The decision to flower in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is controlled by the photoperiod imposed by the outside environment along with endogenous gibberellin levels. Small peptides have broad and critical functions throughout the plant life cycle, but whether and how small peptides are involved in photoperiod- and gibberellin-dependent regulation of flowering remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a GIBBERELLIC ACID-STIMULATED TRANSCRIPT (GAST) peptide family member, CmGAST1, promotes flowering in chrysanthemum by interacting with SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 9 (SPL9), a key regulator of flowering in the age-dependent pathway. CmGAST1 expression was induced under short-day photoperiods and by gibberellin treatment. In addition, we show that a negative regulator of GA signaling GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE (GAI) interacts with CALMODULIN 7 (CAM7), a key factor in calcium signaling, and the resulting CmCAM7-GAI complex directly suppresses CmGAST1 expression. Notably, short-day photoperiods induce the accumulation of bioactive gibberellins and Ca2+ in the shoot apex, thereby inhibiting CmGAI and CmCAM7, respectively, and releasing their inhibition of CmGAST1 expression. We propose that the peptide CmGAST1 integrates gibberellin and calcium signals, coordinating the photoperiod and aging pathways to accelerate chrysanthemum maturation and flowering.
{"title":"The peptide CmGAST1 integrates calcium and gibberellin signaling to regulate flowering in chrysanthemum.","authors":"Wenwen Liu,Jiayin Li,Han Zhang,Zhiling Wang,Palinuer Aiwaili,Yixin Yuan,Ruihong Zeng,Hongfeng Huang,Zhaoyu Gu,Yanjie Xu,Junping Gao,Bo Hong,Xin Zhao","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koaf269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koaf269","url":null,"abstract":"The decision to flower in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is controlled by the photoperiod imposed by the outside environment along with endogenous gibberellin levels. Small peptides have broad and critical functions throughout the plant life cycle, but whether and how small peptides are involved in photoperiod- and gibberellin-dependent regulation of flowering remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a GIBBERELLIC ACID-STIMULATED TRANSCRIPT (GAST) peptide family member, CmGAST1, promotes flowering in chrysanthemum by interacting with SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 9 (SPL9), a key regulator of flowering in the age-dependent pathway. CmGAST1 expression was induced under short-day photoperiods and by gibberellin treatment. In addition, we show that a negative regulator of GA signaling GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE (GAI) interacts with CALMODULIN 7 (CAM7), a key factor in calcium signaling, and the resulting CmCAM7-GAI complex directly suppresses CmGAST1 expression. Notably, short-day photoperiods induce the accumulation of bioactive gibberellins and Ca2+ in the shoot apex, thereby inhibiting CmGAI and CmCAM7, respectively, and releasing their inhibition of CmGAST1 expression. We propose that the peptide CmGAST1 integrates gibberellin and calcium signals, coordinating the photoperiod and aging pathways to accelerate chrysanthemum maturation and flowering.","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"71 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145491581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asif Ahmed Sami, Leónie Bentsink, Mariana A S Artur
The angiosperm seed life cycle encompasses three broad phases - embryogenesis, maturation, and germination. Seed maturation is particularly critical, bridging embryo development and germination while enabling accumulation of nutrient reserves and acquisition of traits like desiccation tolerance, essential for survival in diverse environments. While embryogenesis and germination in Arabidopsis thaliana are known to follow an hourglass-like phylotranscriptomic pattern (with higher gene expression conservation in the mid-stages), the transcriptomic landscape of seed maturation and the complete seed life cycle remain unexplored. Using publicly available RNA-seq data, we generated transcriptome age index (TAI) and transcriptome divergence index (TDI) profiles of all three phases of the Arabidopsis seed life cycle, revealing a reverse hourglass-like phylotranscriptome pattern. Seed maturation exhibited increased expression of younger genes with divergent expression patterns compared to embryogenesis and germination, which was conserved in other dicots and monocots. Tissue-specific analyses revealed that, in monocots, the endosperm has increased expression of younger genes during maturation. We found that, similar to pollen development, seed maturation is a pivotal phase enabling the expression of young, rapidly evolving genes. We propose the “out of the seed” hypothesis, where seed maturation serves as a landscape for expressing new genes and promoting functional specialization
{"title":"The phylotranscriptomic profile of angiosperm seed development follows a reverse hourglass pattern","authors":"Asif Ahmed Sami, Leónie Bentsink, Mariana A S Artur","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koaf266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koaf266","url":null,"abstract":"The angiosperm seed life cycle encompasses three broad phases - embryogenesis, maturation, and germination. Seed maturation is particularly critical, bridging embryo development and germination while enabling accumulation of nutrient reserves and acquisition of traits like desiccation tolerance, essential for survival in diverse environments. While embryogenesis and germination in Arabidopsis thaliana are known to follow an hourglass-like phylotranscriptomic pattern (with higher gene expression conservation in the mid-stages), the transcriptomic landscape of seed maturation and the complete seed life cycle remain unexplored. Using publicly available RNA-seq data, we generated transcriptome age index (TAI) and transcriptome divergence index (TDI) profiles of all three phases of the Arabidopsis seed life cycle, revealing a reverse hourglass-like phylotranscriptome pattern. Seed maturation exhibited increased expression of younger genes with divergent expression patterns compared to embryogenesis and germination, which was conserved in other dicots and monocots. Tissue-specific analyses revealed that, in monocots, the endosperm has increased expression of younger genes during maturation. We found that, similar to pollen development, seed maturation is a pivotal phase enabling the expression of young, rapidly evolving genes. We propose the “out of the seed” hypothesis, where seed maturation serves as a landscape for expressing new genes and promoting functional specialization","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145498269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruturaj S Shete, Maruti J Dhanavade, Mudasir A Dar, Shashikant J Chavan
Bryophytes are a promising source of bioactive compounds, offering a natural alternative to conventional anticancer drugs known for their cytotoxicity. This article highlights potent anticancer agents such as Marchantin A, Phytol, Perrottetin E, Phenanthrene, and Prenylated bibenzyls, which have demonstrated significant efficacy in inhibiting and destroying various cancer cell lines.
{"title":"Tiny Bryophytes: Nature’s Hidden Reservoirs of Powerful Anti-Cancer Compounds","authors":"Ruturaj S Shete, Maruti J Dhanavade, Mudasir A Dar, Shashikant J Chavan","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koaf268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koaf268","url":null,"abstract":"Bryophytes are a promising source of bioactive compounds, offering a natural alternative to conventional anticancer drugs known for their cytotoxicity. This article highlights potent anticancer agents such as Marchantin A, Phytol, Perrottetin E, Phenanthrene, and Prenylated bibenzyls, which have demonstrated significant efficacy in inhibiting and destroying various cancer cell lines.","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145472794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Green Revolution (GR) dramatically increased the yield of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); however, whether and how GR reshaped the wheat root system remains largely unknown. Here, a large-scale transcriptomic and phenotypic investigation was performed on seedling roots of 406 worldwide bread wheat accessions, and this analysis revealed differences in the transcriptomes and phenotypes between landraces and modern cultivars. The GR allele Reduced height (Rht)-D1b was the main genetic factor driving this phenotypic diversity, and it conferred a significantly larger seedling root to modern cultivars by increasing cell length and root meristem size. In this case, the translational reinitiation of TaRht-D1 underlies the genetic effects of Rht-D1b. In contrast, another GR allele, Rht-B1b, has no significant effect on root-related traits, although both alleles have similar genetic effects on reducing plant height. This unexpected effect of Rht-D1b on root systems, coupled with its effect on plant height, contributes to a substantially larger root-shoot ratio in modern wheat cultivars. These findings reveal previously overlooked benefits of GR alleles in modern wheat cultivars and provide clues for their future application in enhancing the seminal root system.
{"title":"Population transcriptome and phenotype analyses reveal that Rht-D1b contributed a larger seedling root to modern bread wheat","authors":"Xiaoming Wang, Peng Zhao, Xue Shi, Xiaolong Guo, Yuxiu Liu, Wenyang Hou, Mingzhu Cheng, Xueting Liu, Xiangjun Lai, James Simmonds, Wendy Harwood, Junzhe Wang, Zihui Liu, Liuying Huang, Dejun Han, Wanquan Ji, Cristobal Uauy, Jun Xiao, Zhensheng Kang, Shengbao Xu","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koaf267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koaf267","url":null,"abstract":"The Green Revolution (GR) dramatically increased the yield of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); however, whether and how GR reshaped the wheat root system remains largely unknown. Here, a large-scale transcriptomic and phenotypic investigation was performed on seedling roots of 406 worldwide bread wheat accessions, and this analysis revealed differences in the transcriptomes and phenotypes between landraces and modern cultivars. The GR allele Reduced height (Rht)-D1b was the main genetic factor driving this phenotypic diversity, and it conferred a significantly larger seedling root to modern cultivars by increasing cell length and root meristem size. In this case, the translational reinitiation of TaRht-D1 underlies the genetic effects of Rht-D1b. In contrast, another GR allele, Rht-B1b, has no significant effect on root-related traits, although both alleles have similar genetic effects on reducing plant height. This unexpected effect of Rht-D1b on root systems, coupled with its effect on plant height, contributes to a substantially larger root-shoot ratio in modern wheat cultivars. These findings reveal previously overlooked benefits of GR alleles in modern wheat cultivars and provide clues for their future application in enhancing the seminal root system.","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145472795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The nuclear basket (NB) is a key peripheral structure of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that plays essential roles in eukaryotic mRNA surveillance and export, chromatin organization, and gene expression regulation. However, the architectural and functional mechanisms of plant NB remain poorly characterized. Here, we combined proximity labeling with fluorescence imaging to examine NUP5°c, a paralog of NUP50 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Unlike its nucleoplasmic paralogs NUP50a/b, NUP5°c localizes specifically to the NB at the nuclear periphery. Structural analysis revealed that NUP5°c contains conserved α-helices that mediate its interaction with the β-sheets of NUP82, enabling its NPC anchoring. AlphaFold-Multimer modeling and protein-protein interaction assays using yeast and Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed the formation of an evolutionarily conserved NUP50c-NUP82-NUP136 complex in Arabidopsis, Oryza sativa, and Solanum lycopersicum. Notably, simultaneous disruption of NUP5°c with NUP136 or with both NUP82 and NUP136 resulted in developmental defects and enhanced stress responses, accompanied by altered transcript profiles, and pronounced nuclear mRNA retention. These findings establish NUP5°c as a bona fide NB component that cooperates with NUP82/NUP136 to mediate mRNA export and regulate gene expression, advancing our understanding of the assembly and function of the NB in plants.
{"title":"NUP5°c defines a conserved nuclear basket module with NUP82 and NUP136 to mediate mRNA export and gene regulation in plants","authors":"Xiangyun Yang, Yingtang Ma, Bingyue Geng, Xiao Liu, Yan Liu, Jiaxing Sun, Hongze Liao, Yangnan Gu, Yu Tang","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koaf260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koaf260","url":null,"abstract":"The nuclear basket (NB) is a key peripheral structure of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that plays essential roles in eukaryotic mRNA surveillance and export, chromatin organization, and gene expression regulation. However, the architectural and functional mechanisms of plant NB remain poorly characterized. Here, we combined proximity labeling with fluorescence imaging to examine NUP5°c, a paralog of NUP50 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Unlike its nucleoplasmic paralogs NUP50a/b, NUP5°c localizes specifically to the NB at the nuclear periphery. Structural analysis revealed that NUP5°c contains conserved α-helices that mediate its interaction with the β-sheets of NUP82, enabling its NPC anchoring. AlphaFold-Multimer modeling and protein-protein interaction assays using yeast and Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed the formation of an evolutionarily conserved NUP50c-NUP82-NUP136 complex in Arabidopsis, Oryza sativa, and Solanum lycopersicum. Notably, simultaneous disruption of NUP5°c with NUP136 or with both NUP82 and NUP136 resulted in developmental defects and enhanced stress responses, accompanied by altered transcript profiles, and pronounced nuclear mRNA retention. These findings establish NUP5°c as a bona fide NB component that cooperates with NUP82/NUP136 to mediate mRNA export and regulate gene expression, advancing our understanding of the assembly and function of the NB in plants.","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145472729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amanda Agosto Ramos, Kevin A Bird, Annanya Jain, Gabriel Philip Sumo, Odinaka Okegbe, Lucy Holland, Daniel J Kliebenstein
Diversity in plant specialized metabolites plays critical roles in plant–environment interactions. In longer evolutionary scales, e.g. between families or orders, this diversity arises from whole-genome and tandem duplication events. Less is known about the evolutionary patterns that shape chemical diversity at shorter scales, e.g. within a family. Utilizing the aliphatic glucosinolate pathway, we explored how the genes encoding the terminal structural modification enzyme GSL-OH evolved across the Brassicaceae and the genomic processes that control presence–absence variation of its products (R)-2-hydroxy-but-3-enyl and (S)-2-hydroxy-but-3-enyl glucosinolate. We implemented a phylo-functional approach to functionally validate GSL-OH orthologs across the Brassicaceae and used that information to map the genomic origin and trajectory of the locus. This uncovered a complex mechanism involving at least 3 ancestral loci with extensive gene loss across all species, creating unequal retention across the phylogenetic relationships. Convergent evolution in enantiomeric specificity was observed, where several independent species had tandem duplicates that diverged toward producing the R or S enantiomers. To explore potential biological differences between the enantiomers, we performed Trichoplusia ni larval choice assays and tested resistance against Botrytis cinerea in a detached leaf assay. We found that plants with the S-enantiomer were more susceptible to B. cinerea infection than to T. ni larval herbivory, while plants with the R-enantiomer seemed more susceptible to T. ni larval herbivory when compared to B. cinerea. Ultimately, we observed recurrent GSL-OH loss, uncovered a complex origin story for the gene, and measured the bioactivity of the enzyme's metabolic products.
{"title":"Convergence and constraint in glucosinolate evolution across the Brassicaceae","authors":"Amanda Agosto Ramos, Kevin A Bird, Annanya Jain, Gabriel Philip Sumo, Odinaka Okegbe, Lucy Holland, Daniel J Kliebenstein","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koaf254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koaf254","url":null,"abstract":"Diversity in plant specialized metabolites plays critical roles in plant–environment interactions. In longer evolutionary scales, e.g. between families or orders, this diversity arises from whole-genome and tandem duplication events. Less is known about the evolutionary patterns that shape chemical diversity at shorter scales, e.g. within a family. Utilizing the aliphatic glucosinolate pathway, we explored how the genes encoding the terminal structural modification enzyme GSL-OH evolved across the Brassicaceae and the genomic processes that control presence–absence variation of its products (R)-2-hydroxy-but-3-enyl and (S)-2-hydroxy-but-3-enyl glucosinolate. We implemented a phylo-functional approach to functionally validate GSL-OH orthologs across the Brassicaceae and used that information to map the genomic origin and trajectory of the locus. This uncovered a complex mechanism involving at least 3 ancestral loci with extensive gene loss across all species, creating unequal retention across the phylogenetic relationships. Convergent evolution in enantiomeric specificity was observed, where several independent species had tandem duplicates that diverged toward producing the R or S enantiomers. To explore potential biological differences between the enantiomers, we performed Trichoplusia ni larval choice assays and tested resistance against Botrytis cinerea in a detached leaf assay. We found that plants with the S-enantiomer were more susceptible to B. cinerea infection than to T. ni larval herbivory, while plants with the R-enantiomer seemed more susceptible to T. ni larval herbivory when compared to B. cinerea. Ultimately, we observed recurrent GSL-OH loss, uncovered a complex origin story for the gene, and measured the bioactivity of the enzyme's metabolic products.","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145498272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A needle in the haystack: Single-cell omics of the distinct xylem differentiation programs in gymnosperms and angiosperms.","authors":"Leonard Blaschek","doi":"10.1093/plcell/koaf262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koaf262","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501012,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Cell","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145472785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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