bioRxiv - Zoology最新文献

{"title":"The Social and Nutritional Factors Controlling the Growth of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Queens","authors":"Omer Kama, Hagai Yehoshua Shpigler","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.05.611439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.05.611439","url":null,"abstract":"The honey bee queen is essential for colony function, laying thousands of eggs daily and determining the colony's genetic composition. Beekeepers cultivate and trade queens to enhance colony health and productivity. Despite its significance, artificial queen rearing in foster queenless colonies has remained largely unchanged for over a century, offering limited control over the environmental conditions influencing larval development. In this study, we developed a laboratory-based method for queen bee rearing, establishing a protocol for rearing queens in cages in the lab under controlled environmental conditions. We first investigated the minimal number of worker bees required to rear a single queen and found that groups of 200 workers raise queens with comparable success and weight to those reared in colonies. As a proof of concept, we examined the impact of larval age on rearing success in our new system. We found that the age of the larvae affects the success rate of queen development and that younger larvae developed into heavier queens than older larvae, as published in the past using the traditional queen-rearing method. Additionally, we assessed the influence of pollen nutrition on queen-rearing success, finding that a high pollen concentration is crucial for queen development. These findings and the new method provide a foundation for studying queen bee development in a controlled environment and offer potential applications for improving queen-rearing practices.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Honey bee egg composition changes seasonally and after acute maternal virus infection","authors":"Abigail Chapman, Alison A McAfee, Kenzie L. C. Wrightson, Armando Alcazar Magana, David R Tarpy, Julia D Fine, Zoe Rempel, Kira Peters, Rob W Currie, Shelley E Hoover, Leonard J Foster","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.05.611496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.05.611496","url":null,"abstract":"Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies depend on the reproductive output of their queens, which in turn is contingent on the care provided by worker bees. Viral infections in queens can compromise reproductive output, while worker infections can inhibit the successful functioning of a colony and its ability to care for the queen. Transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) occurs when queens transfer immune-related compounds or immune elicitors to their offspring, enhancing the ability of subsequent generations to resist infections. These maternal effects on offspring could positively impact colony health and resilience to viral infections, but little is currently known about TGIP for viruses. In this study, we investigate how viral infections affect the proteomic composition of eggs laid by virus-challenged queens (injected with a mixture of black queen cell virus and deformed wing virus B), both in controlled experimental settings and natural field conditions. Our results showed that virus-challenged queens upregulated immune effectors in their eggs and ovaries. In contrast, naturally infected queens from field surveys did not; there were no significant differences in egg protein, lipid, or metabolite composition related to maternal viral load or ovary size. However, egg collection date strongly influenced egg composition, likely reflecting seasonal variations in pollen resources. These findings highlight that while viral infections can induce transgenerational effects on egg proteomes under short-term experimental conditions, such effects are less apparent in natural settings and can be overshadowed by seasonal and other ecological factors.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenomics of a genus of \"Great Speciators\" reveals rampant incomplete lineage sorting, gene flow, and mitochondrial capture in island systems","authors":"Jenna McCullough, Chad Eliason, Shannon J Hackett, Corinne E Myers, Michael J Andersen","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.28.610082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.28.610082","url":null,"abstract":"The flora and fauna of island systems, especially those in the Indo-Pacific, are renowned for their high diversification rates and outsized contribution to the development of evolutionary theories. The total diversity of geographic radiations of many Indo-Pacific fauna is often incompletely sampled in phylogenetic studies due to the difficulty in obtaining single island endemic forms across the Pacific and the relatively poor performance of degraded DNA when using museum specimens for inference of evolutionary relationships. New methods for production and analysis of genome-wide datasets sourced from degraded DNA are facilitating insights into the complex evolutionary histories of these influential island faunas. Here, we leverage whole genome resequencing (20X average coverage) and extensive sampling of all taxonomic diversity within Todiramphus kingfishers, a rapid radiation of largely island endemic \"Great Speciators.\" We find that whole genome datasets do not outright resolve the evolutionary relationships of this clade: four types of molecular markers (UCEs, BUSCOs, SNPs, and mtDNA) and tree building methods did not find a single well-supported and concordant species-level topology. We then uncover evidence of widespread incomplete lineage sorting and both ancient and contemporary gene flow and demonstrate how these factors contribute to conflicting evolutionary histories. Our complete taxonomic sampling allowed us to further identify a novel case of mitochondrial capture between two allopatric species, suggesting a potential historical (but since lost) hybrid zone as islands were successively colonized. Taken together, these results highlight how increased genomic and taxon sampling can reveal complex evolutionary patterns in rapid island radiations.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"173 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Missing links connect the phylogeographic structure of endangered red pandas, remaining as one species -- Ailurus fulgens, and expediting conservation","authors":"Lucy A. Dueck, Deniz Aygoren Uluer","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.27.609966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.27.609966","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring biodiversity depends on well-informed taxonomy, reflecting the underlying biology of organisms critical for appropriate conservation management. The taxonomy of red pandas, endangered mammals distributed along a ~2500km montane range fringing the southern Tibetan Plateau, has been perplexing. Finally resolved as evolutionarily unique Musteloidea, further division of Ailurus into two geographic variants remains contentious. Red pandas are threatened by extinction from anthropogenic disturbances with consequent population decline; continued gene flow is therefore crucial to maintain adaptive potential. A recent phylogenomic study from sampling range ends and a constrictive species concept split red pandas into two species. Subsequent studies supplied additional data missing from their midrange. We evaluated GenBank mtDNA sequences from 393 animals, plotted sampling locations, and analyzed with and without midrange samples. Two sublineages of monophyletic Ailurus were weakly supported by one method when the midrange was excluded, but not when it was included. Using more stringent analyses, Ailurus was strongly confirmed as a single species in all circumstances, although the western sublineage (A. f. fulgens) was weakly supported within. Four haplogroups associated with specific regions, suggesting broad phylogeographic patterning and gene flow, with sympatric crossover and a cline bracketing unsampled Bhutan in the midrange. Red pandas are due for IUCN Red List reassessment in 2025; unwarranted taxonomic revision would delay and imperil action needed to prevent extinction. We recommend maintaining Ailurus as one species, recognizing and protecting biodiversity at one intraspecific level, allowing for gene flow in conservation management, and extensively investigating intergradation of midrange red pandas.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolution of wasp mimicry and biogeography in the genus Temnostoma (Diptera: Syrphidae)","authors":"Jiří Hadrava, Jan Klečka, Kevin Moran, Irena Klečková, Scott Kelso, Claudia Etzbauer, Jeffrey H. Skevington, Ximo Mengual","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.27.609869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.27.609869","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most remarkable examples of Batesian mimicry occurs in the genus Temnostoma Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (Diptera: Syrphidae). Adults of this genus have an overall resemblance to hymenopterans combined with behavioural mimicry (they move the fore legs in front of the head mimicking hymenopteran antennae). While some species of Temnostoma are considered perfect mimics of social wasps, other species have a darker colour pattern and are rather imperfect mimics. Both colour morphs are widespread through the Holarctic. Here, we infer for the first time the evolutionary history of the genus with special focus on the evolution of mimicry and biogeography. With material covering 75 % of known species of Temnostoma and both colour morphs from each biogeographical region, we inferred a molecular phylogeny based on six molecular markers (mitochondrial protein-coding COI gene, nuclear 28s rRNA gene, and four nuclear protein-coding genes: AATS, CK1, TULP, and RBP-15). Using Bayesian inference, we obtained a highly resolved phylogenetic tree supporting the monophyly of the genus Temnostoma as a sister group of genus Takaomyia Hervé-Bazin, 1914. Within Temnostoma, Te. daochus and Te. barberi (two Nearctic species with strikingly different mimicry patterns) were found to be closely related to each other and together form a lineage sister to the rest of the genus. Our results suggest that the behavioural mimicry of wasp antennae is a plesiomorphic state inherited from a common ancestor that includes the genera Temnostoma and Takaomyia. Within Temnostoma, the dark colour pattern (imperfect mimicry) appeared to be an ancestral state and perfect wasp mimicry evolved two times independently within the genus. In some species inhabiting northern parts of the Holarctic, secondary darkening and consequent degradation of the wasp mimicry appeared. This indicates high evolutionary plasticity and ongoing selection pressure on morphological characters related to mimicry in hover flies.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuropeptides from a praying mantis: What the loss of pyrokinins and tryptopyrokinins suggests about the endocrine functions of these peptides","authors":"Jan Adrianus Veenstra","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.22.609177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.22.609177","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Neuropeptides play important roles in insects, but in many cases their functions remain obscure. Comparative neuropeptidome analyses may provide clues to what these functions might be. Praying mantises are predators and close relatives of cockroaches that are scavengers. Cockroach neuropeptidomes are well established, but little is known about mantis neuropeptides. The recently published genome assembly of the praying mantis Tenodera sinensis makes it possble to change that. Methods. The genome assembly from T. sinensis was analyzed for the presence of genes coding neuropeptides. For comparison publicly available short read archives from this and other mantis species were also examined for the presence and expression of neuropeptides.\u0000Results. As a rule the neuropeptidomes of the Mantodea and Blattodea are almost identical; praying mantises and cockroaches use very similar neuropeptides. However, there is one surprising exception. Praying mantises lack the receptors for pyrokinins, including those for the tryptopyrokinins. No typical pyrokinin genes were found, but some species do have a tryptopyrokinin gene, in others this has also been lost and in one species it is a speudogene. For most praying mantises there is no information where tryptopyrokinin is expressed, but in Deroplatys truncata it is in the thorax and thus not in the suboesophageal ganglion as in other insects. In the genomic short read archives of two species, out 52, sequences were found for a tryptopyrokinin specific receptor. The phylogenetic position of those two species implies that the receptor gene was independently lost on multiple occasions. The loss of the tryptopyrokinin gene also happened more than once.\u0000Discussion. The multiple independent losses of the pyrokinin receptors in mantises suggests that these receptors are irrelevant in praying mantises. This is very surprising, since expression of tryptopyrokinin is very strongly conserved in two neuroendocrine cells in the suboeosphageal ganglion. In those species for which this is known, the expression of its receptor is in the salivary gland. As a neuroendocrine. tryptopyrokinin is unlikely to acutely regulate salivation, which in other insects is regulated by well characterized neurons. If the action of tryptopyrokinin were to prime the salivary gland for subsequent salivation, it would make perfect sense for a praying mantis to loose this capacity, as they can not anticipate when they will catch their next prey. Priming the salivary gland hours before it is actually needed would be energetically costly. The other pyrokinins are known to facilitate feeding and may in a similar fashion prime muscles needed for moving to the food source and digesting it. This hypothesis provides a good explanation as to why praying mantises do not need pyrokinins and also what the function of these ubiquitous arthropod neuropeptides may be.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the uncharted: Novel potential filariasis vectors unveiled in Sri Lanka","authors":"Sachini U Nimalrathna, Chathuri Amarasiri, Kaveesha Aluthge, Chandana Mallawarachchi, Nilmini Chandrasena, Nissanka de Silva, Nilanthi de Silva, Michael Kimber, Hiruni Harischandra","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.23.609308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.23.609308","url":null,"abstract":"Brugian filariasis (BF) has reemerged in Sri Lanka recently. Studies suggest the emergence of a variant brugian parasite. Knowledge on transmission dynamics is important in restraining the spread of infection. This study investigated the potential vector mosquitoes of this variant brugian parasite around six indexed human BF cases in five BF endemic districts in Sri Lanka. A total of 1711 mosquitoes from 20 species were analyzed. Potential infective mosquitoes were detected by the presence of L3 larval stage of brugian parasites within the head and thorax regions upon dissections and confirmed by amplification of the Brugia species-specific HhaI region. Twelve (12) mosquito species that could potentially serve as vectors for BF transmission in selected endemic areas in the country were identified due to the presence of L3 larvae in the head and thorax regions. This is the first report of Ma. indiana, Ar. subalbatus, Ae. albopictus, Cq. crassipes, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. gelidus, Cx. lopoceraomyia and Cx. vishnui with the potential of serving as vectors for BF transmission in Sri Lanka and Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. gelidus, Cx. lopoceraomyia and Cx. vishnui in the world through a field study. Of these, Ma. indiana, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ar. subalbatus together with Ma. uniformis, Ma. annulifera had the highest prevalence and infection rate at certain study sites. The recovery of parasite-positive Ma. indiana, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ar. subalbatus mosquitoes from window traps demonstrate the probable anthropophilic nature of these species, and their high prevalence in the respective areas deems further investigation on their vector potentiality essential.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing air density affects flight costs in low-flying birds","authors":"Emily L C Shepard, Baptiste Garde, Krishnamoorthy Krishnan, Adam Fell, Vikash Tataya, Carl G Jones, Nik C Cole, Emmanouil Lempidakis","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.21.608961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.21.608961","url":null,"abstract":"Regional patterns in wind underpin the low-cost migratory flyways of billions of birds and insects, but how large-scale changes in temperature affect flight is unknown. Flight costs should increase with rising temperatures, because lift decreases as density decreases, whereas weight remains unchanged. The effects of air density on flight costs are well-established in the context of high-altitude movements and migration. Here, we examine the impact of air density on low-flying birds, in relation to seasonal, regional and global changes in temperature. Using multi-sensor loggers, we find that air density was the most important predictor of wingbeat frequency in red-tailed tropicbirds (Phaethon rubricauda) breeding year-round in Mauritius. Lower air densities in the Austral summer were associated with a small but significant increase in mean wingbeat frequency, which translated to an estimated 1-2% increase in flight costs. The variation in flight costs increased by an order of magnitude when considered in space, rather than time, with flight costs varying by ≥ 10 % across the tropicbirds range. Changes in air density can therefore be an important determinant of flight costs even when birds are operating close to sea-level. Indeed, mapping air density at sea-level revealed that global temperature gradients cause effective altitude to vary by >2 km when considered as seasonal averages. This invisible topography at sea-level could have influenced the biogeography of flight morphologies and life-history traits.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature fluctuations influence predictions of landscape-scale patterns of spruce budworm defoliation","authors":"Emily Nicole Black, Deepa S Pureswaran, Katie Elizabeth Marshall","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.19.608715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.19.608715","url":null,"abstract":"The geographic range of insects is heavily influenced by their tolerance for stressful abiotic conditions, including temperature. While many studies on insect thermal tolerance consider temperature exposure, the frequency of temperature exposures is emerging as an important and generally overlooked driver of insect fitness. The (eastern) spruce budworm (<em>Choristoneura fumiferana</em>) is a lepidopteran defoliating pest of coniferous forests across Canada whose outbreaks lead to large-scale tree mortality. Studies have shown the frequency of temperature fluctuations affects spruce budworm overwintering survival rates in the laboratory; however, the influence of temperature fluctuations on spruce budworm defoliation at the landscape level has not been investigated. We used a species distribution model approach to evaluate the influence of temperature fluctuations on the distribution and severity of spruce budworm defoliation. We combined publicly available maps of spruce budworm outbreaks between 2006-2016 in Quebec with climate, temperature fluctuation, and forest composition predictors to train a species distribution model. Our model evaluated how predictors influence spruce budworm defoliation, and compared these results to a model trained without temperature fluctuations. Additionally, we predicted future spruce budworm defoliation under 2041-2070 climate change conditions using the models trained with and without temperature fluctuation predictors and compared the results to determine the effect of temperature fluctuations on future defoliation predictions. We found that model performance improved with the inclusion of temperature fluctuation predictors, and these predictors ranked highly, relative to predictors in other categories. The model trained with temperature fluctuation predictors also predicted vastly different defoliation distribution and severity across Quebec and Ontario than the model trained without them under climate change conditions. These results reveal the previously overlooked importance of temperature fluctuations on landscape-scale spruce budworm defoliation and support their inclusion in insect species distribution models.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The heat sensitivity of sperm in the lizard Anolis sagrei","authors":"Wayne Wen-Yeu Wang, Alex R. Gunderson, Natalie R. Page, Anthony M. Strickler, Alicia K. Kusaka","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.14.607821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.14.607821","url":null,"abstract":"The heat sensitivity of reproduction is a critical determinant of population persistence under climate change. However, the heat sensitivity of gametes is poorly known relative to adults. We developed a method to measure the heat tolerance of lizard sperm cells, and used the method to test several aspects of sperm cell thermal biology in the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei). We estimated the repeatability of sperm traits by measuring heat tolerance and baseline motility of ejaculated sperm from the same individuals multiple times over 21 days. To investigate co-adaptation of sperm and adult thermal traits, we tested for a correlation between sperm heat tolerance and the heat tolerance of adults that produced them. Furthermore, we tested for effects of episodic heat stress experienced by males on sperm performance. Sperm heat tolerance and motility were both repeatable, consistent with evolutionary potential, though there was clear evidence for environmental effects on these traits as well. Contrary to the expectation of thermal co-adaptation, we found no correlation between sperm and adult heat tolerance. A single, episodic extreme heat event experienced by adult males immediately impaired sperm motility, consistent with detrimental effects of adult heat stress on stored sperm. Our study adds to the mounting evidence that sperm are heat-sensitive and represent a vulnerability to global warming, but also suggest evolutionary potential for thermal adaptation at the gamete level.","PeriodicalId":501575,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Zoology","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}