Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.3390/batteries10070257
Decebal Aitor Ispas-Gil, E. Zulueta, J. Olarte, Asier Zulueta, U. Fernández-Gámiz
This paper presents an extensive study on the electrochemical, shunt currents, and hydraulic modeling of a vanadium redox flow battery of m stacks and n cells per stack. The shunt currents model of the battery has been developed through the use of Kirchoff’s laws, taking into account the different design cases that can occur and enumerating the equations of nodes and meshes specifying them so that the software implementation can be performed in a direct way. The hydraulic model has been developed by numerical methods. These models are put to work simultaneously in order to simulate the behavior of a VRFB battery during charging and discharging, obtaining the pressure losses and shunt currents that occur in the battery. Using these models, and by using a PSO-type optimization algorithm, specifically designed for discrete variables, the battery design is optimized in order to minimize the round-trip efficiency losses due to pressure losses and shunt currents. In the optimization of the battery design, value is given to the number of stacks in which the total number of cells in the battery is distributed and the dimensions of the piping relative to both the stacks and the cells.
本文对由 m 个电池堆和每个电池堆 n 个电池组成的钒氧化还原液流电池的电化学、并联电流和水力模型进行了广泛研究。电池的并联电流模型是利用基尔霍夫定律建立的，其中考虑到了可能出现的不同设计情况，并列举了节点方程和网格，以便直接进行软件实施。水力模型是通过数值方法建立的。这些模型同时工作，以模拟 VRFB 电池在充电和放电过程中的行为，获得电池中出现的压力损失和并联电流。利用这些模型，并使用专门为离散变量设计的 PSO 类型优化算法，对电池设计进行优化，以最大限度地减少压力损失和并联电流造成的往返效率损失。在优化电池设计时，要重视电池组中电池总数分布的电池堆数量，以及相对于电池堆和电池的管道尺寸。
{"title":"Optimization of the Shunt Currents and Pressure Losses of a VRFB by Applying a Discrete PSO Algorithm","authors":"Decebal Aitor Ispas-Gil, E. Zulueta, J. Olarte, Asier Zulueta, U. Fernández-Gámiz","doi":"10.3390/batteries10070257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10070257","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an extensive study on the electrochemical, shunt currents, and hydraulic modeling of a vanadium redox flow battery of m stacks and n cells per stack. The shunt currents model of the battery has been developed through the use of Kirchoff’s laws, taking into account the different design cases that can occur and enumerating the equations of nodes and meshes specifying them so that the software implementation can be performed in a direct way. The hydraulic model has been developed by numerical methods. These models are put to work simultaneously in order to simulate the behavior of a VRFB battery during charging and discharging, obtaining the pressure losses and shunt currents that occur in the battery. Using these models, and by using a PSO-type optimization algorithm, specifically designed for discrete variables, the battery design is optimized in order to minimize the round-trip efficiency losses due to pressure losses and shunt currents. In the optimization of the battery design, value is given to the number of stacks in which the total number of cells in the battery is distributed and the dimensions of the piping relative to both the stacks and the cells.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"121 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141822053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.3390/batteries10070256
T. Tene, S. Bellucci, M. Guevara, Paul Romero, Alberto Guapi, L. Gahramanli, Salvatore Straface, Lorenzo S. Caputi, Cristian Vacacela Gomez
The evolution of electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) has significantly benefited from advancements in graphene-based materials, particularly graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). This systematic review consolidates and analyzes existing research on the roles of GO and rGO in enhancing the performance of EDLCs, focusing on synthesis methods, electrode fabrication, electrolytes, and performance metrics such as capacitance, energy density, and cycling stability. Following the PICOS and PRISMA frameworks, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and IEEE Xplore, covering the period from 2010 to 2023. A total of 128 articles were initially identified, with 27 studies meeting the inclusion criteria after rigorous screening and full-text analysis. Key findings reveal that the incorporation of GO and rGO in EDLCs leads to significant improvements in specific capacitance, energy density, and cycling stability. Notable advancements include novel synthesis techniques and composite materials such as nitrogen-doped graphene, graphene/polyaniline hybrids, and various metal oxide–graphene composites, which exhibit superior electrochemical performance. However, challenges such as material scalability, environmental sustainability, and consistency in synthesis methods remain. This review stresses the great potential of GO and rGO in the development of high-performance EDLCs and highlights the need for continued research to address existing challenges and further optimize material properties and fabrication techniques.
{"title":"Role of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide in Electric Double-Layer Capacitors: A Systematic Review","authors":"T. Tene, S. Bellucci, M. Guevara, Paul Romero, Alberto Guapi, L. Gahramanli, Salvatore Straface, Lorenzo S. Caputi, Cristian Vacacela Gomez","doi":"10.3390/batteries10070256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10070256","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) has significantly benefited from advancements in graphene-based materials, particularly graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). This systematic review consolidates and analyzes existing research on the roles of GO and rGO in enhancing the performance of EDLCs, focusing on synthesis methods, electrode fabrication, electrolytes, and performance metrics such as capacitance, energy density, and cycling stability. Following the PICOS and PRISMA frameworks, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and IEEE Xplore, covering the period from 2010 to 2023. A total of 128 articles were initially identified, with 27 studies meeting the inclusion criteria after rigorous screening and full-text analysis. Key findings reveal that the incorporation of GO and rGO in EDLCs leads to significant improvements in specific capacitance, energy density, and cycling stability. Notable advancements include novel synthesis techniques and composite materials such as nitrogen-doped graphene, graphene/polyaniline hybrids, and various metal oxide–graphene composites, which exhibit superior electrochemical performance. However, challenges such as material scalability, environmental sustainability, and consistency in synthesis methods remain. This review stresses the great potential of GO and rGO in the development of high-performance EDLCs and highlights the need for continued research to address existing challenges and further optimize material properties and fabrication techniques.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"200 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.3390/batteries10070255
Abniel Machín, M. Cotto, Francisco Díaz, J. Ducongé, Carmen Morant, F. Márquez
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries, with notable advantages in safety, energy density, and longevity, yet the environmental implications of their life cycle, from manufacturing to disposal, remain a critical concern. This review examines the environmental impacts associated with the production, use, and end-of-life management of SSBs, starting with the extraction and processing of raw materials, and highlights significant natural resource consumption, energy use, and emissions. A comparative analysis with traditional battery manufacturing underscores the environmental hazards of novel materials specific to SSBs. The review also assesses the operational environmental impact of SSBs by evaluating their energy efficiency and carbon footprint in comparison to conventional batteries, followed by an exploration of end-of-life challenges, including disposal risks, regulatory frameworks, and the shortcomings of existing waste management practices. A significant focus is placed on recycling and reuse strategies, reviewing current methodologies like mechanical, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical processes, along with emerging technologies that aim to overcome recycling barriers, while also analyzing the economic and technological challenges of these processes. Additionally, real-world case studies are presented, serving as benchmarks for best practices and highlighting lessons learned in the field. In conclusion, the paper identifies research gaps and future directions for reducing the environmental footprint of SSBs, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to advance sustainable SSB technologies and contribute to balancing technological advancements with environmental stewardship, thereby supporting the transition to a more sustainable energy future.
{"title":"Environmental Aspects and Recycling of Solid-State Batteries: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Abniel Machín, M. Cotto, Francisco Díaz, J. Ducongé, Carmen Morant, F. Márquez","doi":"10.3390/batteries10070255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10070255","url":null,"abstract":"Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries, with notable advantages in safety, energy density, and longevity, yet the environmental implications of their life cycle, from manufacturing to disposal, remain a critical concern. This review examines the environmental impacts associated with the production, use, and end-of-life management of SSBs, starting with the extraction and processing of raw materials, and highlights significant natural resource consumption, energy use, and emissions. A comparative analysis with traditional battery manufacturing underscores the environmental hazards of novel materials specific to SSBs. The review also assesses the operational environmental impact of SSBs by evaluating their energy efficiency and carbon footprint in comparison to conventional batteries, followed by an exploration of end-of-life challenges, including disposal risks, regulatory frameworks, and the shortcomings of existing waste management practices. A significant focus is placed on recycling and reuse strategies, reviewing current methodologies like mechanical, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical processes, along with emerging technologies that aim to overcome recycling barriers, while also analyzing the economic and technological challenges of these processes. Additionally, real-world case studies are presented, serving as benchmarks for best practices and highlighting lessons learned in the field. In conclusion, the paper identifies research gaps and future directions for reducing the environmental footprint of SSBs, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to advance sustainable SSB technologies and contribute to balancing technological advancements with environmental stewardship, thereby supporting the transition to a more sustainable energy future.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.3390/batteries10070254
Baffa Haruna, Zhongyan Luo, Mujtaba Aminu Muhammad, Jinfeng Tang, J. Kuva, R. Koivula, Hongli Bao, Junhua Xu
This study introduces a straightforward and effective amorphous ZrP/polyacrylonitrile composite ion exchange method for separating Li from the leachate of spent Li-ion batteries (NMC 111). The cathode materials were leached with a series of optimized experiments. The influence of operating variables, including the H2SO4 concentration, temperature, H2O2 concentration, and pulp density, on leaching efficiency was examined to determine the optimal conditions for sorption experiments. The leaching efficiencies of Li, Co, Ni, and Mn were found to be 99.9%, 99.5%, 98.8%, and 99.9%, respectively. Subsequently, batch sorption experiments were performed by using am-ZrP/PAN, including the determination of the effect of pH, sorption kinetics, and the sorption isotherm. The effect of pH on adsorption was examined in 1 mmol/L equimolar solutions of Li, Ni, Mn, and Co. Li was separated from Mn, Co, and Ni in the leaching liquor. The adsorbent for Mn, Co, and Ni sorption better fitted pseudo-second-order kinetics. High selectivity for Li was observed, even at the higher solution concentration of 15 mM Li, Ni, Co and Mn. In addition, the column loading process demonstrated selectivity for Li over Co, Ni, and Mn metal ions. The preliminary evaluation of the whole process with mass flow demonstrated that it would be feasible to achieve full separation and metal recovery by integrating a combined hydrometallurgical method in future studies. However, much work is still needed to develop a practical separation flowsheet.
本研究介绍了一种直接有效的非晶态 ZrP/ 聚丙烯腈复合离子交换方法，用于从废旧锂离子电池（NMC 111）浸出液中分离锂。通过一系列优化实验对正极材料进行了浸出。研究了 H2SO4 浓度、温度、H2O2 浓度和纸浆密度等操作变量对浸出效率的影响，以确定吸附实验的最佳条件。结果发现，锂、钴、镍和锰的浸出效率分别为 99.9%、99.5%、98.8% 和 99.9%。随后，利用 am-ZrP/PAN 进行了批量吸附实验，包括测定 pH 值的影响、吸附动力学和吸附等温线。在 Li、Ni、Mn 和 Co 的 1 mmol/L 等摩尔溶液中考察了 pH 对吸附的影响。在浸出液中，锂与锰、钴和镍分离。吸附剂对锰、钴和镍的吸附更符合假二阶动力学。即使在溶液浓度较高的 15 mM Li、Ni、Co 和 Mn 溶液中，也能观察到对 Li 的高选择性。此外，柱加载过程还显示出对 Li 的选择性优于对 Co、Ni 和 Mn 金属离子的选择性。利用质量流对整个过程进行的初步评估表明，在今后的研究中，通过整合综合湿法冶金方法实现完全分离和金属回收是可行的。然而，要开发出实用的分离流程图，仍有许多工作要做。
{"title":"Selective Separation of Lithium from Leachate of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by Zirconium Phosphate/Polyacrylonitrile Composite: Leaching and Sorption Behavior","authors":"Baffa Haruna, Zhongyan Luo, Mujtaba Aminu Muhammad, Jinfeng Tang, J. Kuva, R. Koivula, Hongli Bao, Junhua Xu","doi":"10.3390/batteries10070254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10070254","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces a straightforward and effective amorphous ZrP/polyacrylonitrile composite ion exchange method for separating Li from the leachate of spent Li-ion batteries (NMC 111). The cathode materials were leached with a series of optimized experiments. The influence of operating variables, including the H2SO4 concentration, temperature, H2O2 concentration, and pulp density, on leaching efficiency was examined to determine the optimal conditions for sorption experiments. The leaching efficiencies of Li, Co, Ni, and Mn were found to be 99.9%, 99.5%, 98.8%, and 99.9%, respectively. Subsequently, batch sorption experiments were performed by using am-ZrP/PAN, including the determination of the effect of pH, sorption kinetics, and the sorption isotherm. The effect of pH on adsorption was examined in 1 mmol/L equimolar solutions of Li, Ni, Mn, and Co. Li was separated from Mn, Co, and Ni in the leaching liquor. The adsorbent for Mn, Co, and Ni sorption better fitted pseudo-second-order kinetics. High selectivity for Li was observed, even at the higher solution concentration of 15 mM Li, Ni, Co and Mn. In addition, the column loading process demonstrated selectivity for Li over Co, Ni, and Mn metal ions. The preliminary evaluation of the whole process with mass flow demonstrated that it would be feasible to achieve full separation and metal recovery by integrating a combined hydrometallurgical method in future studies. However, much work is still needed to develop a practical separation flowsheet.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.3390/batteries10070253
N. Delaporte, Alexis Perea, S. Collin-Martin, Mireille Léonard, Julie Matton, Hendrix Demers, D. Clément, Vincent Gariépy, Wen Zhu
The deposition of a thin LixSny alloy layer by plasma vapor deposition (PVD) on the surface of a Li foil is reported. The formation of a Li-rich alloy is confirmed by the volume expansion (up to 380%) of the layer and by the disappearance of metallic Sn peaks in the X-ray diffractogram. The layer has a much higher hardness than bare Li and can withstand aggressive cycling at 1C. Post-mortem scanning electron microscope observations revealed that the alloy layer remains intact even after fast cycling for hundreds of cycles. A concept of double modification by adding a thin ceramic/polymer layer deposited by a doctor blade on top of the LixSny layer was also reported to be efficient to reach long-term stability for 500 cycles at C/3. Finally, a post-treatment after Sn deposition consisting of a plasma cleaning of the LixSny alloy layer led to a strong improvement in the cycling performance at 1C. The surface is smoother and less oxidized after this treatment. The combination of a Li-rich alloy interlayer, the increase in hardness at the electrolyte/Li interface, and the absence of dissolution of the layer during cycling at high C-rates are reasons for such an improvement in electrochemical performance.
报告介绍了在锂箔表面通过等离子气相沉积（PVD）沉积 LixSny 合金薄层的过程。该层的体积膨胀（高达 380%）和 X 射线衍射图中金属锡峰的消失证实了富锂离子合金的形成。该层的硬度远高于裸锂，并能承受 1C 下的侵蚀性循环。死后扫描电子显微镜观察显示，合金层即使在快速循环数百次后仍保持完好。据报道，在 LixSny 层上添加由刮刀沉积的陶瓷/聚合物薄层的双重改性概念也很有效，可在 C/3 下达到 500 次循环的长期稳定性。最后，锡沉积后的后处理包括对 LixSny 合金层进行等离子清洗，这大大提高了 1C 下的循环性能。处理后的表面更加光滑，氧化程度更低。富含锂的合金夹层、电解质/锂界面硬度的增加以及在高 C 速率循环过程中夹层没有溶解是电化学性能得到改善的原因。
{"title":"Designing a Stable Alloy Interlayer on Li Metal Anodes for Fast Charging of All-Solid-State Li Metal Batteries","authors":"N. Delaporte, Alexis Perea, S. Collin-Martin, Mireille Léonard, Julie Matton, Hendrix Demers, D. Clément, Vincent Gariépy, Wen Zhu","doi":"10.3390/batteries10070253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10070253","url":null,"abstract":"The deposition of a thin LixSny alloy layer by plasma vapor deposition (PVD) on the surface of a Li foil is reported. The formation of a Li-rich alloy is confirmed by the volume expansion (up to 380%) of the layer and by the disappearance of metallic Sn peaks in the X-ray diffractogram. The layer has a much higher hardness than bare Li and can withstand aggressive cycling at 1C. Post-mortem scanning electron microscope observations revealed that the alloy layer remains intact even after fast cycling for hundreds of cycles. A concept of double modification by adding a thin ceramic/polymer layer deposited by a doctor blade on top of the LixSny layer was also reported to be efficient to reach long-term stability for 500 cycles at C/3. Finally, a post-treatment after Sn deposition consisting of a plasma cleaning of the LixSny alloy layer led to a strong improvement in the cycling performance at 1C. The surface is smoother and less oxidized after this treatment. The combination of a Li-rich alloy interlayer, the increase in hardness at the electrolyte/Li interface, and the absence of dissolution of the layer during cycling at high C-rates are reasons for such an improvement in electrochemical performance.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.3390/batteries10070251
N. Paulauskas, Vsevolod Kapustin
Residential energy storage systems offer significant potential for price arbitrage by capitalizing on fluctuations in electricity prices throughout the day. This study investigates the potential revenue from optimal battery scheduling for residential storage in different north-western European electricity price zones during 2023. Using Nord Pool day-ahead prices, we applied an optimization model to determine the revenue for two types of batteries: 5 kW/10 kWh and 10 kW/10 kWh. The analysis considered battery capacity, charging and discharging efficiency, and maximum charge/discharge rates. Our results show notable variations in potential revenue across different regions, with the Baltic states demonstrating the highest revenue potential. The findings indicate that while 10 kW batteries can generate higher total revenue, 5 kW batteries are more efficient in terms of revenue per cycle. These regional disparities underscore the need for targeted incentives and policies to enhance the economic viability of residential energy storage. The research results provide valuable insights into optimizing residential battery storage for price arbitrage, offering guidance for consumers, policymakers, and energy providers to maximize economic benefits in various electricity markets.
住宅储能系统利用全天的电价波动，为价格套利提供了巨大潜力。本研究调查了 2023 年欧洲西北部不同电价区住宅储能电池优化调度的潜在收益。利用 Nord Pool 的日前价格，我们应用优化模型确定了两种类型电池的收益：5 千瓦/10 千瓦时和 10 千瓦/10 千瓦时。分析考虑了电池容量、充放电效率和最大充放电率。结果表明，不同地区的潜在收益存在明显差异，其中波罗的海国家的收益潜力最高。研究结果表明，虽然 10 千瓦电池可以产生更高的总收入，但就每个循环的收入而言，5 千瓦电池的效率更高。这些地区差异突出表明，有必要制定有针对性的激励措施和政策，以提高住宅储能的经济可行性。研究成果为优化住宅电池储能的价格套利提供了宝贵的见解，为消费者、政策制定者和能源供应商在各种电力市场中实现经济效益最大化提供了指导。
{"title":"Battery Scheduling Optimization and Potential Revenue for Residential Storage Price Arbitrage","authors":"N. Paulauskas, Vsevolod Kapustin","doi":"10.3390/batteries10070251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10070251","url":null,"abstract":"Residential energy storage systems offer significant potential for price arbitrage by capitalizing on fluctuations in electricity prices throughout the day. This study investigates the potential revenue from optimal battery scheduling for residential storage in different north-western European electricity price zones during 2023. Using Nord Pool day-ahead prices, we applied an optimization model to determine the revenue for two types of batteries: 5 kW/10 kWh and 10 kW/10 kWh. The analysis considered battery capacity, charging and discharging efficiency, and maximum charge/discharge rates. Our results show notable variations in potential revenue across different regions, with the Baltic states demonstrating the highest revenue potential. The findings indicate that while 10 kW batteries can generate higher total revenue, 5 kW batteries are more efficient in terms of revenue per cycle. These regional disparities underscore the need for targeted incentives and policies to enhance the economic viability of residential energy storage. The research results provide valuable insights into optimizing residential battery storage for price arbitrage, offering guidance for consumers, policymakers, and energy providers to maximize economic benefits in various electricity markets.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141642305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.3390/batteries10070252
Natalia Soldan Cattani, Eduardo Noronha, Jessica Schmied, Moritz H. Frieges, H. Heimes, Achim Kampker
As lithium-ion batteries increasingly become a cornerstone of the automotive sector, the importance of efficient and cost-effective battery production has become paramount. Even though electric vehicle battery cells are produced in three different geometries—cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch—no specific model exists to compare the manufacturing costs of producing cells with different geometries but similar performances. In this paper, we present a process-based cost model with a cell design functionality which enables design and manufacturing cost prediction of user-defined battery cells.
{"title":"Comparative Cost Modeling of Battery Cell Formats and Chemistries on a Large Production Scale","authors":"Natalia Soldan Cattani, Eduardo Noronha, Jessica Schmied, Moritz H. Frieges, H. Heimes, Achim Kampker","doi":"10.3390/batteries10070252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10070252","url":null,"abstract":"As lithium-ion batteries increasingly become a cornerstone of the automotive sector, the importance of efficient and cost-effective battery production has become paramount. Even though electric vehicle battery cells are produced in three different geometries—cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch—no specific model exists to compare the manufacturing costs of producing cells with different geometries but similar performances. In this paper, we present a process-based cost model with a cell design functionality which enables design and manufacturing cost prediction of user-defined battery cells.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"89 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141642891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.3390/batteries10070250
David Nadeau, Lionel Roué, François Allard
All-solid-state batteries with a lithium negative electrode and a ceramic electrolyte are key toward high energy density. To ensure a safe, fast, accurate, and cost-effective development of this technology, the experimental methodology must be supported by the numerical modeling approach. This work proposes and describes an electrochemical model of a Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) and Ni-rich NMC-based lithium cell with a deformable lithium negative electrode. Simulations were computed using the finite element method at different operating conditions to demonstrate the scope of the modeling work. Discharge rate tests, deformation tracking, geometric defect investigation, and polarization decomposition are described. Theoretical validation of the mass balance, the stripping rate, the ohmic polarization, and the mesh deformation demonstrated the consistency of the volumetric deformation strategy. We demonstrated in this study a deformable modeling strategy, which was found to be useful for the electrostripping analysis of anodic geometry defects during discharge. Non-uniformity in the lithium stripping rate was found along the anodic interface with defects, and this non-uniformity was accentuated with a higher discharge rate. The cell’s discharge potential was decomposed by considering the equilibrium potential and the polarizations of the main components of the cell. This post-processing was found to be useful for the understanding of the cell’s behavior.
{"title":"Numerical Modeling of a Low-Cobalt All-Solid-State Cell with Ceramic Electrolyte Using a Deformable Geometry","authors":"David Nadeau, Lionel Roué, François Allard","doi":"10.3390/batteries10070250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10070250","url":null,"abstract":"All-solid-state batteries with a lithium negative electrode and a ceramic electrolyte are key toward high energy density. To ensure a safe, fast, accurate, and cost-effective development of this technology, the experimental methodology must be supported by the numerical modeling approach. This work proposes and describes an electrochemical model of a Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) and Ni-rich NMC-based lithium cell with a deformable lithium negative electrode. Simulations were computed using the finite element method at different operating conditions to demonstrate the scope of the modeling work. Discharge rate tests, deformation tracking, geometric defect investigation, and polarization decomposition are described. Theoretical validation of the mass balance, the stripping rate, the ohmic polarization, and the mesh deformation demonstrated the consistency of the volumetric deformation strategy. We demonstrated in this study a deformable modeling strategy, which was found to be useful for the electrostripping analysis of anodic geometry defects during discharge. Non-uniformity in the lithium stripping rate was found along the anodic interface with defects, and this non-uniformity was accentuated with a higher discharge rate. The cell’s discharge potential was decomposed by considering the equilibrium potential and the polarizations of the main components of the cell. This post-processing was found to be useful for the understanding of the cell’s behavior.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"47 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141643764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-12DOI: 10.3390/batteries10070249
Mohammed Sahal, J. Guo, Candace K. Chan, Nicholas Rolston
We report on the use of an atmospheric pressure, open-air plasma treatment to remove Li2CO3 species from the surface of garnet-type tantalum-doped lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12, LLZTO) solid-state electrolyte pellets. The Li2CO3 layer, which we show forms on the surface of garnets within 3 min of exposure to ambient moisture and CO2, increases the interface (surface) resistance of LLZTO. The plasma treatment is carried out entirely in ambient and is enabled by use of a custom-built metal shroud that is placed around the plasma nozzle to prevent moisture and CO2 from reacting with the sample. After the plasma treatment, N2 compressed gas is flowed through the shroud to cool the sample and prevent atmospheric species from reacting with the LLZTO. We demonstrate that this approach is effective for removing the Li2CO3 from the surface of LLZTO. The surface chemistry is characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to evaluate the effect of process parameters (plasma exposure time and shroud gas chemistry) on removal of the surface species. We also show that the open-air plasma treatment can significantly reduce the interface resistance. This platform demonstrates a path towards open-air processed solid-state batteries.
{"title":"Surface Reduction of Li2CO3 on LLZTO Solid-State Electrolyte via Scalable Open-Air Plasma Treatment","authors":"Mohammed Sahal, J. Guo, Candace K. Chan, Nicholas Rolston","doi":"10.3390/batteries10070249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10070249","url":null,"abstract":"We report on the use of an atmospheric pressure, open-air plasma treatment to remove Li2CO3 species from the surface of garnet-type tantalum-doped lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12, LLZTO) solid-state electrolyte pellets. The Li2CO3 layer, which we show forms on the surface of garnets within 3 min of exposure to ambient moisture and CO2, increases the interface (surface) resistance of LLZTO. The plasma treatment is carried out entirely in ambient and is enabled by use of a custom-built metal shroud that is placed around the plasma nozzle to prevent moisture and CO2 from reacting with the sample. After the plasma treatment, N2 compressed gas is flowed through the shroud to cool the sample and prevent atmospheric species from reacting with the LLZTO. We demonstrate that this approach is effective for removing the Li2CO3 from the surface of LLZTO. The surface chemistry is characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to evaluate the effect of process parameters (plasma exposure time and shroud gas chemistry) on removal of the surface species. We also show that the open-air plasma treatment can significantly reduce the interface resistance. This platform demonstrates a path towards open-air processed solid-state batteries.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"55 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141652538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-11DOI: 10.3390/batteries10070248
Nicolò Zatta, Bernardo De Cesaro, Enrico Dal Cin, G. Carraro, Giovanni Cristofoli, Andrea Trovò, Andrea Lazzaretto, Massimo Guarnieri
Reduced-order electrothermal models play a key role in the design and control of lithium-ion cell stacks, calling for accurate model parameter calibration. This paper presents a complete electrical and thermal experimental characterization procedure for the coupled modeling of cylindrical lithium-ion cells in order to implement them in a prototype Formula SAE hybrid racing car. The main goal of the tests is to determine how the cell capacity varies with the temperature and the discharge current to predict the open-circuit voltage of the cell and its entropic component. A simple approach for the characterization of the battery equivalent electrical circuit and a two-step thermal characterization method are also shown. The investigations are carried out on four commercial 18650 NMC lithium cells. The model was shown to predict the battery voltage with an RMS error lower than 20 mV and the temperature with an RMS error equal to 0.5 °C. The authors hope that this manuscript can contribute to the development of standardized characterization techniques for such cells while offering experimental data and validated models that can be used by researchers and BMS designers in different applications.
{"title":"Holistic Testing and Characterization of Commercial 18650 Lithium-Ion Cells","authors":"Nicolò Zatta, Bernardo De Cesaro, Enrico Dal Cin, G. Carraro, Giovanni Cristofoli, Andrea Trovò, Andrea Lazzaretto, Massimo Guarnieri","doi":"10.3390/batteries10070248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10070248","url":null,"abstract":"Reduced-order electrothermal models play a key role in the design and control of lithium-ion cell stacks, calling for accurate model parameter calibration. This paper presents a complete electrical and thermal experimental characterization procedure for the coupled modeling of cylindrical lithium-ion cells in order to implement them in a prototype Formula SAE hybrid racing car. The main goal of the tests is to determine how the cell capacity varies with the temperature and the discharge current to predict the open-circuit voltage of the cell and its entropic component. A simple approach for the characterization of the battery equivalent electrical circuit and a two-step thermal characterization method are also shown. The investigations are carried out on four commercial 18650 NMC lithium cells. The model was shown to predict the battery voltage with an RMS error lower than 20 mV and the temperature with an RMS error equal to 0.5 °C. The authors hope that this manuscript can contribute to the development of standardized characterization techniques for such cells while offering experimental data and validated models that can be used by researchers and BMS designers in different applications.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"82 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141657807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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