Decisions made by leaders please some people and upset others. We examine whether the possibility of backlash has a differential impact on men’s and women’s self-selection into leadership roles, and their decisions as leaders. In a laboratory experiment that simulates corporate decision-making, we find that women are significantly less likely to self-select into a leadership position when they can receive backlash. Once in a leadership role, women get more backlash. There are some gender differences in leaders’ decision-making and communication styles under the threat of backlash, but little difference in final outcomes. An online experiment sheds light on possible mechanisms.
{"title":"Gender and Leadership in Organisations: The Threat of Backlash","authors":"Priyanka Chakraborty, Danila Serra","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead110","url":null,"abstract":"Decisions made by leaders please some people and upset others. We examine whether the possibility of backlash has a differential impact on men’s and women’s self-selection into leadership roles, and their decisions as leaders. In a laboratory experiment that simulates corporate decision-making, we find that women are significantly less likely to self-select into a leadership position when they can receive backlash. Once in a leadership role, women get more backlash. There are some gender differences in leaders’ decision-making and communication styles under the threat of backlash, but little difference in final outcomes. An online experiment sheds light on possible mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":501319,"journal":{"name":"The Economic Journal","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138563201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Local exposure to conservative news causes judges to impose harsher criminal sentences. Our evidence comes from an instrumental variables analysis, where randomness in television channel positioning across localities induces exogenous variation in exposure to Fox News Channel. These treatment data on news viewership are taken to outcomes data on almost 7 million criminal sentencing decisions in the United States for the years 2005-2017. Higher Fox News viewership increases incarceration length, and the effect is stronger for black defendants and for drug-related crimes. We can rule out changes in the behavior of police, prosecutors, or potential offenders as significant drivers. Consistent with changes in voter attitudes as the key mechanism, the effect on sentencing harshness is observed for elected (but not appointed) judges. Fox News viewership also increases self-reported beliefs about the importance of drug crime as a social problem.
{"title":"Conservative News Media and Criminal Justice: Evidence from Exposure to Fox News Channel","authors":"Elliott Ash, Michael Poyker","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead108","url":null,"abstract":"Local exposure to conservative news causes judges to impose harsher criminal sentences. Our evidence comes from an instrumental variables analysis, where randomness in television channel positioning across localities induces exogenous variation in exposure to Fox News Channel. These treatment data on news viewership are taken to outcomes data on almost 7 million criminal sentencing decisions in the United States for the years 2005-2017. Higher Fox News viewership increases incarceration length, and the effect is stronger for black defendants and for drug-related crimes. We can rule out changes in the behavior of police, prosecutors, or potential offenders as significant drivers. Consistent with changes in voter attitudes as the key mechanism, the effect on sentencing harshness is observed for elected (but not appointed) judges. Fox News viewership also increases self-reported beliefs about the importance of drug crime as a social problem.","PeriodicalId":501319,"journal":{"name":"The Economic Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138563776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper assesses the effects of adverse economic shocks on children’s mental health. We rely on the Brazilian High Risk Cohort Study for Mental Conditions, which provides an unprecedented array of data on psychopathology, life events, family medical history as well as parental behavior and polygenic scores for mental disorders over a 10-year period. Our empirical strategy exploits parental job loss events over time in a difference-in-differences framework. We document that parental job loss significantly worsens children’s mental health resulting in increased clinical diagnoses of mental disorders. These results are robust to several specifications and pre-trends. Heterogeneous results and mechanism analysis indicate that psychological distress in the household brought about by job loss events may be a key mechanism affecting children’s mental health.
{"title":"Economic Distress and Children’s Mental Health: Evidence from the Brazilian High Risk Cohort Study for Mental Conditions","authors":"L F Fontes, M Mrejen, B Rache, R Rocha","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead109","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses the effects of adverse economic shocks on children’s mental health. We rely on the Brazilian High Risk Cohort Study for Mental Conditions, which provides an unprecedented array of data on psychopathology, life events, family medical history as well as parental behavior and polygenic scores for mental disorders over a 10-year period. Our empirical strategy exploits parental job loss events over time in a difference-in-differences framework. We document that parental job loss significantly worsens children’s mental health resulting in increased clinical diagnoses of mental disorders. These results are robust to several specifications and pre-trends. Heterogeneous results and mechanism analysis indicate that psychological distress in the household brought about by job loss events may be a key mechanism affecting children’s mental health.","PeriodicalId":501319,"journal":{"name":"The Economic Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138563513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Epidemic exposure in an individual's “impressionable years” (ages 18 to 25) has a persistent negative effect on confidence in political institutions and leaders. This loss of trust is associated with epidemic-induced economic difficulties, such as lower income and unemployment later in life. It is observed for political institutions and leaders only and does not carry over to other institutions and individuals. A key exception is a strong negative effect on confidence in public health systems. This suggests that the distrust in political institutions and leaders is associated with the (in)effectiveness of a government's healthcare-related response to epidemics. We show that the loss of political trust is largest for individuals who experienced epidemics under weak governments with low policymaking capacity, and confirm that weak governments in fact took longer to introduce policy interventions in response to COVID-19. We report evidence that the epidemic-induced loss of political trust discourages electoral participation in the long term.
{"title":"The Political Scar of Epidemics","authors":"Barry Eichengreen, Orkun Saka, Cevat Giray Aksoy","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead103","url":null,"abstract":"Epidemic exposure in an individual's “impressionable years” (ages 18 to 25) has a persistent negative effect on confidence in political institutions and leaders. This loss of trust is associated with epidemic-induced economic difficulties, such as lower income and unemployment later in life. It is observed for political institutions and leaders only and does not carry over to other institutions and individuals. A key exception is a strong negative effect on confidence in public health systems. This suggests that the distrust in political institutions and leaders is associated with the (in)effectiveness of a government's healthcare-related response to epidemics. We show that the loss of political trust is largest for individuals who experienced epidemics under weak governments with low policymaking capacity, and confirm that weak governments in fact took longer to introduce policy interventions in response to COVID-19. We report evidence that the epidemic-induced loss of political trust discourages electoral participation in the long term.","PeriodicalId":501319,"journal":{"name":"The Economic Journal","volume":"65 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138521491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We use data from Pakistan to establish a reciprocal exchange relationship between the judiciary and the government. We document large transfers in the form of expensive real estate from the government to the judiciary, and reciprocation in the form of pro-government rulings from the judiciary to the government. Our estimates indicate that the allocation of houses to judges increases pro-government rulings and reduces decisions on case merits. The allocation also incurs a cumulative cost of 0.03% of GDP to the government. However, it allows the government to expropriate additional land worth 0.2% of GDP in one year.
{"title":"Judicial Capture","authors":"Sultan Mehmood, Bakhtawar Ali","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead106","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We use data from Pakistan to establish a reciprocal exchange relationship between the judiciary and the government. We document large transfers in the form of expensive real estate from the government to the judiciary, and reciprocation in the form of pro-government rulings from the judiciary to the government. Our estimates indicate that the allocation of houses to judges increases pro-government rulings and reduces decisions on case merits. The allocation also incurs a cumulative cost of 0.03% of GDP to the government. However, it allows the government to expropriate additional land worth 0.2% of GDP in one year.","PeriodicalId":501319,"journal":{"name":"The Economic Journal","volume":"33 36","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138601564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study the local evolution of female labour supply and cultural norms in West Germany in reaction to the sudden presence of East Germans who migrated to the West after reunification. These migrants grew up with high rates of maternal employment, whereas West German families mostly followed the traditional breadwinner-housewife model. We find that West German women increase their labour supply and that this holds within households. We provide additional evidence on stated gender norms, West-East friendships, intermarriage, and child care infrastructure. The dynamic evolution of the effects on labour supply is best explained by local cultural learning.
{"title":"Immigration, Female Labour Supply and Local Cultural Norms","authors":"Jonas Jessen, Sophia Schmitz, Felix Weinhardt","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead097","url":null,"abstract":"We study the local evolution of female labour supply and cultural norms in West Germany in reaction to the sudden presence of East Germans who migrated to the West after reunification. These migrants grew up with high rates of maternal employment, whereas West German families mostly followed the traditional breadwinner-housewife model. We find that West German women increase their labour supply and that this holds within households. We provide additional evidence on stated gender norms, West-East friendships, intermarriage, and child care infrastructure. The dynamic evolution of the effects on labour supply is best explained by local cultural learning.","PeriodicalId":501319,"journal":{"name":"The Economic Journal","volume":"65 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138521490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Early life circumstances are important determinants of long-run human capital and wellbeing outcomes. The first 1000 days of life are often cited as a ‘critical period’ for child development, but this notion has rarely been directly tested. In a setting where children are potentially subject to shocks in every year of their childhood, I estimate the impact of early life weather shocks on adult cognitive and socioemotional outcomes for individuals born in rural Indonesia between 1988 and 2000. There is a strong critical period for these shocks at age 2 for cognitive development, but no evidence for a similar critical period for socioemotional development. The effects appear to be driven by changes in agricultural income and nutritional investment. The impacts are initially latent, only appearing after age 15. I show suggestive evidence for dynamic complementarity in early life investments.
{"title":"Critical Periods in Cognitive and Socioemotional Development: Evidence from Weather Shocks in Indonesia","authors":"Duncan Webb","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead105","url":null,"abstract":"Early life circumstances are important determinants of long-run human capital and wellbeing outcomes. The first 1000 days of life are often cited as a ‘critical period’ for child development, but this notion has rarely been directly tested. In a setting where children are potentially subject to shocks in every year of their childhood, I estimate the impact of early life weather shocks on adult cognitive and socioemotional outcomes for individuals born in rural Indonesia between 1988 and 2000. There is a strong critical period for these shocks at age 2 for cognitive development, but no evidence for a similar critical period for socioemotional development. The effects appear to be driven by changes in agricultural income and nutritional investment. The impacts are initially latent, only appearing after age 15. I show suggestive evidence for dynamic complementarity in early life investments.","PeriodicalId":501319,"journal":{"name":"The Economic Journal","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138521492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vivi Alatas, Arun G Chandrasekhar, Markus Mobius, Benjamin A Olken, Cindy Paladines
Do celebrity endorsements matter? And if so, how can celebrities communicate effectively? We conduct a nationwide Twitter experiment in Indonesia promoting vaccination. Celebrity messages are 72 percent more likely to be passed on or liked than similar messages without a celebrity’s imprimatur. In total, 66 percent of the celebrity effect comes from authorship, compared to passing on messages. Citing external medical sources decreases retweets by 27 percent. Phone surveys show that those randomly exposed to messaging have fewer incorrect beliefs and report more vaccination among friends and neighbours. The results can inform public health campaigns and celebrity public service more generally.
{"title":"Do Celebrity Endorsements Matter? a Twitter Experiment Promoting Vaccination in Indonesia","authors":"Vivi Alatas, Arun G Chandrasekhar, Markus Mobius, Benjamin A Olken, Cindy Paladines","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead102","url":null,"abstract":"Do celebrity endorsements matter? And if so, how can celebrities communicate effectively? We conduct a nationwide Twitter experiment in Indonesia promoting vaccination. Celebrity messages are 72 percent more likely to be passed on or liked than similar messages without a celebrity’s imprimatur. In total, 66 percent of the celebrity effect comes from authorship, compared to passing on messages. Citing external medical sources decreases retweets by 27 percent. Phone surveys show that those randomly exposed to messaging have fewer incorrect beliefs and report more vaccination among friends and neighbours. The results can inform public health campaigns and celebrity public service more generally.","PeriodicalId":501319,"journal":{"name":"The Economic Journal","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138521486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martin Quinn, Miguel Godinho de Matos, Christian Peukert
We evaluate the welfare effects of the Roam-Like-At-Home regulation, which has drastically reduced the price of accessing the mobile Internet for residents of the European Economic Area (EEA) when travelling abroad in the EEA. Our estimates using individual-level consumption data suggest that consumer surplus increased by around € 2.44 per user and travel day. We show that around 40% of the consumer surplus gains originated from a reduction in deadweight loss, that is, new users accessing the mobile Internet. We also highlight that the regulation had a heterogeneous impact on consumers, varying with usage intensity and the reason for travel (business vs. leisure).
{"title":"The Welfare Effects of Mobile Internet Access: Evidence from Roam-Like-at-Home","authors":"Martin Quinn, Miguel Godinho de Matos, Christian Peukert","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead101","url":null,"abstract":"We evaluate the welfare effects of the Roam-Like-At-Home regulation, which has drastically reduced the price of accessing the mobile Internet for residents of the European Economic Area (EEA) when travelling abroad in the EEA. Our estimates using individual-level consumption data suggest that consumer surplus increased by around € 2.44 per user and travel day. We show that around 40% of the consumer surplus gains originated from a reduction in deadweight loss, that is, new users accessing the mobile Internet. We also highlight that the regulation had a heterogeneous impact on consumers, varying with usage intensity and the reason for travel (business vs. leisure).","PeriodicalId":501319,"journal":{"name":"The Economic Journal","volume":"36 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138521485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andreas de Barros, Johanna Fajardo-Gonzalez, Paul Glewwe, Ashwini Sankar
There is substantial emphasis on improving classroom practices, primarily through activity-based instruction, to increase the productivity of schooling. We study a large programme that seeks to promote mathematics learning in government primary schools in India. Through a cluster-randomised trial, we find that the programme increased activity-based instruction but yielded only muted impacts on learning. We provide a potential explanation: School value-added models suggest a negative relationship between activity-based instruction and test score gains. Our findings are robust to adding a community-engagement component to the intervention. These results highlight the limitations of activity-based instruction programmes for increasing school productivity.
{"title":"The Limitations of Activity-Based Instruction to Improve the Productivity of Schooling","authors":"Andreas de Barros, Johanna Fajardo-Gonzalez, Paul Glewwe, Ashwini Sankar","doi":"10.1093/ej/uead099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead099","url":null,"abstract":"There is substantial emphasis on improving classroom practices, primarily through activity-based instruction, to increase the productivity of schooling. We study a large programme that seeks to promote mathematics learning in government primary schools in India. Through a cluster-randomised trial, we find that the programme increased activity-based instruction but yielded only muted impacts on learning. We provide a potential explanation: School value-added models suggest a negative relationship between activity-based instruction and test score gains. Our findings are robust to adding a community-engagement component to the intervention. These results highlight the limitations of activity-based instruction programmes for increasing school productivity.","PeriodicalId":501319,"journal":{"name":"The Economic Journal","volume":"68 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138521487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：