Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020053
Angelica Martino, Jiyun Jeon, Hyun-Ho Park, Hochun Lee, Chang-Seop Lee
Severe volumetric expansion (~400%) limits practical application of silicon nanoparticles as anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, we describe the fabrication and characterization of a conformal polydopamine carbon shell encapsulating rattle-type silica@silicon nanoparticles (PDA–PEI@PVP–SiO2@Si) with a tunable void structure using a dual template strategy with TEOS and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) pretreated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) as SiO2 sacrificial template via a modified Stöber process. Polyethylene imine (PEI) crosslinking facilitated the construction of an interconnected three-dimensional bubble wrap-like carbon matrix structure through hydrothermal treatment, pyrolysis, and subsequent surface-protected etching. The composite anode material delivered satisfactory capacities of 539 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1, 512.76 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1 A g−1, and 453 mAh g−1 rate performance at 5 A g−1, respectively. The electrochemical performance of PDA–PEI@PVP–SiO2@Si was attributed to the rattle-type structure providing void space for Si volume expansion, PVP K30-pretreated APTES/TEOS SiO2 seeds via catalyst-free, hydrothermal-assisted Stöber protecting Si/C spheres upon etching, carbon coating strategy increasing Si conductivity while stabilizing the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and PEI carbon crosslinks providing continuous conductive pathways across the electrode structure. The present work describes a promising strategy to synthesize tunable yolk shell C@void@Si composite anode materials for high power/energy-density LIBs applications.
严重的体积膨胀（约 400%）限制了硅纳米颗粒作为下一代锂离子电池（LIB）负极材料的实际应用。在此，我们介绍了通过改良的斯托伯工艺，以 TEOS 和 (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) 预处理的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮 (PVP K30) 作为 SiO2 牺牲模板的双模板策略，制备并表征了具有可调空隙结构的保形聚多巴胺碳壳，该碳壳封装了拨浪鼓型二氧化硅@硅纳米粒子（PDA-PEI@PVP-SiO2@Si）。通过水热处理、热解和随后的表面保护蚀刻，聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）交联促进了三维气泡膜状碳基质结构的构建。这种复合阳极材料在 0.1 A g-1 的条件下循环 100 次后的容量为 539 mAh g-1，在 1 A g-1 的条件下循环 200 次后的容量为 512.76 mAh g-1，在 5 A g-1 的条件下的速率性能为 453 mAh g-1。PDA-PEI@PVP-SiO2@Si 的电化学性能归功于为硅体积膨胀提供空隙的拨浪鼓型结构、通过无催化剂的水热辅助斯托伯（Stöber）技术预处理 APTES/TEOS SiO2 种子并在蚀刻时保护 Si/C 球体、在稳定固体电解质界面（SEI）的同时提高硅导电性的碳涂层策略，以及为整个电极结构提供连续导电路径的 PEI 碳交联。本研究介绍了合成可调蛋黄壳 C@void@Si 复合阳极材料的可行策略，可用于高功率/高能量密度的 LIBs 应用。
{"title":"Bubble Wrap-like Carbon-Coated Rattle-Type silica@silicon Nanoparticles as Hybrid Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries via Surface-Protected Etching","authors":"Angelica Martino, Jiyun Jeon, Hyun-Ho Park, Hochun Lee, Chang-Seop Lee","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020053","url":null,"abstract":"Severe volumetric expansion (~400%) limits practical application of silicon nanoparticles as anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, we describe the fabrication and characterization of a conformal polydopamine carbon shell encapsulating rattle-type silica@silicon nanoparticles (PDA–PEI@PVP–SiO2@Si) with a tunable void structure using a dual template strategy with TEOS and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) pretreated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) as SiO2 sacrificial template via a modified Stöber process. Polyethylene imine (PEI) crosslinking facilitated the construction of an interconnected three-dimensional bubble wrap-like carbon matrix structure through hydrothermal treatment, pyrolysis, and subsequent surface-protected etching. The composite anode material delivered satisfactory capacities of 539 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1, 512.76 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1 A g−1, and 453 mAh g−1 rate performance at 5 A g−1, respectively. The electrochemical performance of PDA–PEI@PVP–SiO2@Si was attributed to the rattle-type structure providing void space for Si volume expansion, PVP K30-pretreated APTES/TEOS SiO2 seeds via catalyst-free, hydrothermal-assisted Stöber protecting Si/C spheres upon etching, carbon coating strategy increasing Si conductivity while stabilizing the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and PEI carbon crosslinks providing continuous conductive pathways across the electrode structure. The present work describes a promising strategy to synthesize tunable yolk shell C@void@Si composite anode materials for high power/energy-density LIBs applications.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"1011 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139820450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020053
Angelica Martino, Jiyun Jeon, Hyun-Ho Park, Hochun Lee, Chang-Seop Lee
Severe volumetric expansion (~400%) limits practical application of silicon nanoparticles as anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, we describe the fabrication and characterization of a conformal polydopamine carbon shell encapsulating rattle-type silica@silicon nanoparticles (PDA–PEI@PVP–SiO2@Si) with a tunable void structure using a dual template strategy with TEOS and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) pretreated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) as SiO2 sacrificial template via a modified Stöber process. Polyethylene imine (PEI) crosslinking facilitated the construction of an interconnected three-dimensional bubble wrap-like carbon matrix structure through hydrothermal treatment, pyrolysis, and subsequent surface-protected etching. The composite anode material delivered satisfactory capacities of 539 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1, 512.76 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1 A g−1, and 453 mAh g−1 rate performance at 5 A g−1, respectively. The electrochemical performance of PDA–PEI@PVP–SiO2@Si was attributed to the rattle-type structure providing void space for Si volume expansion, PVP K30-pretreated APTES/TEOS SiO2 seeds via catalyst-free, hydrothermal-assisted Stöber protecting Si/C spheres upon etching, carbon coating strategy increasing Si conductivity while stabilizing the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and PEI carbon crosslinks providing continuous conductive pathways across the electrode structure. The present work describes a promising strategy to synthesize tunable yolk shell C@void@Si composite anode materials for high power/energy-density LIBs applications.
严重的体积膨胀（约 400%）限制了硅纳米颗粒作为下一代锂离子电池（LIB）负极材料的实际应用。在此，我们介绍了通过改良的斯托伯工艺，以 TEOS 和 (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) 预处理的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮 (PVP K30) 作为 SiO2 牺牲模板的双模板策略，制备并表征了具有可调空隙结构的保形聚多巴胺碳壳，该碳壳封装了拨浪鼓型二氧化硅@硅纳米粒子（PDA-PEI@PVP-SiO2@Si）。通过水热处理、热解和随后的表面保护蚀刻，聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）交联促进了三维气泡膜状碳基质结构的构建。这种复合阳极材料在 0.1 A g-1 的条件下循环 100 次后的容量为 539 mAh g-1，在 1 A g-1 的条件下循环 200 次后的容量为 512.76 mAh g-1，在 5 A g-1 的条件下的速率性能为 453 mAh g-1。PDA-PEI@PVP-SiO2@Si 的电化学性能归功于为硅体积膨胀提供空隙的拨浪鼓型结构、通过无催化剂的水热辅助斯托伯（Stöber）技术预处理 APTES/TEOS SiO2 种子并在蚀刻时保护 Si/C 球体、在稳定固体电解质界面（SEI）的同时提高硅导电性的碳涂层策略，以及为整个电极结构提供连续导电路径的 PEI 碳交联。本研究介绍了合成可调蛋黄壳 C@void@Si 复合阳极材料的可行策略，可用于高功率/高能量密度的 LIBs 应用。
{"title":"Bubble Wrap-like Carbon-Coated Rattle-Type silica@silicon Nanoparticles as Hybrid Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries via Surface-Protected Etching","authors":"Angelica Martino, Jiyun Jeon, Hyun-Ho Park, Hochun Lee, Chang-Seop Lee","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020053","url":null,"abstract":"Severe volumetric expansion (~400%) limits practical application of silicon nanoparticles as anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, we describe the fabrication and characterization of a conformal polydopamine carbon shell encapsulating rattle-type silica@silicon nanoparticles (PDA–PEI@PVP–SiO2@Si) with a tunable void structure using a dual template strategy with TEOS and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) pretreated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) as SiO2 sacrificial template via a modified Stöber process. Polyethylene imine (PEI) crosslinking facilitated the construction of an interconnected three-dimensional bubble wrap-like carbon matrix structure through hydrothermal treatment, pyrolysis, and subsequent surface-protected etching. The composite anode material delivered satisfactory capacities of 539 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1, 512.76 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1 A g−1, and 453 mAh g−1 rate performance at 5 A g−1, respectively. The electrochemical performance of PDA–PEI@PVP–SiO2@Si was attributed to the rattle-type structure providing void space for Si volume expansion, PVP K30-pretreated APTES/TEOS SiO2 seeds via catalyst-free, hydrothermal-assisted Stöber protecting Si/C spheres upon etching, carbon coating strategy increasing Si conductivity while stabilizing the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and PEI carbon crosslinks providing continuous conductive pathways across the electrode structure. The present work describes a promising strategy to synthesize tunable yolk shell C@void@Si composite anode materials for high power/energy-density LIBs applications.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"49 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139880259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-26DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020044
Shijiang He, Zidong Wang, Wenbo Qiu, Huaping Zhao, Yong Lei
Due to their high specific capacity and long cycle life, bimetallic sulfides are the preferred choice of researchers as anodes in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, studies indicate that this class of materials often requires expensive elements such as Co, Sb, Sn, etc., and their performance is insufficient with the use of inexpensive Fe, V alone. Therefore, there is a need to explore the relationship between metal cations and anode performance so that the requirements of cost reduction and performance enhancement can be met simultaneously. In this work, a series of partially replaced sulfides with different cation ratios have been prepared by a hydrothermal method followed by heat treatment. By partially replacing Co in NiCo sulfides, all samples show improved capacity and stability over the original NiCo sulfides. As a result, the metal elements have different oxidation states, which leads to a higher capacity through their synergistic effects on each other. Mn-NiCoS with 10% replacement showed satisfactory capacity (721.09 mAh g−1 at 300 mA g−1, 662.58 mAh g−1 after 20 cycles) and excellent cycle life (85.41% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 2000 mA g−1).
由于比容量高、循环寿命长，双金属硫化物成为研究人员在钠离子电池（SIB）中用作阳极的首选。然而，研究表明，这类材料通常需要使用昂贵的元素，如 Co、Sb、Sn 等，而仅使用廉价的 Fe、V 则无法充分发挥其性能。因此，有必要探索金属阳离子与阳极性能之间的关系，以便同时满足降低成本和提高性能的要求。在这项工作中，我们采用水热法制备了一系列具有不同阳离子比例的部分置换硫化物，然后进行了热处理。通过部分取代镍钴硫化物中的钴，所有样品的容量和稳定性都比原来的镍钴硫化物有所提高。因此，金属元素具有不同的氧化态，通过相互之间的协同作用，产生了更高的容量。替代率为 10% 的锰-镍钴硫化物显示出令人满意的容量（300 mA g-1 时为 721.09 mAh g-1，20 次循环后为 662.58 mAh g-1）和出色的循环寿命（2000 mA g-1 时 1000 次循环后容量保持率为 85.41%）。
{"title":"Effect of Partial Cation Replacement on Anode Performance of Sodium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Shijiang He, Zidong Wang, Wenbo Qiu, Huaping Zhao, Yong Lei","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020044","url":null,"abstract":"Due to their high specific capacity and long cycle life, bimetallic sulfides are the preferred choice of researchers as anodes in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, studies indicate that this class of materials often requires expensive elements such as Co, Sb, Sn, etc., and their performance is insufficient with the use of inexpensive Fe, V alone. Therefore, there is a need to explore the relationship between metal cations and anode performance so that the requirements of cost reduction and performance enhancement can be met simultaneously. In this work, a series of partially replaced sulfides with different cation ratios have been prepared by a hydrothermal method followed by heat treatment. By partially replacing Co in NiCo sulfides, all samples show improved capacity and stability over the original NiCo sulfides. As a result, the metal elements have different oxidation states, which leads to a higher capacity through their synergistic effects on each other. Mn-NiCoS with 10% replacement showed satisfactory capacity (721.09 mAh g−1 at 300 mA g−1, 662.58 mAh g−1 after 20 cycles) and excellent cycle life (85.41% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 2000 mA g−1).","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"35 50","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139595195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-23DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020040
Laura Gottschalk, Jannes Müller, Alexander Schoo, Ernesto Baasch, Arno Kwade
Current research focuses on lithium-ion battery cells with a high energy density and efficient fast-charging capabilities. However, transport limitations, and, therefore, the uniform diffusion of lithium-ions across the electrode layers, remain a challenge and could lead to reduced cell performance. One approach to overcome these transport challenges is the use of subsequently produced two-layer anodes with the particle size variation of spherical graphite (x50 = 18 µm; x50 = 11 µm). Thereby, a defined pore network is created, which reduces the ionic resistance and ensuring improved fast charging capabilities. The analysis focuses on the evaluation of electrode properties and the electrochemical performance. By examining the pore size distribution of the anodes, it has been found that during the manufacturing of the two-layer anodes, carbon black and binder particles are transported into the existing microstructure of the lower layer, resulting in localized densification between the anode layers. This could also be supported by color measurements. This effect also extends to electrochemical investigations, with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showing significantly lower ionic resistances in all two-layer anodes. Reduced ionic resistance and tortuosity near the separator due to absorption effects enhance the ion diffusion and have a direct impact on anode performance. Cell ageing analysis showed a significant capacity decrease of almost 15 mAh g −1 in the single-layer references only, in contrast to the stability of the two-layer anodes. This could also be attributed to the reduced ionic resistance and active counteraction of binder migration. In conclusion, this study highlights how subsequently produced two-layer anodes significantly shape the electrode properties and cell performance of lithium-ion batteries.
目前的研究重点是具有高能量密度和高效快速充电能力的锂离子电池。然而，传输限制以及锂离子在电极层间的均匀扩散仍然是一个挑战，并可能导致电池性能下降。克服这些传输难题的一种方法是使用随后生产的具有球形石墨粒度变化（x50 = 18 µm；x50 = 11 µm）的双层阳极。这样就形成了一个确定的孔隙网络，从而降低了离子阻力，确保提高快速充电能力。分析的重点是评估电极特性和电化学性能。通过研究阳极的孔径分布，发现在制造双层阳极的过程中，炭黑和粘合剂颗粒被输送到下层现有的微观结构中，导致阳极层之间局部致密化。颜色测量结果也证明了这一点。这种效应还延伸到电化学研究中，电化学阻抗谱显示所有双层阳极的离子电阻都显著降低。由于吸收效应，分离器附近的离子电阻和迂回度降低，从而增强了离子扩散，并对阳极性能产生了直接影响。电池老化分析表明，与双层阳极的稳定性相比，只有单层阳极的容量显著下降了近 15 mAh g -1 。这也可能归因于离子电阻的降低和粘结剂迁移的积极反作用。总之，本研究强调了后续生产的双层阳极如何显著影响锂离子电池的电极特性和电池性能。
{"title":"Spherical Graphite Anodes: Influence of Particle Size Distribution and Multilayer Structuring in Lithium-Ion Battery Cells","authors":"Laura Gottschalk, Jannes Müller, Alexander Schoo, Ernesto Baasch, Arno Kwade","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020040","url":null,"abstract":"Current research focuses on lithium-ion battery cells with a high energy density and efficient fast-charging capabilities. However, transport limitations, and, therefore, the uniform diffusion of lithium-ions across the electrode layers, remain a challenge and could lead to reduced cell performance. One approach to overcome these transport challenges is the use of subsequently produced two-layer anodes with the particle size variation of spherical graphite (x50 = 18 µm; x50 = 11 µm). Thereby, a defined pore network is created, which reduces the ionic resistance and ensuring improved fast charging capabilities. The analysis focuses on the evaluation of electrode properties and the electrochemical performance. By examining the pore size distribution of the anodes, it has been found that during the manufacturing of the two-layer anodes, carbon black and binder particles are transported into the existing microstructure of the lower layer, resulting in localized densification between the anode layers. This could also be supported by color measurements. This effect also extends to electrochemical investigations, with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showing significantly lower ionic resistances in all two-layer anodes. Reduced ionic resistance and tortuosity near the separator due to absorption effects enhance the ion diffusion and have a direct impact on anode performance. Cell ageing analysis showed a significant capacity decrease of almost 15 mAh g −1 in the single-layer references only, in contrast to the stability of the two-layer anodes. This could also be attributed to the reduced ionic resistance and active counteraction of binder migration. In conclusion, this study highlights how subsequently produced two-layer anodes significantly shape the electrode properties and cell performance of lithium-ion batteries.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"109 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139605869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-23DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020041
Niklas Kisseler, Fabian Hoheisel, C. Offermanns, Moritz H. Frieges, H. Heimes, Achim Kampker
The temperature of a lithium-ion battery is a crucial parameter for understanding the internal processes during various operating and failure scenarios, including thermal runaway. However, the internal temperature is comparatively higher than the surface temperature. This particularly affects cells with a large cross-section, which is due to heat development within the cell and lower heat dissipation due to a poorer ratio of volume to surface area. This paper presents an approach that enables real-time monitoring of the behavior of a commercial prismatic high-energy battery cell (NMC811/C, 95 Ah, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (Ningde, China)) in the event of thermal runaway induced by overcharging. The internal cell temperature is investigated by the subsequent integration of two hard sensors between the two jelly rolls and additional sensors on the surface of the aluminum housing of the battery cell. The sensor’s signals show a significant increase in the temperature gradient between the temperature in the core of the cell and the cell casing surface until the onset of venting and thermal runaway of the battery. The data enable a detailed investigation of the behavior of the battery cell and the comparatively earlier detection of the point of no return in the event of thermal runaway.
{"title":"Monitoring of Thermal Runaway in Commercial Prismatic High-Energy Lithium-Ion Battery Cells via Internal Temperature Sensing","authors":"Niklas Kisseler, Fabian Hoheisel, C. Offermanns, Moritz H. Frieges, H. Heimes, Achim Kampker","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020041","url":null,"abstract":"The temperature of a lithium-ion battery is a crucial parameter for understanding the internal processes during various operating and failure scenarios, including thermal runaway. However, the internal temperature is comparatively higher than the surface temperature. This particularly affects cells with a large cross-section, which is due to heat development within the cell and lower heat dissipation due to a poorer ratio of volume to surface area. This paper presents an approach that enables real-time monitoring of the behavior of a commercial prismatic high-energy battery cell (NMC811/C, 95 Ah, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (Ningde, China)) in the event of thermal runaway induced by overcharging. The internal cell temperature is investigated by the subsequent integration of two hard sensors between the two jelly rolls and additional sensors on the surface of the aluminum housing of the battery cell. The sensor’s signals show a significant increase in the temperature gradient between the temperature in the core of the cell and the cell casing surface until the onset of venting and thermal runaway of the battery. The data enable a detailed investigation of the behavior of the battery cell and the comparatively earlier detection of the point of no return in the event of thermal runaway.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"126 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139605242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-23DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020042
Tarek Ibrahim, T. Kerekes, D. Sera, Abderezak Lashab, D. Stroe
The intermittent nature of power generation from photovoltaics (PV) requires reliable energy storage solutions. Using the storage system outdoors exposes it to variable temperatures, affecting both its storage capacity and lifespan. Utilizing and optimizing energy storage considering climatic variations and new storage technologies is still a research gap. Therefore, this paper presents a modified sizing algorithm based on the Golden Section Search method, aimed at optimizing the number of cells in an energy storage unit, with a specific focus on the unique conditions of Denmark. The considered energy storage solutions are Lithium-ion capacitors (LiCs) and Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), which are tested under different temperatures and C-rates rates. The algorithm aims to maximize the number of autonomy cycles—defined as periods during which the system operates independently of the grid, marked by intervals between two consecutive 0% State of Charge (SoC) occurrences. Testing scenarios include dynamic temperature and dynamic load, constant temperature at 25 °C, and constant load, considering irradiation and temperature effects and cell capacity fading over a decade. A comparative analysis reveals that, on average, the LiC storage is sized at 70–80% of the LiB storage across various scenarios. Notably, under a constant-temperature scenario, the degradation rate accelerates, particularly for LiBs. By leveraging the modified Golden Section Search algorithm, this study provides an efficient approach to the sizing problem, optimizing the number of cells and thus offering a potential solution for energy storage in off-grid PV systems.
光伏（PV）发电的间歇性需要可靠的储能解决方案。在户外使用储能系统会使其暴露在多变的温度下，从而影响其储能能力和使用寿命。考虑到气候的变化和新的储能技术，利用和优化储能仍是一个研究空白。因此，本文提出了一种基于黄金分割搜索法的改进型选型算法，旨在优化储能装置中的电池数量，并特别关注丹麦的独特条件。所考虑的储能解决方案是锂离子电容器（LiCs）和锂离子电池（LiBs），并在不同温度和 C 率条件下进行了测试。该算法旨在最大限度地提高自主循环次数，自主循环是指系统独立于电网运行的时间段，以连续两次充电状态（SoC）为 0% 的时间间隔为标志。测试场景包括动态温度和动态负载、25 ° C 的恒温和恒定负载，同时考虑了辐照和温度效应以及电池容量在十年内的衰减。对比分析表明，在各种情况下，锂电池储电量平均为锂电池储电量的 70-80%。值得注意的是，在恒温情况下，降解速度加快，尤其是锂电池。通过利用改进的黄金分割搜索算法，本研究提供了一种解决大小问题的有效方法，优化了电池数量，从而为离网光伏系统中的储能提供了一种潜在的解决方案。
{"title":"Lithium-Ion Supercapacitors and Batteries for Off-Grid PV Applications: Lifetime and Sizing","authors":"Tarek Ibrahim, T. Kerekes, D. Sera, Abderezak Lashab, D. Stroe","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020042","url":null,"abstract":"The intermittent nature of power generation from photovoltaics (PV) requires reliable energy storage solutions. Using the storage system outdoors exposes it to variable temperatures, affecting both its storage capacity and lifespan. Utilizing and optimizing energy storage considering climatic variations and new storage technologies is still a research gap. Therefore, this paper presents a modified sizing algorithm based on the Golden Section Search method, aimed at optimizing the number of cells in an energy storage unit, with a specific focus on the unique conditions of Denmark. The considered energy storage solutions are Lithium-ion capacitors (LiCs) and Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), which are tested under different temperatures and C-rates rates. The algorithm aims to maximize the number of autonomy cycles—defined as periods during which the system operates independently of the grid, marked by intervals between two consecutive 0% State of Charge (SoC) occurrences. Testing scenarios include dynamic temperature and dynamic load, constant temperature at 25 °C, and constant load, considering irradiation and temperature effects and cell capacity fading over a decade. A comparative analysis reveals that, on average, the LiC storage is sized at 70–80% of the LiB storage across various scenarios. Notably, under a constant-temperature scenario, the degradation rate accelerates, particularly for LiBs. By leveraging the modified Golden Section Search algorithm, this study provides an efficient approach to the sizing problem, optimizing the number of cells and thus offering a potential solution for energy storage in off-grid PV systems.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139602892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-23DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020043
Ngoc Nam Pham, Radim Bloudicek, Jan Leuchter, Stanislav Rydlo, Quang Huy Dong
This paper deals with the analyses of batteries used in current military systems to power the electric drives of military vehicles. The article focuses on battery analyses based on operational data obtained from measurements rather than analyses of the chemical composition of the tested batteries. The authors of the article used their experience from the development test-laboratory of military technology. This article presents a comparative analysis of existing and promising technologies in the field of energy storage and buffering for military electric vehicles. The overview of these technologies, including the design, operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages, are briefly presented to produce theoretical comparative analyses. However, this article mainly focuses on the experimental verification of operational ability in varied conditions, as well as the comparison and analysis of these results. The main part of the article provides more experimental studies on technologies of energy storage and buffering using the results of several experiments conducted to demonstrate the behavior of each technology in different working conditions. The output parameters, as well as the state of charge of each technology’s samples, were surveyed in various temperatures and loading characteristics. The results presented in this paper are expected to be useful for optimizing the selection of energy storage and buffering solutions for military electric vehicles in different applications and functional environments.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Energy Storage and Buffer Units for Electric Military Vehicle: Survey of Experimental Results","authors":"Ngoc Nam Pham, Radim Bloudicek, Jan Leuchter, Stanislav Rydlo, Quang Huy Dong","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020043","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the analyses of batteries used in current military systems to power the electric drives of military vehicles. The article focuses on battery analyses based on operational data obtained from measurements rather than analyses of the chemical composition of the tested batteries. The authors of the article used their experience from the development test-laboratory of military technology. This article presents a comparative analysis of existing and promising technologies in the field of energy storage and buffering for military electric vehicles. The overview of these technologies, including the design, operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages, are briefly presented to produce theoretical comparative analyses. However, this article mainly focuses on the experimental verification of operational ability in varied conditions, as well as the comparison and analysis of these results. The main part of the article provides more experimental studies on technologies of energy storage and buffering using the results of several experiments conducted to demonstrate the behavior of each technology in different working conditions. The output parameters, as well as the state of charge of each technology’s samples, were surveyed in various temperatures and loading characteristics. The results presented in this paper are expected to be useful for optimizing the selection of energy storage and buffering solutions for military electric vehicles in different applications and functional environments.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"135 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139604650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The pursuit of industrializing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with exceptional energy density and top-tier safety features presents a substantial growth opportunity. The demand for energy storage is steadily rising, driven primarily by the growth in electric vehicles and the need for stationary energy storage systems. However, the manufacturing process of LIBs, which is crucial for these applications, still faces significant challenges in terms of both financial and environmental impacts. Our review paper comprehensively examines the dry battery electrode technology used in LIBs, which implies the use of no solvents to produce dry electrodes or coatings. In contrast, the conventional wet electrode technique includes processes for solvent recovery/drying and the mixing of solvents like N-methyl pyrrolidine (NMP). Methods that use dry films bypass the need for solvent blending and solvent evaporation processes. The advantages of dry processes include a shorter production time, reduced energy consumption, and lower equipment investment. This is because no solvent mixing or drying is required, making the production process much faster and, thus, decreasing the price. This review explores three solvent-free dry film techniques, such as extrusion, binder fibrillation, and dry spraying deposition, applied to LIB electrode coatings. Emphasizing cost-effective large-scale production, the critical methods identified are hot melting, extrusion, and binder fibrillation. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the solvent-free dry-film-making methods, detailing the underlying principles, procedures, and relevant parameters.
{"title":"Engineering Dry Electrode Manufacturing for Sustainable Lithium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Mohamed Djihad Bouguern, Anil Kumar Madikere Raghunatha Reddy, Xia Li, Sixu Deng, Harriet Laryea, Karim Zaghib","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010039","url":null,"abstract":"The pursuit of industrializing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with exceptional energy density and top-tier safety features presents a substantial growth opportunity. The demand for energy storage is steadily rising, driven primarily by the growth in electric vehicles and the need for stationary energy storage systems. However, the manufacturing process of LIBs, which is crucial for these applications, still faces significant challenges in terms of both financial and environmental impacts. Our review paper comprehensively examines the dry battery electrode technology used in LIBs, which implies the use of no solvents to produce dry electrodes or coatings. In contrast, the conventional wet electrode technique includes processes for solvent recovery/drying and the mixing of solvents like N-methyl pyrrolidine (NMP). Methods that use dry films bypass the need for solvent blending and solvent evaporation processes. The advantages of dry processes include a shorter production time, reduced energy consumption, and lower equipment investment. This is because no solvent mixing or drying is required, making the production process much faster and, thus, decreasing the price. This review explores three solvent-free dry film techniques, such as extrusion, binder fibrillation, and dry spraying deposition, applied to LIB electrode coatings. Emphasizing cost-effective large-scale production, the critical methods identified are hot melting, extrusion, and binder fibrillation. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the solvent-free dry-film-making methods, detailing the underlying principles, procedures, and relevant parameters.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"43 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139608439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-22DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010038
A. Zanoletti, Eleonora Carena, Chiara Ferrara, Elza Bontempi
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a widely used energy storage technology as they possess high energy density and are characterized by the reversible intercalation/deintercalation of Li ions between electrodes. The rapid development of LIBs has led to increased production efficiency and lower costs for manufacturers, resulting in a growing demand for batteries and their application across various industries, particularly in different types of vehicles. In order to meet the demand for LIBs while minimizing climate-impacting emissions, the reuse, recycling, and repurposing of LIBs is a critical step toward achieving a sustainable battery economy. This paper provides a comprehensive review of lithium-ion battery recycling, covering topics such as current recycling technologies, technological advancements, policy gaps, design strategies, funding for pilot projects, and a comprehensive strategy for battery recycling. Additionally, this paper emphasizes the challenges associated with developing LIB recycling and the opportunities arising from these challenges, such as the potential for innovation and the creation of a more sustainable and circular economy. The environmental implications of LIB recycling are also evaluated with methodologies able to provide a sustainability analysis of the selected technology. This paper aims to enhance the comprehension of these trade-offs and encourage discussion on determining the “best” recycling route when targets are in conflict.
{"title":"A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Technologies, Sustainability, and Open Issues","authors":"A. Zanoletti, Eleonora Carena, Chiara Ferrara, Elza Bontempi","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010038","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a widely used energy storage technology as they possess high energy density and are characterized by the reversible intercalation/deintercalation of Li ions between electrodes. The rapid development of LIBs has led to increased production efficiency and lower costs for manufacturers, resulting in a growing demand for batteries and their application across various industries, particularly in different types of vehicles. In order to meet the demand for LIBs while minimizing climate-impacting emissions, the reuse, recycling, and repurposing of LIBs is a critical step toward achieving a sustainable battery economy. This paper provides a comprehensive review of lithium-ion battery recycling, covering topics such as current recycling technologies, technological advancements, policy gaps, design strategies, funding for pilot projects, and a comprehensive strategy for battery recycling. Additionally, this paper emphasizes the challenges associated with developing LIB recycling and the opportunities arising from these challenges, such as the potential for innovation and the creation of a more sustainable and circular economy. The environmental implications of LIB recycling are also evaluated with methodologies able to provide a sustainability analysis of the selected technology. This paper aims to enhance the comprehension of these trade-offs and encourage discussion on determining the “best” recycling route when targets are in conflict.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"31 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139609010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-21DOI: 10.3390/batteries10010037
Arpita Mondal, Yuhong Fu, Wei Gao, C. Mi
The ongoing transition toward electric vehicles is a major factor in the exponential rise in demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). There is a significant effort to recycle battery materials to support the mining industry in ensuring enough raw materials and avoiding supply disruptions, so that there will be enough raw materials to produce LIBs. Nevertheless, LIBs that have reached the end of their useful lives and are sent for recycling may still have some energy left in them, which could be dangerous during handling and processing. Therefore, it is important to conduct discharge pretreatment of LIBs before dismantling and crushing them, especially in cases where pyrometallurgical recycling is not used. Electrochemical discharge in conducting solutions has been commonly studied and implemented for this purpose, but its effectiveness has yet to be fully validated. Non-electrochemical discharge has also been researched as a potentially cleaner and more efficient discharge technology at the same time. This article presents a non-electrochemical discharge process by completely draining the energy from used batteries before recycling. A comprehensive investigation of the behavior of LIBs during discharge and the amount of energy remaining after fully discharging the battery at different temperatures is analyzed in this work. According to the experimental findings, completely discharging the battery at higher temperatures results in a reduced amount of residual energy in the battery. This outcome holds great importance in terms of safe and environmentally friendly recycling of used LIBs, emphasizing that safety and environmentally friendly recycling must go hand in hand with a cost-effective and sustainable solution.
{"title":"Pretreatment of Lithium Ion Batteries for Safe Recycling with High-Temperature Discharging Approach","authors":"Arpita Mondal, Yuhong Fu, Wei Gao, C. Mi","doi":"10.3390/batteries10010037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010037","url":null,"abstract":"The ongoing transition toward electric vehicles is a major factor in the exponential rise in demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). There is a significant effort to recycle battery materials to support the mining industry in ensuring enough raw materials and avoiding supply disruptions, so that there will be enough raw materials to produce LIBs. Nevertheless, LIBs that have reached the end of their useful lives and are sent for recycling may still have some energy left in them, which could be dangerous during handling and processing. Therefore, it is important to conduct discharge pretreatment of LIBs before dismantling and crushing them, especially in cases where pyrometallurgical recycling is not used. Electrochemical discharge in conducting solutions has been commonly studied and implemented for this purpose, but its effectiveness has yet to be fully validated. Non-electrochemical discharge has also been researched as a potentially cleaner and more efficient discharge technology at the same time. This article presents a non-electrochemical discharge process by completely draining the energy from used batteries before recycling. A comprehensive investigation of the behavior of LIBs during discharge and the amount of energy remaining after fully discharging the battery at different temperatures is analyzed in this work. According to the experimental findings, completely discharging the battery at higher temperatures results in a reduced amount of residual energy in the battery. This outcome holds great importance in terms of safe and environmentally friendly recycling of used LIBs, emphasizing that safety and environmentally friendly recycling must go hand in hand with a cost-effective and sustainable solution.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139610150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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