Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103025
Dena Bravata , Jonathan Cantor , Neeraj Sood , Christopher Whaley
The effects of school closures on COVID-19 transmission remain unclear, even after the conclusion of the national Public Health Emergency. We use healthcare claims data from 130 million household-week observations linked to smartphone mobility data to measure the effects of changes in county-level visits to schools on COVID-19 outcomes. We use a triple-differences approach that leverages within-county differences in exposure between families with and without school-age children and find modest impacts. We find increases in COVID-19 infection rates, with larger differences in low-income and higher COVID-19 prevalence counties.
{"title":"Back to school: The effect of school visits during COVID-19 on COVID-19 outcomes","authors":"Dena Bravata , Jonathan Cantor , Neeraj Sood , Christopher Whaley","doi":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of school closures on COVID-19 transmission remain unclear, even after the conclusion of the national Public Health Emergency. We use healthcare claims data from 130 million household-week observations linked to smartphone mobility data to measure the effects of changes in county-level visits to schools on COVID-19 outcomes. We use a triple-differences approach that leverages within-county differences in exposure between families with and without school-age children and find modest impacts. We find increases in COVID-19 infection rates, with larger differences in low-income and higher COVID-19 prevalence counties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50186,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Economics","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 103025"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103027
Donghoon Lee , Anirban Basu , Jerome A. Dugan , Pinar Karaca-Mandic
The paper examines whether, among inpatient psychiatric admissions in California, for-profit (FP) hospitals engage in cream skimming, i.e., selecting patients for some characteristic(s) other than their need for care, which enhances the profitability of the provider. We propose a novel approach to identifying cream skimming using cost outcomes. Naïve treatment effect estimates of hospital ownership type consist of the combined effects of differential patient case mix (selection) and hospital cost containment strategies (execution). In contrast, an instrumental variable (IV) approach can control for case mix and establish the causal effects of ownership type due to its execution. We interpret the difference between the naïve and IV treatment effects to be driven by FP hospitals’ selection based on unobserved patient case mix. Our findings on patient selection show that FP hospitals are more likely than their not-for-profit (NFP) counterparts to admit higher-cost patients (who tend to be less profitable under the existing inpatient psychiatric care payment systems), providing no evidence of cream skimming by FP hospitals. Furthermore, our estimates of hospital execution indicate that FP hospitals are more likely than NFP hospitals to deliver inpatient services at lower costs. These results may alleviate concerns about the recent proliferation of FP psychiatric hospitals, particularly regarding cream skimming in this market.
{"title":"Do for-profit hospitals cream-skim patients? Evidence from inpatient psychiatric care in California","authors":"Donghoon Lee , Anirban Basu , Jerome A. Dugan , Pinar Karaca-Mandic","doi":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper examines whether, among inpatient psychiatric admissions in California, for-profit (FP) hospitals engage in cream skimming, i.e., selecting patients for some characteristic(s) other than their need for care, which enhances the profitability of the provider. We propose a novel approach to identifying cream skimming using cost outcomes. Naïve treatment effect estimates of hospital ownership type consist of the combined effects of differential patient case mix (selection) and hospital cost containment strategies (execution). In contrast, an instrumental variable (IV) approach can control for case mix and establish the causal effects of ownership type due to its execution. We interpret the difference between the naïve and IV treatment effects to be driven by FP hospitals’ selection based on unobserved patient case mix. Our findings on patient selection show that FP hospitals are more likely than their not-for-profit (NFP) counterparts to admit higher-cost patients (who tend to be less profitable under the existing inpatient psychiatric care payment systems), providing no evidence of cream skimming by FP hospitals. Furthermore, our estimates of hospital execution indicate that FP hospitals are more likely than NFP hospitals to deliver inpatient services at lower costs. These results may alleviate concerns about the recent proliferation of FP psychiatric hospitals, particularly regarding cream skimming in this market.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50186,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Economics","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 103027"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-05-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103013
Chad Cotti , Charles Courtemanche , Yang Liang , Johanna Catherine Maclean , Erik Nesson , Joseph J. Sabia
Advocates for sales restrictions on flavored e-cigarettes argue that flavors appeal to young people and lead them down a path to nicotine addiction. Using data from a variety of surveys (Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, and Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health), this study is among the first to examine the effect of state and local restrictions on the sale of flavored electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) products on youth and young adult tobacco use. We find robust evidence that the adoption of an ENDS flavor restriction reduces short-run frequent and everyday ENDS use among youths by approximately two-to-three percentage-points. Some evidence suggests that this effect weakens after two years. We also document reductions in ENDS use among young adults aged 18-30 that appear to strengthen after two years. Finally, evidence suggests substitution from flavored ENDS to unflavored ENDS and cigarettes among certain age groups.
{"title":"The effect of e-cigarette flavor bans on tobacco use","authors":"Chad Cotti , Charles Courtemanche , Yang Liang , Johanna Catherine Maclean , Erik Nesson , Joseph J. Sabia","doi":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advocates for sales restrictions on flavored e-cigarettes argue that flavors appeal to young people and lead them down a path to nicotine addiction. Using data from a variety of surveys (Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, and Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health), this study is among the first to examine the effect of state and local restrictions on the sale of flavored electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) products on youth and young adult tobacco use. We find robust evidence that the adoption of an ENDS flavor restriction reduces short-run frequent and everyday ENDS use among youths by approximately two-to-three percentage-points. Some evidence suggests that this effect weakens after two years. We also document reductions in ENDS use among young adults aged 18-30 that appear to strengthen after two years. Finally, evidence suggests substitution from flavored ENDS to unflavored ENDS and cigarettes among certain age groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50186,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Economics","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 103013"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103015
Christopher J. Ruhm
This study investigates whether worsening mental health has played a significant role in the rising mortality rates experienced by some population groups in the early 21st century, a question that has gained prominence with increased attention to so-called “deaths of despair.” The main takeaway is that although declining psychological health has likely contributed to adverse mortality trends—especially among prime-age non-Hispanic Whites—its overall impact is limited and not well captured by standard definitions of “deaths of despair.” Five key findings support this conclusion. First, mental health deteriorated between 1993 and 2019 for all population groups examined. Second, these declines are associated with higher predicted death rates and help explain worsening mortality trends for prime-age non-Hispanic Whites and, to a lesser extent, non-Hispanic Blacks between 1999 and 2019. Third, while these correlations lend some support to the broader idea of “deaths of despair,” the specific causes comprising them appear to be both more expansive and different from those previously emphasized. Fourth, heterogeneity in how worsening mental distress affects mortality—rather than in mental health trends themselves—is more important in explaining Black-White disparities in its overall impact. Finally, in the primary specifications, deteriorating mental health accounts for an estimated 9 % to 29 % of the rise in mortality rates among prime-age Whites in recent years.
{"title":"Mental health and mortality trends in the United States","authors":"Christopher J. Ruhm","doi":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates whether worsening mental health has played a significant role in the rising mortality rates experienced by some population groups in the early 21st century, a question that has gained prominence with increased attention to so-called “deaths of despair.” The main takeaway is that although declining psychological health has likely contributed to adverse mortality trends—especially among prime-age non-Hispanic Whites—its overall impact is limited and not well captured by standard definitions of “deaths of despair.” Five key findings support this conclusion. First, mental health deteriorated between 1993 and 2019 for all population groups examined. Second, these declines are associated with higher predicted death rates and help explain worsening mortality trends for prime-age non-Hispanic Whites and, to a lesser extent, non-Hispanic Blacks between 1999 and 2019. Third, while these correlations lend some support to the broader idea of “deaths of despair,” the specific causes comprising them appear to be both more expansive and different from those previously emphasized. Fourth, heterogeneity in how worsening mental distress affects mortality—rather than in mental health trends themselves—is more important in explaining Black-White disparities in its overall impact. Finally, in the primary specifications, deteriorating mental health accounts for an estimated 9 % to 29 % of the rise in mortality rates among prime-age Whites in recent years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50186,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Economics","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 103015"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103020
Jill R. Horwitz , Austin Nichols , Anthony Yu , Carrie H. Colla , David M. Cutler
Estimates of the impact of Certificate of Need (CON) laws on medical care have been inconsistent, possibly because not all CON laws apply to all services. Using an original dataset identifying imaging-related CON laws and a regression discontinuity design at state borders, we estimate the effects of CON on the use and quality of diagnostic imaging. Medicare beneficiaries in regulated states are less likely to receive any image and even less likely to receive low-value imaging than beneficiaries in unregulated states. High-value imaging is unaffected. Overall, CON for imaging reduces low-value care and leaves high-value care unchanged.
{"title":"Technology regulation reconsidered: The effects of certificate of need policies on the quantity and quality of diagnostic imaging","authors":"Jill R. Horwitz , Austin Nichols , Anthony Yu , Carrie H. Colla , David M. Cutler","doi":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Estimates of the impact of Certificate of Need (CON) laws on medical care have been inconsistent, possibly because not all CON laws apply to all services. Using an original dataset identifying imaging-related CON laws and a regression discontinuity design at state borders, we estimate the effects of CON on the use and quality of diagnostic imaging. Medicare beneficiaries in regulated states are less likely to receive any image and even less likely to receive low-value imaging than beneficiaries in unregulated states. High-value imaging is unaffected. Overall, CON for imaging reduces low-value care and leaves high-value care unchanged.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50186,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Economics","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 103020"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-05DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103003
Adeline Delavande , Emilia Del Bono , Angus Holford
This paper examines belief imprecision in the context of COVID-19, when uncertainty about health outcomes was widespread. We survey a sample of young adults a few months after the onset of the pandemic. We elicit individuals’ minimum and maximum subjective probabilities of different health outcomes, and define belief imprecision as the range between these values. We document substantial heterogeneity in the degree of imprecision across respondents, which remains largely unexplained by standard demographic characteristics. To assess the behavioral impact of imprecise beliefs, we ask beliefs about future outcomes under hypothetical scenarios that feature different levels of protective behaviors. We find that individuals who expect protective behaviors to reduce not only the subjective probability of a negative health outcome, but also the degree of imprecision associated with it, behave more protectively.
{"title":"Imprecise health beliefs and health behavior","authors":"Adeline Delavande , Emilia Del Bono , Angus Holford","doi":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines belief imprecision in the context of COVID-19, when uncertainty about health outcomes was widespread. We survey a sample of young adults a few months after the onset of the pandemic. We elicit individuals’ minimum and maximum subjective probabilities of different health outcomes, and define belief imprecision as the range between these values. We document substantial heterogeneity in the degree of imprecision across respondents, which remains largely unexplained by standard demographic characteristics. To assess the behavioral impact of imprecise beliefs, we ask beliefs about future outcomes under hypothetical scenarios that feature different levels of protective behaviors. We find that individuals who expect protective behaviors to reduce not only the subjective probability of a negative health outcome, but also the degree of imprecision associated with it, behave more protectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50186,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Economics","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 103003"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-03-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.102990
Julian House , Nicola Lacetera , Mario Macis , Nina Mazar
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Nudging the Nudger: A Field Experiment on the Effect of Performance Feedback to Increase Organ Donor Registrations” [Journal of Health Economics, 97, 102914, 2024]","authors":"Julian House , Nicola Lacetera , Mario Macis , Nina Mazar","doi":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.102990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.102990","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50186,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Economics","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102990"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-04-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.102994
Hélène Schernberg
Temporal risk aversion can justify a social genetic insurance scheme, even in the absence of reclassification risk. I model individuals who take a genetic test in period 0 and may become ill in period 2. I show that redistributing from low-risk to high-risk individuals in period 1 can increase social welfare, even when the high-risk are not financially penalized. Temporally risk-averse individuals value reductions in the risk to their lifetime utility brought by illness, such as increased morbidity and mortality. A social insurance can achieve this by taxing the low-risk and subsidizing the high-risk. I calibrate a multi-period life-cycle model for breast cancer and Huntington’s disease and quantify the optimal redistribution. For these two conditions, which are rare, substantial transfers to the high-risk can be achieved with minimal taxation on the low-risk. Thus, the welfare of the high-risk is substantially improved with little impact on the low-risk.
{"title":"Social genetic insurance: A life-cycle perspective","authors":"Hélène Schernberg","doi":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.102994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.102994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temporal risk aversion can justify a social genetic insurance scheme, even in the absence of reclassification risk. I model individuals who take a genetic test in period 0 and may become ill in period 2. I show that redistributing from low-risk to high-risk individuals in period 1 can increase social welfare, even when the high-risk are not financially penalized. Temporally risk-averse individuals value reductions in the risk to their lifetime utility brought by illness, such as increased morbidity and mortality. A social insurance can achieve this by taxing the low-risk and subsidizing the high-risk. I calibrate a multi-period life-cycle model for breast cancer and Huntington’s disease and quantify the optimal redistribution. For these two conditions, which are rare, substantial transfers to the high-risk can be achieved with minimal taxation on the low-risk. Thus, the welfare of the high-risk is substantially improved with little impact on the low-risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50186,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Economics","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102994"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-03-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.102986
Alexander Ahammer , Analisa Packham
We provide new evidence on the returns to more targeted disability insurance (DI) programs in terms of labor force participation, program spillovers, and worker health. To do so, we analyze Austrian workers after a workplace injury that experience differential levels of application screening. We find that when workers face stricter screening, they are more likely to remain in the labor force. However, we estimate no statistical differences in any physical or mental health outcomes, and can rule out large effects on overall healthcare utilization. Our findings imply that imposing stricter DI screening can yield large fiscal benefits, on the margin.
{"title":"Disability insurance screening and worker health","authors":"Alexander Ahammer , Analisa Packham","doi":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.102986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.102986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We provide new evidence on the returns to more targeted disability insurance (DI) programs in terms of labor force participation, program spillovers, and worker health. To do so, we analyze Austrian workers after a workplace injury that experience differential levels of application screening. We find that when workers face stricter screening, they are more likely to remain in the labor force. However, we estimate no statistical differences in any physical or mental health outcomes, and can rule out large effects on overall healthcare utilization. Our findings imply that imposing stricter DI screening can yield large fiscal benefits, on the margin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50186,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Economics","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102986"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-02-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.102971
Danea Horn
The 340B Drug Pricing Program incentivizes healthcare providers to increase medication use. It does this by allowing certain safety-net hospitals and clinics to purchase outpatient drugs at considerable discounts from manufacturers but be reimbursed at full price by payers. Yet, previous literature has left largely unstudied how the 340B program influences physician prescribing behavior. In this paper, I provide evidence of physician agency among 340B providers in the treatment of breast cancer. I leverage the staggered diffusion of the program to identify the impact of 340B participation on prescribing behavior and patient outcomes. Physicians who join the 340B program increase the share of patients who receive pharmaceutical treatments and increase the intensity of per-patient prescribing. I also find significant increases in prescribing medications that are not included in clinical treatment recommendations and medications to treat side effects. Despite more intensive treatment use, I find no statistically significant change in survival.
{"title":"The incentive to treat: Physician agency and the expansion of the 340B drug pricing program","authors":"Danea Horn","doi":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.102971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.102971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The 340B Drug Pricing Program incentivizes healthcare providers to increase medication use. It does this by allowing certain safety-net hospitals and clinics to purchase outpatient drugs at considerable discounts from manufacturers but be reimbursed at full price by payers. Yet, previous literature has left largely unstudied how the 340B program influences physician prescribing behavior. In this paper, I provide evidence of physician agency among 340B providers in the treatment of breast cancer. I leverage the staggered diffusion of the program to identify the impact of 340B participation on prescribing behavior and patient outcomes. Physicians who join the 340B program increase the share of patients who receive pharmaceutical treatments and increase the intensity of per-patient prescribing. I also find significant increases in prescribing medications that are not included in clinical treatment recommendations and medications to treat side effects. Despite more intensive treatment use, I find no statistically significant change in survival.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50186,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Economics","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102971"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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