Journal of Archaeological Science最新文献_第10页

Determination of burning environment and temperature by colour and magnetic susceptibility based on heating simulation experiments and its application in Sanxingdui site in Sichuan, China 基于加热模拟实验的颜色和磁化率测定燃烧环境和温度及其在四川三星堆遗址的应用

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106399

Qian Wu , Fang Xiang , Yuming Guo , Ming Huang , Jiancheng Liu , Xin Sun

Magnetic susceptibility and colour are essential physical indicators for identifying traces of ancient fire use and are widely applied in archaeological research to reconstruct fire-related activities. The Sanxingdui site (4.8–2.8 ka) in Southwest China stands as one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of the 20th century. In this study, heating simulation experiments were conducted on Guanghan clay–widely distributed across the site–under both air and argon atmospheres, to investigate how its colour and magnetic parameters changed with temperature. Burnt soil from Pit K4 was used as a case study to infer the burning temperature and environment. The results indicated that changes in magnetic susceptibility and colour were closely tied to the phase transitions of magnetic minerals. Elevated magnetic susceptibility results from the formation of ferromagnetic minerals during high-temperature heating, whereas increased redness was attributed to the formation of hematite. The bluish-gray colour observed in an anaerobic environment was associated with the abundant formation of ferrous oxide. By comparing the colour and magnetic data of burnt soil from Pit K4 with those of Guanghan clay, combined with magnetic analysis and previous research, we inferred that fire rituals at the Sanxingdui site reached temperatures of approximately 850 °C and were likely conducted in open, well-ventilated settings. The method developed in this study, based on heating simulation experiments, for determining burning temperatures and environments using colour and magnetic susceptibility, can provide a reference for preliminary estimation of firing temperature ranges of burnt soil formed by human fire use or wildfires at numerous ancient Shu sites distributed on the Guanghan clay layer. It also provides insights into studying ancient fire-related behaviours at other archaeological sites.

磁化率和颜色是识别古代火使用痕迹的重要物理指标，在重建火相关活动的考古研究中得到了广泛的应用。中国西南部的三星堆遗址（4.8-2.8 ka）是20世纪最重要的考古发现之一。在本研究中，对广泛分布于现场的广汉粘土在空气和氩气气氛下进行了加热模拟实验，以研究其颜色和磁性参数随温度的变化。以K4坑的燃烧土壤为例，对燃烧温度和环境进行了分析。结果表明，磁化率和颜色的变化与磁性矿物的相变密切相关。磁化率的升高是由于高温加热过程中铁磁性矿物的形成，而赤铁矿的形成则导致了赤铁矿的形成。在厌氧环境中观察到的蓝灰色与大量氧化亚铁的形成有关。通过比较K4坑燃烧土壤与广汉粘土的颜色和磁性数据，结合磁性分析和先前的研究，我们推断三星堆遗址的点火仪式温度约为850°C，可能是在开放、通风良好的环境中进行的。本研究基于加热模拟实验，利用颜色和磁化率确定燃烧温度和环境的方法，可以为初步估计分布在广汉粘土层上的众多古蜀遗址中人类使用火或野火形成的燃烧土壤的燃烧温度范围提供参考。它还为研究其他考古遗址的古代火相关行为提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Why is it so difficult to work on geochemical composition? Supervised geochemical composition data processing to study colouring iron oxide-rich rocks in archaeological contexts 为什么研究地球化学成分这么困难？监督地球化学成分数据处理，以研究考古背景下富含氧化铁的岩石着色

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106277

Claire Chanteraud , Hélène Salomon , Emilie Chalmin , Quentin Lemasson , Claire Pacheco , Laurent Pichon , Eric Goemaere , Camille Noûs , Brandi L. MacDonald

Iron oxide-rich colouring materials exhibit substantial diversity across various contexts, encompassing a wide range of physical, chemical, petrographic, and mechanical characteristics. The identification of these materials holds the key to understanding exploited mineral resources and the criteria of selections in Palaeolithic societies. Geochemical methods delve into the intrinsic properties of rocks, offering insights into their historical records, including their formation, weathering transformation, and technical applications.

To support the comprehensive collection and analysis of geochemical data pertaining to such archaeological materials, this paper establishes a foundation based on a diverse iron oxide-rich reference rocks. The objective of this study is to ensure a consistent basis for comparison by 1) formulating measurement procedures tailored to the unique physical attributes of iron oxide-rich materials, 2) elucidating the geological formation and context in relation to material composition, and 3) facilitating comparisons between geochemical analyses conducted on archaeological specimens and compatible geological references, whether local, regional, or extra-regional.

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the geochemical composition of seven selected iron oxide-rich reference rocks. By integrating petrographic and mineralogical insights with a careful consideration of analytical and statistical constraints, it contributes a coherent and critically assessed framework for conducting geochemical analyses and statistical data processing on archaeological specimens and relevant reference rocks, leveraging non-invasive Proton-Induced X-ray Emission Spectroscopy (PIXE) data.

富含氧化铁的着色材料在各种情况下表现出实质性的多样性，包括广泛的物理、化学、岩石学和机械特性。这些材料的鉴定是了解旧石器时代社会中开采矿产资源和选择标准的关键。地球化学方法深入研究岩石的内在特性，提供对其历史记录的见解，包括它们的形成，风化转变和技术应用。为了支持这类考古材料的地球化学数据的全面收集和分析，本文建立了一个基于多种富氧化铁参考岩石的基础。本研究的目的是通过以下方式确保比较的一致性：1)制定适合富氧化铁材料独特物理属性的测量程序；2)阐明与材料成分相关的地质形成和背景；3)促进对考古标本进行的地球化学分析与兼容的地质参考资料之间的比较，无论是本地的，区域的还是区域外的。本文对7种富氧化铁参考岩的地球化学组成进行了全面的研究。通过整合岩石学和矿物学的见解，仔细考虑分析和统计约束，它为考古标本和相关参考岩石的地球化学分析和统计数据处理提供了一个连贯和严格评估的框架，利用非侵入性质子诱导x射线发射光谱（PIXE）数据。

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引用次数: 0

Mitochondrial DNA diversity in northeast Iberians during the Iron Age 铁器时代东北伊比利亚人线粒体DNA的多样性

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106390

Daniel R. Cuesta-Aguirre , M. Rosa Campoy-Caballero , Carolina Sandoval-Ávila , Cesc Busquets i Costa , Marta Fàbregas i Espadaler , Alejandro G. Sinner , Gabriel de Prado , Nuria Molist Capella , Montserrat Duran i Caixal , Imma Mestres Santacreu , Natalia Alonso , Maria Pilar Aluja , Assumpció Malgosa , Cristina Santos

Iberian culture emerged along the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula between the 8th and 6th century BCE, flourishing during the 5th-3rd BCE until the Roman conquest. Iberians engaged in metallurgy, agriculture, and livestock, and actively participated in Mediterranean commercial trade networks. Despite cremation being the predominant funerary practice, advances in ancient DNA techniques have enabled the recovery of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from an increasing number of Iberian individuals. Here, we analyzed the remains of 31 newborns, successfully obtaining mtDNA profiles for 21 individuals (20 Iberians and 1 Late Roman). These data were merged with 41 previously published mtDNA profiles from unrelated Iberians across different tribes of the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Additional prehistoric data were compiled to contextualize Iberian haplogroups. We investigated maternal lineage diversity between tribes, temporal shifts in haplogroup composition, and signatures of long-distance female mobility. Our results revealed subtle differences in mtDNA haplogroup frequencies between groups, although genetic differentiation was not statistically significant. Mitochondrial diversity remained relatively high across all tribes, consistent with patrilocal mating systems and small-distance female migration that may have prevented strong matrilineal differentiation among tribes. A predominance of haplogroups H, J, K, HV0, and U was observed, most of which were already present in the Iberian Peninsula before the Iron Age. Haplogroup diversity remained stable over time, without population differentiation, suggesting maternal genetic continuity from the Bronze Age. However, the presence of some haplogroups pointed to occasional female-mediated gene flow from North Africa, the Near East, and Central Europe. Overall, this study provides the most comprehensive NGS-based assessment of maternal ancestry in Iron Age Iberians to date, revealing a genetic landscape shaped by local continuity alongside some long-distance female mobility linked to commercial trade and cultural interaction.

伊比利亚文化在公元前8世纪到6世纪之间出现在伊比利亚半岛的地中海沿岸，在公元前5世纪到公元前3世纪之间蓬勃发展，直到罗马人征服。伊比利亚人从事冶金、农业和畜牧业，并积极参与地中海商业贸易网络。尽管火葬是主要的丧葬方式，但古代DNA技术的进步使得从越来越多的伊比利亚人身上恢复线粒体DNA （mtDNA）成为可能。在这里，我们分析了31个新生儿的遗骸，成功地获得了21个个体（20个伊比利亚人和1个晚罗马人）的mtDNA图谱。这些数据与先前发表的41个来自伊比利亚半岛东北部不同部落的无血缘关系的伊比利亚人的mtDNA图谱合并。另外的史前数据被汇编以确定伊比利亚单倍群的背景。我们研究了部落间的母系多样性、单倍群组成的时间变化以及女性远距离迁移的特征。我们的研究结果显示，尽管遗传分化没有统计学意义，但两组之间mtDNA单倍群频率存在细微差异。所有部落的线粒体多样性仍然相对较高，这与父系交配制度和小距离的雌性迁徙相一致，这可能阻止了部落之间强烈的母系分化。单倍群H、J、K、HV0和U占优势，其中大部分在铁器时代之前就已经存在于伊比利亚半岛。随着时间的推移，单倍群多样性保持稳定，没有种群分化，表明母系遗传从青铜时代开始延续。然而，一些单倍群的存在表明，偶尔有来自北非、近东和中欧的女性介导的基因流。总的来说，这项研究提供了迄今为止对铁器时代伊比利亚人母系祖先最全面的基于ngs的评估，揭示了由当地连续性和一些与商业贸易和文化互动有关的远距离女性流动形成的遗传景观。

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引用次数: 0

Points, patterns, and predictions in archaeological settlement data: site-environment relationships of Paracas and Nasca communities in the Peruvian Andes 考古定居数据中的点、模式和预测：秘鲁安第斯山脉帕拉卡斯和纳斯卡社区的遗址-环境关系

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106385

Giacomo Bilotti , Markus Reindel , Johny Isla , Christian Mader

This paper provides a framework for studying settlement patterns during pre-Inka times in the western Andes, using Point Pattern Analysis (PPA). The technique has found limited application in the Andean region, partly due to data availability and historical research trajectories. This study aims to fill this gap and employs PPA to analyze settlement patterns and site-environment relationships in the Palpa valleys of the western Andes during the Paracas (800–160 BCE) and Nasca (160 BCE–620 CE) periods. Our analysis examines the spatial structure of prehispanic settlements in relation to landscape features, identifying factors influencing site location choices and their evolution over time. Furthermore, we use the results from PPA to predict site intensity in nearby regions that were only marginally investigated archaeologically in order to identify the most relevant areas for future research activity. The performance of the model proposed here is tested at different levels in order to improve our knowledge and increase the fit of the final model. The results show changes over time in the occupation of the landscape, most of which were directed towards optimizing agricultural production. However, we have also detected a strong impact of mobility during certain periods and inter-site interaction.

本文利用点模式分析（PPA）为研究前印卡时期西安第斯地区的聚落模式提供了一个框架。该技术在安第斯地区的应用有限，部分原因是数据可用性和历史研究轨迹。本研究旨在填补这一空白，并利用PPA分析了帕拉卡斯（Paracas，公元前800-160年）和纳斯卡（Nasca，公元前160 - 620年）时期西安第斯山脉帕尔帕山谷的聚落模式和遗址环境关系。我们的分析考察了前西班牙人住区的空间结构与景观特征的关系，确定了影响选址的因素及其随时间的演变。此外，我们使用PPA的结果来预测附近只有少量考古调查的地区的遗址强度，以便为未来的研究活动确定最相关的地区。为了提高我们的知识水平，提高最终模型的拟合度，本文对模型的性能进行了不同层次的测试。结果显示，随着时间的推移，景观的占用发生了变化，其中大部分是为了优化农业生产。然而，我们也发现了在某些时期和站点间交互的流动性的强烈影响。

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引用次数: 0

Is the StW 53 cranium (Sterkfontein, South Africa) the earliest evidence of tool-assisted hominin modification? New data from a neotaphonomic experiment and the virtual reconstruction of its linear marks StW 53头盖骨（南非Sterkfontein）是工具辅助人类改造的最早证据吗？新语音学实验的新数据及其线性标记的虚拟重建

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106389

Mari Carmen Arriaza , Julia Aramendi , Ronald Clarke , Miguel Ángel Maté-González , José Yravedra , Paloma de la Peña , Dominic Stratford

Taphonomic studies aim to discern the origin of bone assemblages at archaeological and palaeontological sites, determining whether (or the degree to which) carnivores, humans or natural processes were involved in the accumulation and modification of such assemblages. The StW 53 Australopithecus cranium from Sterkfontein (South Africa) exhibits striations on the antero-medial face of the zygomatic arch. Previous taphonomic analyses suggested that these bone surface modifications were cut marks. However, subsequent research argued that the linear marks were produced through contact with an autogenic clast from the cave. An accurate taphonomic interpretation is crucial because, if the StW 53 striations are cut marks, it could represent the earliest evidence of tool-assisted modification of a hominin bone. New neotaphonomic experiments have been conducted to test both hypotheses. Additionally, geometric morphometric analysis and machine learning algorithms have been used to characterize the morphology of both cut marks and natural marks. Results indicate that the more plausible hypothesis for the origin of the StW 53 striations is a natural taphonomic process involving an autogenic clast from the cave.

地形学研究的目的是在考古和古生物遗址中辨别骨骼组合的起源，确定食肉动物、人类或自然过程是否（或在多大程度上）参与了这些组合的积累和修改。南非Sterkfontein的StW 53南方古猿头盖骨在颧弓的前内侧面显示出条纹。先前的地形学分析表明，这些骨表面的修饰是切割痕迹。然而，随后的研究认为，这些线状痕迹是通过与洞穴中的自生碎屑接触而产生的。准确的地形学解释是至关重要的，因为如果StW 53的条纹是切割痕迹，它可能代表人类骨骼工具辅助修饰的最早证据。为了验证这两种假设，人们进行了新的词法实验。此外，几何形态计量学分析和机器学习算法已被用于表征切割痕迹和自然痕迹的形态。结果表明，对于stw53条纹的起源，更可信的假设是一个涉及洞穴自生碎屑的自然埋藏过程。

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引用次数: 0

A comprehensive dataset of key domesticated faunal remains from China spanning the early Neolithic to the Han Dynasty 从新石器时代早期到汉代的中国主要驯化动物遗骸的综合数据集

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106395

Litong Liu , Caihui Wang , Yutian Yang, Yue Zhou, Jie Yang, Xue Ling, Ming Zhang

As one of the earliest domestication centers of plants and animals globally, zooarchaeological studies in China provide key insights into the relationship between domestication processes and socioeconomic development. Despite recent growth in Chinese zooarchaeological research, a comprehensive synthesis is lacking. To address this gap, we systematically compiled a dataset of 2,913 zooarchaeological records from published literature and archaeological reports across China, covering the early Neolithic to the Han Dynasty (approximately 12-1.8 thousand years before present). The dataset reveals significant spatial disparities in the distribution of six key domesticated species (pigs, dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, and horses), with 87.68 % of the total faunal remains concentrated in Northern China and 12.32 % in Southern China. Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), both native to East Asia, constituted the most abundant species. This dataset provides a comprehensive overview of Chinese zooarchaeological research, enhances its international visibility, and establishes a foundation for future integrated studies.

作为全球最早的动植物驯化中心之一，中国的动物考古研究为人类驯化过程与社会经济发展之间的关系提供了重要的见解。尽管近年来中国动物考古研究有所发展，但缺乏全面的综合研究。为了解决这一差距，我们系统地编制了一个数据集，其中包括2,913个动物考古记录，这些记录来自中国各地已发表的文献和考古报告，涵盖了新石器时代早期到汉代（距今约1.2 -1.8千年）。结果表明，猪、狗、牛、羊、山羊和马6种主要家养动物的分布存在显著的空间差异，其中华北地区集中了87.68%，华南地区集中了12.32%。原产于东亚的猪（Sus scrofa domesticus）和狗（Canis lupus familiaris）是最丰富的物种。该数据集提供了中国动物考古研究的全面概述，提高了其国际知名度，并为未来的综合研究奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

The walking moai hypothesis: Archaeological evidence, experimental validation, and response to critics 行走的摩埃石像假说：考古证据、实验验证和对批评的回应

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106383

Carl P. Lipo , Terry L. Hunt

The transport of Rapa Nui's (Easter Island) monumental moai statues has been debated for over a century. Based on a systematic analysis of 962 moai, with a focus on 62 road statues, combined with 3D modeling and experimental trials, we demonstrate that these multi-ton megaliths were designed for transport vertically in a controlled "walking" motion facilitated by their carved shapes. Our evidence includes distinctive morphological features of road moai (wide, D-shaped bases and forward lean), archaeological road characteristics (4.5m wide, concave cross-sections), non-random breakage patterns, and successful experimental validation using a precisely-scaled 4.35 metric ton replica based on road moai morphology. Our experiments revealed that the forward-leaning design enabled efficient transport, covering 100 m in 40 min with a team of 18 people—a significant improvement over earlier vertical transport attempts that used incorrectly proportioned ahu moai forms. Statistical analysis of the road moai distribution reveals patterns that are strongly consistent with transport failure: 51.6 % concentrate within 2 km of the Rano Raraku quarry, following an exponential decay pattern expected from mechanical failure processes rather than deliberate ceremonial placement. Despite empirical support, several scholars have challenged the walking hypothesis. We systematically address critiques regarding terrain constraints, rope availability, weathering patterns, and alternative transport mechanisms, demonstrating how objections fail to account for the comprehensive archaeological evidence supporting vertical transport. The walking method required minimal resources and labor compared to horizontal transport hypotheses, revealing sophisticated engineering rather than environmental destruction, and aligning with Rapa Nui oral traditions that describe moai "walking" from the quarry.

拉帕努伊岛（复活节岛）巨大的摩埃石像的运输问题已经争论了一个多世纪。基于对962个摩埃石像的系统分析，重点是62个道路雕像，结合3D建模和实验试验，我们证明了这些重达数吨的巨石是为垂直运输而设计的，它们的雕刻形状有助于控制“行走”运动。我们的证据包括道路摩埃石像的独特形态特征（宽，d形基座和前倾），考古道路特征（4.5米宽，凹截面），非随机破碎模式，以及基于道路摩埃石像形态精确比例的4.35公吨复制品的成功实验验证。我们的实验表明，前倾的设计实现了高效的运输，18人的团队在40分钟内完成了100米的运输，这比早期使用比例不正确的ahu moai形式的垂直运输尝试有了显著的改进。对道路摩埃石像分布的统计分析揭示了与运输故障强烈一致的模式：51.6%的石像集中在Rano Raraku采石场2公里范围内，遵循机械故障过程的指数衰减模式，而不是故意的仪式放置。尽管有经验支持，但一些学者对行走假说提出了质疑。我们系统地解决了关于地形限制、绳索可用性、风化模式和替代运输机制的批评，证明了反对意见无法解释支持垂直运输的全面考古证据。与水平运输假设相比，步行方法需要最少的资源和劳动力，揭示了复杂的工程而不是环境破坏，并与拉帕努伊口头传统描述的莫埃从采石场“步行”相一致。

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引用次数: 0

Simulating the formation of herbivore tooth death assemblages to improve expectations for paleoenvironmental reconstruction from intra-tooth isotopic analysis 模拟草食动物牙齿死亡组合的形成，提高对牙内同位素分析古环境重建的期望

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106396

Alexandra L. Norwood , Benjamin Davies , Julie Luyt , David R. Braun , J. Tyler Faith

Isotopic analysis of serially-sampled dental enamel from fossil faunal assemblages is a popular paleoenvironmental proxy for its ability to inform on changes in seasonality and vegetation structure in the past. However, multiple factors contribute to patterning observed in isotope data from these enamel samples, including growth rate changes over the course of tooth development; variation in the amount of dental wear; seasonal variation in births that affect the timing of recorded environmental signals; and intra-annual variation in the isotopic composition of ingested water and plant foods. Here, we model tooth growth and wear in zebra (Equus spp.) to generate simulated assemblages of teeth to characterize how the signal of an idealized oxygen isotope sine wave input is modulated by these sources of variation. In the model, a death assemblage of individual animals is generated using data from known populations. For each animal, a third molar (m3) is grown to a specified height, during which time it accumulates an isotopic signal, and then is worn based on empirically-observed rates of wear to its age at death. Simulated teeth are then sampled serially at designated intervals down the length of the tooth, generating an enamel isotope profile for each tooth. In a series of simulated experiments, we complexify the model by layering changing growth patterns and population demography and compare the resultant enamel isotope profiles. Our results demonstrate the dramatic impact these factors have on how isotopic signals are accumulated within teeth and within assemblages. To operationalize these results, we also compare our model output to measured oxygen isotope data from mid-Pleistocene zebra from the Elandsfontein dunefield in the southwestern Cape of South Africa. These comparisons indicate Elandsfontein may have experienced similar precipitation seasonality during the mid-Pleistocene to the southwestern Cape today.

从化石动物群组合中连续取样的牙釉质同位素分析是一种流行的古环境指标，因为它能够提供过去季节和植被结构变化的信息。然而，从这些牙釉质样本的同位素数据中观察到的模式有多种因素，包括牙齿发育过程中的生长速率变化；牙齿磨损量的变化；出生的季节变化影响记录的环境信号的时间；以及摄入的水和植物性食物的同位素组成的年内变化。在这里，我们模拟了斑马（Equus spp.）的牙齿生长和磨损，以产生模拟的牙齿组合，以表征理想氧同位素正弦波输入的信号是如何被这些变化源调制的。在该模型中，使用已知种群的数据生成单个动物的死亡组合。对于每只动物，第三个臼齿（m3）被长到指定的高度，在此期间，它积累了一个同位素信号，然后根据经验观察到的磨损率被磨损，直到它死亡。然后以指定的间隔沿着牙齿的长度对模拟牙齿进行连续采样，为每颗牙齿生成牙釉质同位素剖面。在一系列模拟实验中，我们通过分层变化的生长模式和人口统计学来复杂模型，并比较所得的牙釉质同位素谱。我们的研究结果表明，这些因素对同位素信号如何在牙齿和组合中积累产生了巨大影响。为了应用这些结果，我们还将我们的模型输出与南非西南角Elandsfontein dunefield的中更新世斑马的氧同位素测量数据进行了比较。这些比较表明，从更新世中期到今天的西南开普，埃兰方丹可能经历了类似的降水季节性。

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引用次数: 0

Redefining SW Amazonian chronologies and pottery use at the Teotônio site 重新定义西南亚马逊年代和陶器使用Teotônio网站

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106393

McKenzie R. Bentley , Lorena Becerra-Valdivia , Thiago Kater , Laura Pereira Furquim , Jennifer Watling , Fernando Almeida , Kelly Brandão , David Chivall , Natálya Cristiana Pereira Pinheiro , Bethan Linscott , Qian Ma , Guilherme Mongeló , Myrtle P. Shock , André Oliveira Sawakuchi , Francis Mayle , Eduardo Góes Neves , Christopher Bronk Ramsey

Teotônio is a pre-Columbian riverine archaeological site located in southwestern Amazonia, in a region with diverse cultural traditions and linguistic variety, and an archaeological record marking one of the oldest occupations in the Amazon. The site has a long history of nearly continuous human occupation spanning most of the Holocene, predicated by a stratigraphic sequence containing important pre-ceramic and ceramic traditions. As such, Teotônio offers a valuable opportunity to improve our understanding of the human landscape in southwestern Amazonia during the late Holocene. This work aims to provide a reliable chronology for Teotônio by producing new radiocarbon measurements and building a revised chronology using Bayesian chronological modelling. Through organic residue analysis (ORA), we run a pilot study to discern pottery vessel function according to ceramic tradition by characterising preserved lipid residues using supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bayesian modelling estimates the start and end of the cultural sequence at Teotônio to 10540–9425 cal BP and 625–395 cal BP (or CE 1325–1555), respectively, with a total duration between 8840 and 9980 years. ORA results for the ceramics show the presence of palmitic and stearic acids and resinous diterpenoids in most samples. These preliminary findings align with ethnographic traditions observed in the region, whereby resins from local flora are used for ceramic surface treatment, fuel, and/or medicinal purposes—although more work is required for validation. Together, the updated chronology and pilot study results contribute to our understanding of cultural practices and their maintenance through time, as well as specific human-environment interactions in southwestern Amazonia.

Teotônio是一个前哥伦布时代的河流考古遗址，位于亚马逊西南部，在一个文化传统和语言多样性丰富的地区，考古记录标志着亚马逊最古老的职业之一。该遗址有着悠久的历史，人类在整个全新世的大部分时间里几乎连续不断地居住，这是由包含重要的前陶瓷和陶瓷传统的地层序列所预示的。因此，Teotônio提供了一个宝贵的机会来提高我们对全新世晚期亚马逊西南地区人类景观的理解。这项工作旨在通过产生新的放射性碳测量和使用贝叶斯时间模型建立修订的年表，为Teotônio提供可靠的年表。通过有机残留物分析（ORA），我们利用超临界流体萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对保存的脂质残留物进行表征，以识别陶瓷传统的陶瓷容器功能。贝叶斯模型估计，该文化序列的开始和结束时间分别为Teotônio至10540-9425 cal BP和625-395 cal BP（或CE 1325-1555），总持续时间为8840年至9980年。陶瓷的ORA结果显示，在大多数样品中存在棕榈酸、硬脂酸和树脂二萜。这些初步发现与在该地区观察到的民族志传统一致，即从当地植物中提取的树脂用于陶瓷表面处理、燃料和/或药用目的——尽管需要更多的工作来验证。总之，最新的年表和初步研究结果有助于我们理解亚马逊西南部的文化习俗及其随时间的维持，以及特定的人类与环境的相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

First successful detection of oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone in multiple human hard tissues, and their use as potential biomarkers of pregnancy 首次成功检测到多种人体硬组织中的雌激素、孕酮和睾酮，并将其作为妊娠的潜在生物标志物

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106392

Aimée Barlow , Elizabeth Craig-Atkins , Emilia Barker , Aileen Crawford , Daniela Cacciabue , Katie A. Hemer

The sex steroid hormones oestrogen, progesterone, and testosterone have never been detected in modern or archaeological human skeletal tissues using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis, and there are no standard protocols for their extraction. As progesterone is a biomarker of pregnancy in living individuals, its detection in skeletal remains would substantially improve the visibility of pregnant individuals in the archaeological record and furnish a novel means of exploring female life histories in the past. The present study demonstrates that oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone can be detected in the hard tissues of ten individuals of known sex dating from the 1st to 19th centuries CE and evaluates their potential as biomarkers of pregnancy. The cohort comprised seven females of varied parity status and three males. A novel ELISA methodology was developed for hormone extraction from prepared tissue samples of bone, dentine, enamel, root from second and third permanent molars, and dental calculus (n = 74). Oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone concentrations were measurable in bone, dentine, enamel, and root samples, whereas only progesterone and testosterone were detected in dental calculus. Elevated progesterone concentrations were detected in the bone and tooth structures of one pregnant female, all individuals with in utero pregnancies had undetectable testosterone, and those associated with fetal remains presented elevated progesterone levels in dental calculus. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility and significant potential of the ELISA method for the detection of sex hormones in human skeletal remains to examine the reproductive histories of past populations.

使用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）分析从未在现代或考古人类骨骼组织中检测到性类固醇激素雌激素、孕酮和睾酮，并且没有标准的提取方案。由于黄体酮是活着的个体怀孕的生物标志物，在骨骼遗骸中检测黄体酮将大大提高怀孕个体在考古记录中的可见度，并为探索过去女性生活史提供一种新的手段。本研究表明，雌激素，孕酮和睾酮可以在10个已知性别的硬组织中检测到，时间可追溯到公元1至19世纪，并评估了它们作为妊娠生物标志物的潜力。该队列包括7名不同性别地位的女性和3名男性。建立了一种新的ELISA方法，用于从制备好的第二和第三恒磨牙的骨、牙本质、牙釉质、牙根和牙结石组织样本中提取激素（n = 74）。雌激素、孕酮和睾酮浓度在骨、牙本质、牙釉质和牙根样品中可测量，而在牙石中仅检测到孕酮和睾酮。在一名怀孕女性的骨骼和牙齿结构中检测到孕酮浓度升高，所有子宫妊娠的个体均未检测到睾酮，而那些与胎儿遗骸相关的人在牙石中检测到孕酮水平升高。我们的研究结果证明了ELISA方法用于检测人类骨骼遗骸中的性激素以检查过去人群的生殖史的可行性和重大潜力。

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引用次数: 0