Still Using Mixed Oxides Mn-Fe/Silicona Resin Composite as Selective Solar Absorber\"","authors":"A. Hassanien","doi":"10.32388/jqkdkq","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/jqkdkq","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p/>","PeriodicalId":500839,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140998955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The meteoric ascent of the Korean music ensemble BTS has captured the attention of audiences worldwide with their distinctive fusion of pop, hip-hop, and R&B. Their ability to weave religious elements into their music has propelled their success far beyond mere musical band, breaking through cultural and linguistic confines. Their impact reshapes the music industry and presents an intriguing case of cultural exchange within the global entertainment scene. This data-mining study explores BTS’s remarkable ability to cultivate a vast fanbase in Iran. However, the findings indicate a waning influence in the region, as evidenced by a decrease in tweets about BTS from 39,237 to 23,697, and finally to 9,215 over three consecutive years leading up to 2024. Despite this decline, the core group of BTS enthusiasts in Iran, predominantly loyal teenage girls, continues to actively support the group.
{"title":"Korean K-Pop Band BTS and the Iranians: An Online Exploration","authors":"Ehsan Shahghasemi","doi":"10.32388/40wvb2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/40wvb2","url":null,"abstract":"The meteoric ascent of the Korean music ensemble BTS has captured the attention of audiences worldwide with their distinctive fusion of pop, hip-hop, and R&B. Their ability to weave religious elements into their music has propelled their success far beyond mere musical band, breaking through cultural and linguistic confines. Their impact reshapes the music industry and presents an intriguing case of cultural exchange within the global entertainment scene. This data-mining study explores BTS’s remarkable ability to cultivate a vast fanbase in Iran. However, the findings indicate a waning influence in the region, as evidenced by a decrease in tweets about BTS from 39,237 to 23,697, and finally to 9,215 over three consecutive years leading up to 2024. Despite this decline, the core group of BTS enthusiasts in Iran, predominantly loyal teenage girls, continues to actively support the group.\u0000","PeriodicalId":500839,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":" 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140998336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The editors of a special issue of The American Statistician stated: “Regardless of whether it was ever useful, a declaration of “statistical significance” has today become meaningless.” This resonates with the author's view, as “statistical significance” has been conflated with substantive significance. However, the author disagrees with the editors' call for “don’t use it.” With relatively simple graphs and tables, this author demonstrates that small sample sizes (n < 1000) require Pearson’s correlation coefficients to be screened for statistical significance (p < .05) to reduce the number of effect size errors that would otherwise be considered substantively significant under a true null hypothesis. Note here that the null hypothesis is not merely assumed true but is indeed known to be true.
{"title":"Intersections of Statistical Significance and Substantive Significance: Pearson’s Correlation Coefficients Under a Known True Null Hypothesis","authors":"Eugene Komaroff","doi":"10.32388/ps72pk","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/ps72pk","url":null,"abstract":"The editors of a special issue of The American Statistician stated: “Regardless of whether it was ever useful, a declaration of “statistical significance” has today become meaningless.” This resonates with the author's view, as “statistical significance” has been conflated with substantive significance. However, the author disagrees with the editors' call for “don’t use it.” With relatively simple graphs and tables, this author demonstrates that small sample sizes (n < 1000) require Pearson’s correlation coefficients to be screened for statistical significance (p < .05) to reduce the number of effect size errors that would otherwise be considered substantively significant under a true null hypothesis. Note here that the null hypothesis is not merely assumed true but is indeed known to be true.\u0000","PeriodicalId":500839,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"28 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141004373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The lack of Unitarity is sought after, and is first resolved by an extraction from a unite-scale diffeomorphic transformation. The same result can second be found independently and is based on an orbital-wise Pfaffian differential satisfying a Conformal geodesic. Such a fundamental reason is borne out in the multiple methods for the Pontryagin Chiral Fermions density anomalies resolutions being either zero or imaginary results, were, then fore, contradictory or randomly correct outcomes due to the eigenvalue non-separable sorting. Confirming then an equivalent (1st as necessary and 2nd as sufficient) condition for Unitarity is via a regularization for the zero component of the Dirac Matrix (gamma^{0}), and a generalization of the Wick rotation, whilst both above hypotheses (may directly) be contouring around the Einstein Gravity.
{"title":"Trace Anomaly Redefined in a Convention for Pontryagin Equivalent to a Generalized Wick","authors":"Hani W. Maalouf","doi":"10.32388/ngtnrs.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/ngtnrs.6","url":null,"abstract":"The lack of Unitarity is sought after, and is first resolved by an extraction from a unite-scale diffeomorphic transformation. The same result can second be found independently and is based on an orbital-wise Pfaffian differential satisfying a Conformal geodesic. \u0000\u0000Such a fundamental reason is borne out in the multiple methods for the Pontryagin Chiral Fermions density anomalies resolutions being either zero or imaginary results, were, then fore, contradictory or randomly correct outcomes due to the eigenvalue non-separable sorting. \u0000\u0000Confirming then an equivalent (1st as necessary and 2nd as sufficient) condition for Unitarity is via a regularization for the zero component of the Dirac Matrix (gamma^{0}), and a generalization of the Wick rotation, whilst both above hypotheses (may directly) be contouring around the Einstein Gravity.\u0000","PeriodicalId":500839,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"99 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141002446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This opinion piece explores the complexities of Postpartum Depression (PPD), its impact on the mother and child’s mental health, and the societal challenges it presents. PPD extends beyond the commonly experienced “baby blues” and can significantly impact a mother’s functionality due to its potential to evolve into a long-term depressive disorder if not properly addressed. The piece highlights the inadequacy of current maternal mental health support structures within the National Health Service (NHS), pointing out the lack of specialised treatment options tailored to new mothers' unique needs. It discusses the compound effects of social stigma and cultural barriers that limit access to necessary support, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced support systems and policy reforms. The piece highlights the serious long-term effects of PPD on children, such as developmental delays and emotional and behavioural challenges, advocating for early intervention and comprehensive support systems that address the needs of both mothers and their families. It calls for the adoption of thorough PPD management strategies, including the use of effective screening tools such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and extensive educational campaigns to identify early PPD symptoms. The piece further urges for policy changes to provide new mothers with tailored resources and support, promoting a more inclusive and supportive healthcare environment for affected families.
{"title":"[Commentary] Postpartum Depression: An Invisible Distress in the United Kingdom","authors":"Michelle Owusua Appiah-Agyekum, Ritika Tiwari","doi":"10.32388/yw3eoz","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/yw3eoz","url":null,"abstract":"This opinion piece explores the complexities of Postpartum Depression (PPD), its impact on the mother and child’s mental health, and the societal challenges it presents. PPD extends beyond the commonly experienced “baby blues” and can significantly impact a mother’s functionality due to its potential to evolve into a long-term depressive disorder if not properly addressed. The piece highlights the inadequacy of current maternal mental health support structures within the National Health Service (NHS), pointing out the lack of specialised treatment options tailored to new mothers' unique needs.\u0000\u0000It discusses the compound effects of social stigma and cultural barriers that limit access to necessary support, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced support systems and policy reforms. The piece highlights the serious long-term effects of PPD on children, such as developmental delays and emotional and behavioural challenges, advocating for early intervention and comprehensive support systems that address the needs of both mothers and their families. It calls for the adoption of thorough PPD management strategies, including the use of effective screening tools such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and extensive educational campaigns to identify early PPD symptoms. The piece further urges for policy changes to provide new mothers with tailored resources and support, promoting a more inclusive and supportive healthcare environment for affected families.\u0000","PeriodicalId":500839,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141008798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amidst increasing global electricity consumption, governments prioritize energy efficiency and electric vehicle (EV) integration into energy markets. This study examines EV aggregator strategies employing smart charging methods, adjusting charging rates based on user preferences. Through simulations in Quito's distribution system, it analyzes actions' effects on aggregator costs and technical conditions, with a focus on demand response (DR) strategies, particularly in residential areas. Exploring EVs' potential as energy storage via vehicle-to-home (V2H) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) options, the study introduces a collaborative evaluation of dynamic pricing and peak power limiting-based DR strategies, integrating bi-directional EV and energy storage system (ESS) use. It also proposes a novel mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for home energy management (HEM), incorporating distributed renewable energy, V2H/V2G capabilities, two-way ESS energy trading, and diverse DR strategies. This comprehensive approach assesses the impact of EV owner preferences and ESS availability on reducing total electricity costs through case studies.
在全球用电量不断增加的情况下，各国政府将能源效率和电动汽车（EV）融入能源市场作为优先事项。本研究探讨了电动汽车聚合商采用智能充电方法的策略，即根据用户偏好调整充电费率。通过对基多配电系统的模拟，研究分析了这些行动对聚合器成本和技术条件的影响，重点关注需求响应（DR）策略，尤其是在住宅区。该研究探索了电动汽车通过车到户（V2H）和车到网（V2G）选择作为储能设备的潜力，引入了基于动态定价和峰值功率限制的需求响应策略的合作评估，整合了电动汽车和储能系统（ESS）的双向使用。研究还为家庭能源管理（HEM）提出了一个新颖的混合整数线性规划（MILP）模型，将分布式可再生能源、V2H/V2G 功能、双向 ESS 能源交易和多样化的 DR 策略结合在一起。这种综合方法通过案例研究评估了电动汽车车主偏好和ESS可用性对降低总电费的影响。
{"title":"Analyzing EV User Behavior in Aggregator Smart Charging with ESS and Real-Time Pricing","authors":"Aakash Kumar, Draupathi Chin","doi":"10.32388/2sdpk4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/2sdpk4.2","url":null,"abstract":"Amidst increasing global electricity consumption, governments prioritize energy efficiency and electric vehicle (EV) integration into energy markets. This study examines EV aggregator strategies employing smart charging methods, adjusting charging rates based on user preferences. Through simulations in Quito's distribution system, it analyzes actions' effects on aggregator costs and technical conditions, with a focus on demand response (DR) strategies, particularly in residential areas. Exploring EVs' potential as energy storage via vehicle-to-home (V2H) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) options, the study introduces a collaborative evaluation of dynamic pricing and peak power limiting-based DR strategies, integrating bi-directional EV and energy storage system (ESS) use. It also proposes a novel mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for home energy management (HEM), incorporating distributed renewable energy, V2H/V2G capabilities, two-way ESS energy trading, and diverse DR strategies. This comprehensive approach assesses the impact of EV owner preferences and ESS availability on reducing total electricity costs through case studies.\u0000","PeriodicalId":500839,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"56 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141008743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The surge in electric vehicle (EV) adoption prompts companies to prioritize dependable charging station designs, despite hurdles in maintaining consistency. A newly proposed design, featuring 36 ports, employs both uniform and non-uniform arrangements, subjected to rigorous testing with systems ranging from 50 to 350 kW. Failure rates are projected through meticulous assessments based on MILHDBK217F and MILHBK-338B standards, employing binomial distribution and cost analysis to gauge port reliability and overall station success rates. This innovative design not only bolsters voltage stability but also curtails maintenance expenses by bolstering port reliability.In the realm of robotics and autonomous systems (RAS), Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) demonstrates exceptional prowess but grapples with the risk of unsafe policies, potentially resulting in perilous decisions. To address this concern, a novel study introduces a reliability evaluation framework tailored for DRL-driven systems, leveraging formal neural network analysis. This framework adopts a two-tiered verification strategy: firstly, by assessing safety locally using reachability tools, and secondly, by aggregating local safety metrics across various tasks to evaluate global safety. Empirical validation validates the efficacy of this framework in fortifying the safety of RAS.
{"title":"Enhancing EV Charging Station Reliability and RAS Safety","authors":"Chandru Lin","doi":"10.32388/pqujel.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/pqujel.2","url":null,"abstract":"The surge in electric vehicle (EV) adoption prompts companies to prioritize dependable charging station designs, despite hurdles in maintaining consistency. A newly proposed design, featuring 36 ports, employs both uniform and non-uniform arrangements, subjected to rigorous testing with systems ranging from 50 to 350 kW. Failure rates are projected through meticulous assessments based on MILHDBK217F and MILHBK-338B standards, employing binomial distribution and cost analysis to gauge port reliability and overall station success rates. This innovative design not only bolsters voltage stability but also curtails maintenance expenses by bolstering port reliability.In the realm of robotics and autonomous systems (RAS), Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) demonstrates exceptional prowess but grapples with the risk of unsafe policies, potentially resulting in perilous decisions. To address this concern, a novel study introduces a reliability evaluation framework tailored for DRL-driven systems, leveraging formal neural network analysis. This framework adopts a two-tiered verification strategy: firstly, by assessing safety locally using reachability tools, and secondly, by aggregating local safety metrics across various tasks to evaluate global safety. Empirical validation validates the efficacy of this framework in fortifying the safety of RAS.\u0000","PeriodicalId":500839,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"67 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141007810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUND: More than 250 million individuals use tobacco in some form on a daily basis in India and adolescents make up a significant proportion of that number. The period of adolescence is critical in the initiation of smoking or tobacco use as well as its progression from experimentation to dependency. In this study, the role of psychological stress was explored with respect to cigarette consumption and level of addiction or dependence. METHODS: A total of 183 male college students (mean age= 19.8 years) from Bangalore, India completed the questionnaire booklet which included a Cigarette use screening form, the Perceived Stress Scale and the Autonomy over Smoking Scale. Of the 183 participants, there were 85 (46.2%) current smokers and 98 (53.7%) nonsmokers, and their scores on the perceived stress scale were compared using analysis of variance and independent samples _t_ tests. The relationship between levels of stress and dependence on tobacco (loss of autonomy) was also explored using Pearson’s product moment correlation (_r_). RESULTS: There was no significant difference between current smokers and nonsmokers on perceived stress (_t_[181] = -1.26, _p_ >0.05), The same result was extended when the group of nonsmokers was divided into three (Never smokers, experimental smokers and former regular smokers) and the differences in scores were tested again between all four groups (_F_[3, 179]=.642, _p_ >0.05). There was, however, a significant positive correlation between level of dependence on tobacco and perceived stress (_r_=.743, _p_ <0.01). CONCLUSION: The study found that there was no difference in perceived stress levels between smokers and nonsmokers, although there was a positive relationship between the level of perceived stress and level of tobacco dependence (loss of autonomy) among the current smokers.
{"title":"Tobacco Use and Perceived Stress Among Male College Students in Bangalore, India","authors":"Prakat Karki","doi":"10.32388/kbzlm8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/kbzlm8","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: More than 250 million individuals use tobacco in some form on a daily basis in India and adolescents make up a significant proportion of that number. The period of adolescence is critical in the initiation of smoking or tobacco use as well as its progression from experimentation to dependency. In this study, the role of psychological stress was explored with respect to cigarette consumption and level of addiction or dependence.\u0000\u0000METHODS: A total of 183 male college students (mean age= 19.8 years) from Bangalore, India completed the questionnaire booklet which included a Cigarette use screening form, the Perceived Stress Scale and the Autonomy over Smoking Scale. Of the 183 participants, there were 85 (46.2%) current smokers and 98 (53.7%) nonsmokers, and their scores on the perceived stress scale were compared using analysis of variance and independent samples _t_ tests. The relationship between levels of stress and dependence on tobacco (loss of autonomy) was also explored using Pearson’s product moment correlation (_r_).\u0000\u0000RESULTS: There was no significant difference between current smokers and nonsmokers on perceived stress (_t_[181] = -1.26, _p_ >0.05), The same result was extended when the group of nonsmokers was divided into three (Never smokers, experimental smokers and former regular smokers) and the differences in scores were tested again between all four groups (_F_[3, 179]=.642, _p_ >0.05). There was, however, a significant positive correlation between level of dependence on tobacco and perceived stress (_r_=.743, _p_ <0.01).\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION: The study found that there was no difference in perceived stress levels between smokers and nonsmokers, although there was a positive relationship between the level of perceived stress and level of tobacco dependence (loss of autonomy) among the current smokers.\u0000","PeriodicalId":500839,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"112 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141017264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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