Journal of Archaeological Science最新文献_第4页

Feeding on giants: Neotaphonomic evidence of hyena exploitation of megafaunal skulls and its implications for Pleistocene archaeology 以巨兽为食：鬣狗利用巨型动物头骨的新学证据及其对更新世考古学的影响

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106458

Clara Mielgo , Sorina Venter , Almero Bosch , Rosa Huguet , Jan A. Venter

The role of hominins in the hunting and processing of megafauna is one of the most contentious topics in Pleistocene archaeology. Determining whether the remains of very large mammals (>800 kg) were shaped by human activity or carnivore modification requires robust neotaphonomic frameworks. Systematic patterns of carcass consumption by carnivores have been established, particularly for long bones. Yet research on megafauna, and especially on their cranial remains, are scarce despite their recurrent presence in archaeological contexts. This study investigates bone surface modification patterns on rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) and elephant (Loxodonta africana) cranial elements consumed by free-ranging spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in the Timbavati Private Nature Reserve, South Africa. The sample includes 20 cranial specimens (MNE = 20; 12 rhinoceros, 8 elephant) from individuals of different age groups that died naturally and were subsequently scavenged. Analyses using 40x hand lenses and Dino-Lite digital microscope to document bone surface modifications. Distinct patterns emerged: in rhinoceroses, near-complete destruction of mandibular condyles, coronoid processes, nuchal crest, and maxilla; in elephants, pronounced furrowing on mandibular condyles and the symphyseal region. Integrating these observations with published taphonomic analyses of Eurasian assemblages, a five-stage sequence of cranial exploitation is proposed, paralleling models established for long bone consumption. These results highlight prey species-specific differences in modification intensity linked to bone density, tissue distribution, and feeding strategies. More broadly, they provide comparative criteria for distinguishing hyena from hominin-induced modifications, and the paleoecological significance of megafauna in Pleistocene ecosystems.

古人类在巨型动物的狩猎和加工中的作用是更新世考古学中最具争议的话题之一。确定超大型哺乳动物（800公斤）的遗骸是由人类活动塑造的还是由食肉动物改造的，需要强有力的新解剖学框架。食肉动物消耗尸体的系统模式已经建立，尤其是长骨。然而，尽管巨型动物在考古背景中反复出现，但对它们的研究，尤其是对它们的头骨遗骸的研究却很少。本研究调查了南非Timbavati私人自然保护区自由放养的斑点鬣狗（Crocuta Crocuta）对犀牛（Ceratotherium simum）和大象（Loxodonta africana）颅骨元素的骨表面修饰模式。该样本包括20个颅骨标本（MNE = 20； 12头犀牛，8头大象），来自不同年龄组的自然死亡个体，随后被清除。使用40x手镜和Dino-Lite数码显微镜记录骨表面变化。不同的模式出现了：在犀牛中，下颌髁、冠突、颈嵴和上颌骨几乎完全破坏；在大象中，在下颌髁和联合区有明显的沟纹。将这些观察结果与已发表的欧亚组合地貌学分析相结合，提出了一个五阶段颅骨开发序列，并建立了长骨消耗的平行模型。这些结果强调了与骨密度、组织分布和摄食策略相关的修改强度的猎物物种特异性差异。更广泛地说，它们提供了区分鬣狗和人类引起的变异的比较标准，以及更新世生态系统中巨型动物的古生态意义。

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引用次数: 0

Beachy Head Woman: clarifying her origins using a multiproxy anthropological and biomolecular approach 滩头妇女：用多代理人类学和生物分子方法澄清她的起源

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106445

Andy Walton , William Marsh , Alex Strang , Jonathan Seaman , Kelly Van Doorn , Hella Eckardt , Caroline Wilkinson , Ian Barnes , Selina Brace

The skeletal remains of an individual colloquially referred to as Beachy Head Woman (BHW) were re-discovered in the Eastbourne Town Hall collection in 2012, and have remained the subject of significant public interest since. Radiocarbon dating yielded a calibrated date of between 129 and 311 calCE indicating that she lived during the period of the Roman occupation of Britain and, over more than a decade, there have been several attempts to unravel her geographical origins and ancestry. Here, we present results of all bioanthropological and biomolecular analyses performed to date. Initial osteological analyses indicated possible sub-Saharan origin, with BHW thus presented as one of the earliest Africans in Britain. However, her story was complicated by subsequent (unpublished) biomolecular analyses, which suggested she likely grew up on the south coast of Britain and had recent European ancestry. Here we present high quality ancient DNA data indicating that Beachy Head Woman has a strong genetic affinity to individuals from rural Britain during the Roman occupation and modern day Britons. We find no signals of admixture that would suggest recent sub-Saharan ancestry. Phenotypic predictions suggest she had blue eyes, intermediate (between pale and dark) skin pigmentation and light hair. Combined, our multiproxy approach indicates that Beachy Head Woman was of local British ancestry.

2012年，人们在伊斯特本市政厅的藏品中重新发现了一具被称为比奇头女人（BHW）的遗骸，此后一直是公众关注的焦点。放射性碳定年法得出了一个在公元129年到311年之间的校准日期，表明她生活在罗马占领英国的时期。在过去的十多年里，人们曾多次试图解开她的地理起源和祖先。在这里，我们提出了迄今为止所有生物人类学和生物分子分析的结果。最初的骨学分析表明可能来自撒哈拉以南地区，BHW因此被认为是英国最早的非洲人之一。然而，她的故事因随后（未发表的）生物分子分析而变得复杂，这些分析表明她可能在英国南部海岸长大，并具有最近的欧洲血统。在这里，我们展示了高质量的古代DNA数据，表明比奇头女人与罗马占领时期英国农村和现代英国人有很强的遗传亲和力。我们没有发现混血的迹象表明他有撒哈拉以南的近世血统。表型预测表明，她有蓝色的眼睛，介于苍白和深色之间的皮肤色素沉着和浅色头发。综合起来，我们的多代理方法表明比奇头女人是当地的英国血统。

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引用次数: 0

Genomic insights into the ancestry and mortality of a historical era population from Southwest China 中国西南一个历史时期人口的祖先和死亡率的基因组学见解

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106459

Jiayi Dong , Wan Peng , Jiaqi Jin , Lei Yang , Ruojing Zhang , Jiange Jia , Chen Duan , Ge Song , Fei Zhao , Rurui Ye , Zhandong Gao , Haibing Yuan , Deyuan Wang , Xinglong Zhang , Fan Zhang

The Yun-Gui (Yunnan and Guizhou) Plateau of Southwest China has long been characterized by long-standing ethnolinguistic diversity shaped by complex demographic history. Although numerous groups belonging to distinct language families have inhabited the region over recent centuries, the nature and extent of their interactions remain poorly understood. At a natural karst cave located in a multiethnic area of southern Guizhou, archaeologists uncovered scattered skeletal remains of several dozen individuals dated to the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties (575–685 cal BP). The genetic origins of these individuals and the context of their deaths were previously unknown. Here, we present genome-wide ancient DNA analysis from 22 individuals recovered from the cave. The results reveal a strikingly genetically homogeneous population, exhibiting admixed ancient northern and southern East Asian ancestry, yet showing clear genetic differentiation from contemporaneous neighboring groups. This ancestry profile represents a genetic component that contributed to present-day ethnolinguistic groups in Southwest China. Genetic kinship analyses indicate that the group comprised several family units and was dominated by females. Furthermore, we detected authentic Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) DNA in one individual, supported by high sequence similarity to reference genomes of serovars S. Choleraesuis and S. Paratyphi C, along with characteristic ancient DNA damage patterns. No similar pathogen DNA was identified in other individuals. Integrating genomic evidence with historical records, we infer that these individuals most likely represent collective mortality associated with conflict rather than a widespread epidemic.

中国西南云贵（云南和贵州）高原长期以来以复杂的人口历史形成的长期民族语言多样性为特征。尽管近几个世纪以来，属于不同语系的许多群体居住在该地区，但人们对他们相互作用的性质和程度仍然知之甚少。在贵州南部一个多民族地区的一个天然喀斯特洞穴里，考古学家发现了几十具分散的骸骨，这些骸骨可以追溯到元末明初（公元前575-685年）。这些人的遗传起源和他们死亡的背景以前是未知的。在这里，我们展示了从洞穴中恢复的22个人的全基因组古代DNA分析。结果揭示了一个惊人的基因同质人群，表现出古代东亚北部和南部的混合祖先，但与同时代的邻近群体显示出明显的遗传分化。这一祖先概况代表了对中国西南地区今天的民族语言群体有贡献的遗传成分。遗传亲缘关系分析表明，该群体由多个家庭单位组成，以雌性为主。此外，我们在一个个体中检测到真实的肠沙门氏菌（S. enterica） DNA，这与血清型霍乱沙门氏菌和副伤寒沙门氏菌的参考基因组具有高度的序列相似性，以及典型的古代DNA损伤模式。在其他个体中未发现类似的病原体DNA。结合基因组证据和历史记录，我们推断，这些人最有可能代表与冲突有关的集体死亡，而不是广泛的流行病。

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引用次数: 0

Identifying the Genus origin of historic leather using DNA mini-barcoding and DNA meta-barcoding technologies 利用DNA迷你条形码和DNA元条形码技术鉴定历史皮革的属源

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106450

Qian Wu , Hailiang Yang , Yang Zhou , Xiaojing Kang , Liping Bao , Zvezdana Dode , Bingjian Zhang , Yulan Hu

The utilization of leather products dates back to the Upper Paleolithic era, serving diverse aspects of human life and production. Species identification of archaeological leather artifacts provides material evidence for understanding the development of ancient pastoralism and technological levels, while also informing critical decisions in conservation material selection and the reconstruction of historical craftsmanship. Archaeological leathers uncovered worldwide exhibit considerable diversity. However, due to complex burial environments, the epidermal structures of these artifacts are often damaged or entirely lost, making them unidentifiable through traditional morphological methods. Contamination and complex sample matrices impair the biomolecular specificity of existing techniques, limiting taxonomic resolution. DNA analysis has thus provided a novel pathway for species identification of leather artifacts. DNA barcoding represents a prevalent methodology within this domain. Unlike previous DNA barcoding studies that required preliminary identification of relic sources to design specific primers—often leading to sample waste—this study introduces a novel technique that uses only one pair of universal primers to identify unknown species in a single experiment. Moreover, it enables the identification of mixed samples via second-generation sequencing. Specifically, we designed a pair of universal primers based on DNA mini-barcoding and meta-barcoding concepts, allowing accurate species-level identification of 11 historical leather specimens from different periods and preservation conditions. Notably, this method requires only minimal sample input, as little as 1 mg per artifact. This study attempts to identify historical leathers from five different species using a single pair of primers in one experiment. The proposed "DNA mini-barcode and DNA meta-barcode technologies" enable highly efficient analysis, reducing sample consumption compared to traditional DNA techniques that rely on screening multiple primers for unknown samples. Furthermore, it enhances taxonomic resolution from the genus to the species level. This approach holds great promise for the species identification of historical leather artifacts.

皮革制品的使用可以追溯到旧石器时代晚期，服务于人类生活和生产的各个方面。考古皮革制品的物种鉴定为了解古代畜牧业的发展和技术水平提供了物质证据，同时也为保护材料选择和历史工艺重建的关键决策提供了信息。世界各地出土的考古皮革表现出相当大的多样性。然而，由于复杂的埋藏环境，这些文物的表皮结构往往被破坏或完全丢失，使其无法通过传统的形态学方法识别。污染和复杂的样品基质损害了现有技术的生物分子特异性，限制了分类分辨率。DNA分析为皮革制品的物种鉴定提供了新的途径。DNA条形码代表了该领域的一种流行方法。与以往的DNA条形码研究不同，以前的DNA条形码研究需要初步识别遗迹来源来设计特定的引物，这往往导致样品浪费，而这项研究引入了一种新技术，只需使用一对通用引物就可以在一次实验中识别未知物种。此外，它可以通过第二代测序鉴定混合样品。具体而言，我们设计了一对基于DNA迷你条形码和元条形码概念的通用引物，可以对11个不同时期和保存条件的历史皮革标本进行准确的物种水平鉴定。值得注意的是，该方法只需要最小的样品输入，每个工件只需1毫克。本研究试图在一个实验中使用一对引物来识别来自五个不同物种的历史皮革。提出的“DNA迷你条形码和DNA元条形码技术”实现了高效的分析，与传统的DNA技术相比，减少了样品消耗，传统的DNA技术依赖于筛选未知样品的多个引物。此外，它还提高了从属到种的分类分辨率。这种方法对历史皮革制品的物种鉴定具有很大的前景。

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引用次数: 0

Multimodal micro-area analysis deciphers Qing Dynasty guqin lacquer technology and acoustic design principles 多模态微区分析解读清代古琴漆工艺及声学设计原理

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106455

Xinying Hao , Li You , Lan Li , Liya Ma , Meiying Li , Michael R. Schilling , Xinyu Shen

This study presents the first comprehensive, molecule-to-microstructure reconstruction of formulations and lacquer technology used in Qing Dynasty Guqins—UNESCO-recognized musical instruments—through a multimodal micro-area approach. By integrating stereomicroscopy, SEM-EDS, micro-Raman, FT-IR, and thermally assisted hydrolysis-methylation pyrolysis-GC/MS (THM-Py-GC/MS), research decode the micromorphological features, material stratigraphy, functional fillers and tailored organic modifiers in both guqin-body and silk–string. Results reveal a highly engineered trilayer lacquer architecture composed of (i) a surface lacquer–film pigmented with carbon black and/or magnetite (Fe₃O₄), (ii) a lacquer-ash ground composed of porous bio-derived deer antler ash (hydroxyapatite, Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH)) and dense porcelain fragments (calcite, CaCO₃; quartz, SiO₂), applied in graded sublayers (from coarse to fine), and (iii) a wooden body. Critically, THM-Py-GC/MS identified diverse organic additives that modify the urushi matrix, including drying oils (linseed oil), proteins (blood or animal glue), resins (benzoin, cedar), and functional modifiers (starch, gall, tannins). The silk–string exhibited unique processing with perilla oil, benzoin resin, starch, and tannins, enhancing its shifting stiffness and damping. Together, these data reveal a deliberately engineered composite with potential vibro-acoustic functions. This study delivers the first layer-resolved, multi-technique reconstruction of Qing guqin formulation and provides a replicable analytical framework for conservation and for testing historically informed acoustic hypotheses.

本研究首次通过多模态微区方法，从分子到微观结构对清代古琴（联合国教科文组织认可的乐器）的配方和漆工艺进行了全面的重建。通过立体显微镜、SEM-EDS、微拉曼、FT-IR、热辅助水解-甲基化热解-气相色谱/质谱（THM-Py-GC/MS）等技术手段，对古秦体和丝弦的微观形态特征、物质地层、功能填料和定制有机改性剂进行了解码。结果揭示了一种高度工程的三层漆结构，它由(i)由炭黑和/或磁铁矿（Fe3O4）着色的表面漆膜，（ii）由多孔生物来源鹿角灰(羟基磷灰石，Ca5（PO4)3(OH)）和致密瓷碎片（方解石，CaCO3，石英，SiO2）组成的漆灰底面组成，以分级子层（从粗到细）应用，以及（iii）木质主体。至关重要的是，THM-Py-GC/MS鉴定出各种有机添加剂可以修饰漆基，包括干性油（亚麻籽油）、蛋白质（血液或动物胶）、树脂（安息香、雪松）和功能调节剂（淀粉、胆、单宁）。紫苏油、安息香树脂、淀粉和单宁对丝弦进行了独特的处理，提高了丝弦的移动刚度和阻尼性。总之，这些数据揭示了一种具有潜在振动声学功能的精心设计的复合材料。本研究首次实现了清古琴配方的分层分解、多技术重建，并提供了一个可复制的分析框架，用于保护和测试历史上已知的声学假设。

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引用次数: 0

Fueling draught power: A multi-isotopic study of draught cattle husbandry in Bronze and Iron Age Gordion (Central Anatolia, Türkiye) 促进干旱动力：青铜和铁器时代Gordion（中部安纳托利亚，土耳其）旱畜畜牧业的多同位素研究

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106451

Audrey Crabbé , Marcel T.J. van der Meer , John M. Marston , Willemien de Kock , Canan Çakırlar

This study integrates stable isotope, zooarchaeological, and paleopathological analysis with archaeobotanical, textual, ethnographic, and modern zootechnical evidence to explore diachronic trends in cattle management and agricultural practices in Bronze and Iron Age central Anatolia, focusing on the UNESCO World Heritage site of Gordion from the Late Bronze Age to the Middle Phrygian period. Periods of agricultural intensification are linked with higher ratios of adult cattle, more severe traction-related pathologies on the lower hind limb bones, and larger-bodied pathological cattle. Isotopic evidence reveals that draught cattle received specific diets with more regulated feeding strategies involving cultivated cereals, legumes and wild forage, compared to non-pathological cattle. These nutritional investments underscore the economic importance of draught cattle in the transportation network and a surplus-oriented agricultural system of a settlement with political and economic ambitions over a large territory. Decreasing δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values in bulk bone collagen over time confirm a shift from diverse strategies of agropastoralism to more intensive, cereal-focused land use likely linked to political centralization and population growth during the rise of the Phrygian Kingdom. Our findings contribute to the broader understanding of the interactions between animal labor and management, political-economic developments with population and territorial expansions, and environmental changes in shaping agrarian polities in central Anatolia.

本研究将稳定同位素、动物考古学和古病理学分析与考古植物学、文本、人种学和现代动物技术证据结合起来，探索青铜和铁器时代安纳托利亚中部的牛管理和农业实践的历时趋势，重点研究了联合国教科文组织世界遗产戈登翁，从青铜时代晚期到弗吕吉亚中期。农业集约化时期与更高的成年牛比例、更严重的牵拉相关的下后肢骨病理和更大的病耕牛有关。同位素证据显示，与非病理性牛相比，旱役牛的饮食更有规律，包括种植谷物、豆类和野生饲料。这些营养方面的投资强调了役畜在运输网络中的经济重要性，以及一个在大片领土上有政治和经济野心的定居点的以盈余为导向的农业系统。随着时间的推移，大量骨胶原中δ13C和δ15N值的下降证实了从农业畜牧业的多样化策略向更密集、以谷物为中心的土地利用的转变，这可能与弗里吉亚王国崛起期间的政治集中化和人口增长有关。我们的研究结果有助于更广泛地理解动物劳动与管理之间的相互作用，人口和领土扩张的政治经济发展，以及安纳托利亚中部形成农业政策的环境变化。

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引用次数: 0

Rolling through time: Scarab remains reveal 4,000 years of coastal pastoralism and biodiversity dynamics in western France 穿越时空：圣甲虫遗骸揭示了法国西部4000年来沿海畜牧业和生物多样性的动态变化

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106442

Lisa Richelmi , Jean-Bernard Huchet , Frédéric Santos , Florence Verdin

Erosion along the French Atlantic coastline is revealing unrecorded archaeological sites, while the shoreline retreat threatens this fragile heritage with irreversible loss. In waterlogged, anoxic sediments, insect remains are preserved in exceptional condition, enabling reconstruction of past human activities through archaeoentomological analysis. A diverse assemblage of dung beetles provides robust evidence of livestock farming from the Neolithic to Antiquity, revealing spatial and temporal variation in grazing intensity. High proportions of dung-associated species in a Middle Neolithic well indicate substantial herds as early as 5500 years ago. This provides the first evidence of coastal livestock farming in Neolithic France, illuminating a tipping point in the history of humankind. In other contexts, lower proportions imply limited grazing, potentially constrained by saline water sources. The diversity and dominance of aquatic and riparian taxa reflect a water-rich environment used for animal watering, while abundant pasture-associated taxa indicate an open landscape favorable to agropastoral practices. Comparisons between fossil and modern entomofaunas from the Gironde region reveal biodiversity shifts shaped by climatic change and human influence over millennia. These multi-millennial bioarchaeological archives offer unique insights into the deep history of biodiversity dynamics and inform debates on ecological change and evolution.

法国大西洋沿岸的侵蚀暴露了未被记录的考古遗址，而海岸线的退缩则威胁着这一脆弱的遗产，造成不可逆转的损失。在淹水、缺氧的沉积物中，昆虫遗骸保存在特殊的条件下，通过考古昆虫学分析可以重建过去的人类活动。不同种类的屎壳郎提供了从新石器时代到古代牲畜养殖的有力证据，揭示了放牧强度的时空变化。在新石器时代中期的一口井中发现了大量与粪便相关的物种，这表明早在5500年前就有大量的畜群。这提供了新石器时代法国沿海畜牧业的第一个证据，阐明了人类历史上的一个转折点。在其他情况下，较低的比例意味着放牧受限，可能受到含盐水源的限制。水生和河岸类群的多样性和优势反映了一个用于动物灌溉的富水环境，而丰富的牧场相关类群表明一个有利于农牧活动的开放景观。吉伦特地区化石和现代昆虫区系的比较揭示了数千年来气候变化和人类影响造成的生物多样性变化。这些数千年的生物考古档案为深入了解生物多样性动态的历史提供了独特的见解，并为关于生态变化和进化的辩论提供了信息。

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引用次数: 0

A study of modern and archaeological goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) from Iraq and Iran 伊拉克和伊朗现代和考古的鹅颈瞪羚（瞪羚属）研究

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106449

Melinda A. Zeder

<div><div>This study offers new insights into the exploitation of goitered gazelle (<em>Gazella subgutturosa</em>) from the Paleolithic up to the Chalcolithic in the steppe, foothills, and higher elevations of the Zagros Mountains. It begins with analysis of an assemblage of the skeletal remains of 23 modern goitered gazelle specimens from Iraq and Iran. This analysis first focuses on a new sequence of post-cranial skeletal element fusion that builds on earlier long-bone fusion and dental eruption and wear sequences produced for dorcas (<em>G. dorcas</em>) and mountain (<em>G. gazella</em>) gazelle. The study of the modern gazelle also examines the various factors affecting body size in goitered gazelle using the logarithm size index (LSI) scaling method. Differential scaling of normalized values of individual dimensions noted in earlier studies is determined to be a function of allometric relationships among the elements of the reference specimen chosen to serve as a standard in the normalization process. Using the mean value of multiple specimens, preferably of animals from the same region and time period, evens out these differences, making it possible to avoid having to separate dimensions into different scaling groups when using LSI data to reconstruct demographic profiles. The evaluation of metric data normalized in this way finds that region has a significant impact on body size in goitered gazelle, while age, even in juvenile animals older than about six months of age, has little impact. Even though there is a significant difference in the LSI values of females and males, there is too much overlap in these values to allow use these values to reliably identify the sex of individual specimens in modern and archaeological gazelle assemblages. The degree of dimorphism in goitered gazelle is great enough, however, to enable general conclusions to be drawn about the sex composition in larger assemblages. The analysis of goitered gazelle skeletal remains from 20 different components of 16 archaeological sites in Iraq and Iran reveals different trends in the proportions of gazelle relative to caprines over time, with an unexpected increase in gazelle in Ceramic Neolithic age assemblages in most areas. There are also regional size variations in assemblages with a decline in body size that is most marked among gazelle from steppe environments in lowland Iran. Changes in body size from the Paleolithic to the Ceramic Neolithic are argued to be, in large part, a reflection of shifting demographics of prey populations that signal changes in hunting strategies. Earlier strategies focused primarily on males while there was a more even mix of females and males among prey assemblages from Ceramic Neolithic sites. Actual body size reduction in goitered gazelle appears to have occurred sometime after the Ceramic Neolithic. Application of the new sequence of long-bone fusion sequence to archaeological assemblages also shows a shift from a focus on older, prim

这项研究为从旧石器时代到铜石器时代在扎格罗斯山脉的草原、山麓和高海拔地区的甲状腺瞪羚（Gazella subgutturrosa）的开发提供了新的见解。它首先分析了来自伊拉克和伊朗的23个现代甲状腺瞪羚标本的骨骼遗骸。该分析首先集中在一个新的颅后骨骼元素融合序列上，该序列建立在早期的长骨融合和牙齿萌出和磨损序列的基础上，这些序列产生于鹿角羚（G. dorcas）和山羚（G. gazella）。现代瞪羚的研究还考察了影响体型的各种因素，在甲状腺瞪羚使用对数大小指数（LSI）缩放方法。在早期的研究中注意到的各个维度的归一化值的微分标度被确定为在归一化过程中选择作为标准的参考标本元素之间的异速关系的函数。使用多个标本的平均值，最好是来自同一地区和时间段的动物，均匀这些差异，使其有可能避免在使用LSI数据重建人口统计资料时将维度划分为不同的比例组。用这种方法对度量数据进行归一化后的评价发现，区域对甲状腺瞪羚的体型有显著的影响，而年龄对其体型的影响很小，即使在6个月以上的幼年动物中也是如此。尽管雌性和雄性的LSI值存在显著差异，但这些值有太多的重叠，无法使用这些值来可靠地识别现代和考古瞪羚组合中单个标本的性别。然而，甲状腺瞪羚的二态性程度足够大，足以使人们对更大群体的性别组成得出一般性结论。对伊拉克和伊朗16个考古遗址的20个不同组成部分的喉肿瞪羚骨骼遗骸的分析显示，随着时间的推移，瞪羚相对于山羊的比例呈现不同的趋势，在大多数地区的陶瓷新石器时代组合中，瞪羚的数量出人意料地增加。在组合中也存在区域大小差异，体型的下降在伊朗低地草原环境的瞪羚中最为明显。从旧石器时代到陶瓷新石器时代，体型的变化被认为在很大程度上反映了猎物种群的人口结构变化，这表明了狩猎策略的变化。早期的策略主要集中在雄性，而在新石器时代陶瓷遗址的猎物组合中，雌性和雄性的混合更为均匀。甲状腺瞪羚的实际体型缩小似乎发生在陶瓷新石器时代之后的某个时候。将新的长骨融合序列序列应用于考古组合也表明，在伊朗大草原的陶瓷新石器时代组合中，人们从关注更老、更壮年的动物转向更强调更年轻的动物，尽管这与黎凡特大规模杀戮事件相关的情况不一致。

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引用次数: 0

Refining near-infrared spectroscopy for collagen quantification: A new predictive model for archaeological bone 改进近红外光谱用于胶原蛋白定量：一种新的考古骨骼预测模型

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106448

Christina Ryder , Gerardo Celis , Thibaut Devièse , Sahra Talamo , Katerina Douka , Matthew Collins , Angela Perri , Heather Thakar , William Pestle , Matt Sponheimer

Collagen is a vital archaeological material, preserving biochemical signatures that provide insights into past environments, diets, and human-animal interactions. However, diagenesis can lead to rapid and inconspicuous collagen degradation. Given the variability in collagen preservation and its significance for analyses such as radiocarbon dating, stable isotope analysis, and ZooMS, researchers have developed prescreening techniques to assess collagen preservation before destructive sampling. Current prescreening approaches, including %N and C:N ratios, typically require sample destruction and access to equipped laboratories. Spectroscopic techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy have been explored as alternatives, but they are limited in penetration depth, generalizability (at present at least), and are often still destructive, if minimally.

Here, we further develop single-point near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a fully non-destructive, rapid, and field-portable method for prescreening bone for collagen preservation. Unlike FTIR and Raman spectroscopic techniques, NIR light penetrates below the surface of bone, enabling assessment of internal collagen preservation without destructive sample preparation. Using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) and Random Forest (RF) modeling, we trained predictive models on whole bones with known collagen yields and validated the models on an independent archaeological collection. Both PLSR and RF models, when restricted to the 2030–2060 nm range, demonstrate strong and comparable performance while avoiding wavelengths associated with consolidants in our reference library. The models outperform traditional % N-based methods in identifying suitable samples for radiocarbon dating. These models enable the high-throughput screening of large collections of bone, improving sample selection and minimizing unnecessary destructive analysis.

胶原蛋白是一种重要的考古材料，它保存着生化特征，为我们了解过去的环境、饮食和人类与动物的相互作用提供了线索。然而，成岩作用可导致快速和不明显的胶原蛋白降解。考虑到胶原保存的可变性及其对放射性碳测年、稳定同位素分析和ZooMS等分析的重要性，研究人员开发了在破坏性取样之前评估胶原保存的预筛选技术。目前的预筛选方法，包括%N和C:N比率，通常需要销毁样品并进入装备齐全的实验室。光谱技术，如拉曼光谱和傅立叶变换红外光谱已经作为替代方案进行了探索，但它们在穿透深度和推广性（至少目前）方面受到限制，并且通常仍然具有破坏性，如果最小的话。在这里，我们进一步发展了单点近红外（NIR）光谱作为一种完全无损，快速，现场便携的方法，用于预筛选保存胶原蛋白的骨。与FTIR和拉曼光谱技术不同，近红外光可穿透骨表面以下，无需破坏性样品制备即可评估内部胶原保存情况。利用偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）和随机森林（RF）模型，我们在已知胶原蛋白产量的全骨上训练了预测模型，并在一个独立的考古收藏上验证了模型。当限制在2030-2060 nm范围内时，PLSR和RF模型都显示出强大的可比性能，同时避免了与参考库中整合物相关的波长。该模型在确定适合放射性碳测年的样品方面优于传统的基于% n的方法。这些模型能够对大量骨标本进行高通量筛选，改善样品选择并最大限度地减少不必要的破坏性分析。

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引用次数: 0

Traces we leave behind: The past and future of lithic use-wear analysis 我们留下的痕迹：石器使用磨损分析的过去和未来

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106447

Danielle A. Macdonald

The method of use-wear analysis was first published 60 years ago by Semenov in his seminal volume “Prehistoric Technology”. This method was developed just 10 years before the founding of the Journal of Archaeological Science, and since then has grown into a robust field of scientific inquiry. In this paper, I review the historical development and methodological advancements in use-wear analysis, focusing on how the applications of surface metrology and quantitative analysis have changed the field. The integration of surface metrology into our understanding of stone tool function has enabled archaeologists to measure and differentiate microscopic wear patterns to ask new questions about tool function. This paper explores these developments and addresses possible futures for the field, including multiscalar analysis combining edge angles with surface texture, the challenges of post-depositional processes, and the applications of emerging technologies such as AI. Through this paper I advocate for a holistic, multiscalar approach to use-wear analysis using multiple methods and techniques that reconnect tools to the people who used them, encouraging creative, interdisciplinary collaboration to deepen our understanding of past human behavior.

60年前，谢苗诺夫在他的开创性著作《史前技术》中首次提出了使用磨损分析方法。这种方法是在《考古科学杂志》创刊10年前发展起来的，从那时起，它已经发展成为一个强大的科学研究领域。本文回顾了使用磨损分析的历史发展和方法进步，重点介绍了表面计量学和定量分析的应用如何改变了该领域。将表面计量学整合到我们对石器工具功能的理解中，使考古学家能够测量和区分微观磨损模式，从而提出关于工具功能的新问题。本文探讨了这些发展，并提出了该领域可能的未来，包括结合边缘角度和表面纹理的多标量分析，沉积后过程的挑战，以及人工智能等新兴技术的应用。通过本文，我提倡使用多种方法和技术，将工具与使用它们的人重新联系起来，采用一种整体的、多标量的方法来进行使用磨损分析，鼓励创造性的、跨学科的合作，加深我们对过去人类行为的理解。

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引用次数: 0