Journal of Archaeological Science最新文献_第4页

Mercury treatment in late medieval European leprosaria? New data from human dental calculus 汞治疗中世纪晚期欧洲麻风病？人类牙结石的新数据

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106444

Elena Fiorin , Vincent Perrot , Charlotte A. Roberts , Cécile Chapelain de Seréville-Niel , Yue Gao , Christophe Snoeck , Emanuela Cristiani

This study investigates the potential use of mercury-based treatments for leprosy during the late medieval period through the analysis of mercury concentrations in human dental calculus. Calculus samples were obtained from individuals buried at St Leonard's (Peterborough, England) and St Thomas's (Aizier, France) leprosaria, with comparative samples collected from non-leprosaria burial sites where individuals showed no osteological evidence of leprosy. Mercury levels were measured in soil (N = 45) from the burial grounds using atomic absorption spectrometry and in dental calculus (N = 76) using cold vapour fluorescence adsorption spectroscopy. The findings reveal significant variability in mercury concentrations within and between sites, with the dental calculus values ranging from 0.11 to 9.7 mg kg⁻¹. Notably, individuals from leprosaria cemeteries exhibited significantly higher mercury concentrations in their calculus than those from non-leprosaria cemeteries (t(70) = 3.22, p = 0.002). Although mercury levels in the burial soils associated with the individuals sampled in leprosaria cemeteries were elevated compared to the natural geochemical background, the analysis suggests that contamination is probably due to mercury accumulated in soft tissues during life, which could substantially increase the surrounding soil's mercury content during decomposition. Thus, contamination from the surrounding soil was ruled out as the source of mercury in the dental calculus. Integrated with historical and archaeological evidence, these findings may suggest the intentional use of mercury-based treatments for leprosy. This study highlights the role of bioarchaeology in uncovering medieval therapeutic practices and provides the first evidence of mercury linked to medical treatment detected in dental calculus.

本研究通过分析人类牙石中的汞浓度，调查了中世纪晚期以汞为基础的麻风病治疗的潜在用途。从St Leonard’s （Peterborough，英格兰）和St Thomas’s （Aizier，法国）麻风病埋葬的个体中获得了结石样本，与从未显示麻风病骨学证据的非麻风病埋葬地点收集的样本进行了比较。采用原子吸收光谱法测定墓地土壤（N = 45）中的汞含量，采用冷蒸气荧光吸附光谱法测定牙石（N = 76）中的汞含量。研究结果显示，各地点内和地点之间的汞浓度存在显著差异，牙结石值范围为0.11至9.7 mg kg - 1。值得注意的是，来自麻风墓地的个体其结石中的汞浓度明显高于来自非麻风墓地的个体（t(70) = 3.22, p = 0.002）。虽然与麻风病墓地中取样的个体相关的埋葬土壤中的汞含量高于自然地球化学背景，但分析表明，污染可能是由于生命期间软组织中积累的汞，这可能在分解过程中大大增加周围土壤的汞含量。因此，来自周围土壤的污染被排除为牙石中汞的来源。结合历史和考古证据，这些发现可能表明故意使用基于汞的麻风病治疗方法。这项研究强调了生物考古学在揭示中世纪治疗实践中的作用，并提供了在牙石中检测到汞与医疗有关的第一个证据。

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引用次数: 0

Social and emotional cognition in Pleistocene hominin evolution: The role of biocultural processes 更新世人类进化中的社会和情感认知：生物文化过程的作用

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106441

Agustín Fuentes , Jennifer C. French , John Hawks , Marc Kissel , Penny Spikins

Patterns and processes of social cognition underlie much of the behavioral and ecological flexibility and adaptive capacity that characterizes the primate order. The hominin lineage emerged from a branch of primates, hominoids, particularly reliant on the navigation of complex intra and inter-group social relations as a central dynamic of their niche. Over the past few decades much research on hominin evolution has resituated focus from explaining the uniqueness of the big-brain, hyper-social, cognitively distinct Homo sapiens, to a broader inquiry into the potential process, pathways, and dynamics of the evolution of a hominin niche, or niches, rooted in increasingly complex social cognition. In this essay we review key aspects of this current paradigm and argue for the expanded inclusion of the possibilities of socio-emotional cognition in a biocultural approach as advantageous in developing a more robust descriptive framework for theory and method in the study of human evolution. We combine several sources and examples to highlight specific theoretical approaches to assist in developing a common and more integrative framework for investigating social and emotional cognition as a key component of the biocultural niche in Pleistocene hominins.

社会认知的模式和过程是灵长类动物行为和生态灵活性和适应能力的基础。古人类谱系起源于灵长类动物的一个分支——类人猿，特别依赖于复杂的群体内部和群体之间的社会关系，作为他们生态位的核心动力。在过去的几十年里，许多关于人类进化的研究已经从解释大脑大、超社交、认知上独特的智人的独特性，转向更广泛地探究人类生态位的潜在过程、途径和进化的动态，或基于日益复杂的社会认知的生态位。在本文中，我们回顾了这一当前范式的关键方面，并论证了在生物文化方法中扩大社会情感认知的可能性，这有利于为人类进化研究的理论和方法开发更强大的描述性框架。我们结合几个来源和例子来强调具体的理论方法，以帮助开发一个共同的和更综合的框架来研究社会和情感认知作为更新世人类生物文化生态位的关键组成部分。

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引用次数: 0

Semi-automatic detection of building stones and wall segments of archaeological ruins 考古遗址建筑石块和墙段的半自动检测

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106430

Erel Uziel , Motti Zohar , Yitzchak Jaffe

This study presents a semi-automatic methodology for detecting building stones and wall segments in archaeological research, using drone imagery and deep learning algorithms. The immediate outputs of the methodology are a georeferenced stones layer, with each stone detected as a separate instance, and a site plan layer, composed of stones considered part of detected wall segments. We developed this model via nine sites of varying size with different vegetation coverage, ground color, and material composition, exemplifying the model's ability to perform successfully even in challenging conditions. The digital layers, along with additional attributes associated with each shape, provide a foundation for further analysis, such as identifying multiple construction styles and site organization patterns, with significant potential for large-scale multi-site studies. Evaluation results demonstrate good model performance under varied conditions. We also provide trained models, trained on data from multiple sites, for immediate use and further refinement.

本研究提出了一种半自动方法，用于在考古研究中检测建筑石头和墙段，使用无人机图像和深度学习算法。该方法的直接输出是一个地理参考的石头层，每个石头被检测为一个单独的实例，以及一个场地平面图层，由被认为是检测到的墙段的一部分的石头组成。我们通过9个不同大小、不同植被覆盖、地面颜色和材料组成的地点开发了这个模型，证明了该模型即使在具有挑战性的条件下也能成功执行。数字层，以及与每种形状相关的附加属性，为进一步分析提供了基础，例如识别多种建筑风格和站点组织模式，具有大规模多站点研究的巨大潜力。评价结果表明，模型在不同条件下均具有良好的性能。我们还提供训练有素的模型，训练来自多个站点的数据，以便立即使用和进一步改进。

引用次数: 0

Bronze Age copper supply in Mediterranean France: first results from lead isotope and chemical analyses of hoarded metalwork 法国地中海地区青铜时代的铜供应：对储藏金属制品的铅同位素和化学分析的首次结果

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106432

Thibault Lachenal , Sandrine Baron , Cécile Le Carlier de Veslud , Gaëlle Meynieux , Charline Dallard , Xavier Gutherz , Florent Mazière

Copper supply networks in southern France are analysed on the basis of a study of five hoards of metal objects dating from the end of the Early Bronze Age (c. 17th-16th BCE) to the end of the Late Bronze Age (c. 9th BCE). A total of 73 inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy elemental analyses were performed and 48 objects belonging to the different groups that could be identified from the elemental compositions were targeted for lead isotope analysis (multicollector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). The results clearly show that the same source was used for the various objects in each hoard, but that copper from different origins was used depending on the period. This reveals evolving supply networks that can be linked to the cultural interactions observed during this period. Towards the end of the Early Bronze Age or the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (c. 17th-16th BCE), axe-ingots were imported into southern France along the Rhone corridor. The origin of the copper from which they are made could potentially be the Vosges massif. On the other hand, one of the major contributions of this study is to have demonstrated the use of copper originating from the Southeastern Alps during a late phase of the Middle Bronze Age and up to the Late Bronze Age (c. 14th-11th BCE). A form of packaging for this Alpine copper was as pick-ingots, and it was probably in this form that it arrived in southern France. This network was interrupted around the 9th century BCE and the populations of southern France returned to the exploitation of local minerals (Cabrières-Péret district). This research highlights the link between trade networks and cultural dynamics, showing that the circulation of raw materials also helps strengthen relations between communities.

根据对青铜时代早期（公元前17 -16年）至青铜时代晚期（公元前9年）的五批金属物品的研究，对法国南部的铜供应网络进行了分析。共进行了73个电感耦合等离子体光学发射光谱元素分析，并针对48个属于不同组的物体进行了铅同位素分析（多收集器-电感耦合等离子体质谱）。结果清楚地表明，每个窖藏中的各种物品都使用了相同的来源，但根据时期的不同，使用了不同来源的铜。这揭示了与这一时期观察到的文化互动有关的不断发展的供应网络。在早期青铜器时代末期或中期青铜器时代初期（公元前17 -16年），斧头锭沿着罗纳河走廊被进口到法国南部。制造它们的铜的来源可能是孚日地块。另一方面，这项研究的主要贡献之一是证明了在青铜时代中期晚期到青铜时代晚期（公元前14 -11年）使用来自阿尔卑斯山东南部的铜。这种阿尔卑斯铜的一种包装形式是镐锭，它可能就是以这种形式到达法国南部的。这一网络在公元前9世纪左右被中断，法国南部的居民重新开始开采当地的矿物（cabri - psamuret地区）。这项研究强调了贸易网络和文化动态之间的联系，表明原材料的流通也有助于加强社区之间的关系。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the reliability of silicone replicas in the analysis of sickle gloss at the early Neolithic site of Cheikh Hassan (Northern Levant, 11th millennium BP) 在谢赫哈桑（北黎凡特，距今11千年）新石器时代早期遗址镰刀光泽分析中评估硅胶复制品的可靠性

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106446

Fiona Pichon , Juan José Ibáñez Estevez , Patricia Anderson , Frédéric Abbès

Over the past decade, confocal microscopy combined with quantitative texture analysis has opened new possibilities for studying prehistoric tool use. However, a key challenge remains in identifying the extent to which different acquisition methods—direct surface measurements versus silicone moulds—influence the textural properties of the original surfaces. This study evaluates whether high-precision polyvinylsiloxane can be reliably used for the identification of plant types harvested with lithic tools during the initial phases of agriculture in Southwest Asia. We compared texture parameters from original surfaces and moulds on eight experimental tools used to cut various plants (domestic, wild and wild cultivated cereals and reeds). Our results show that textures from direct measurements and those from moulds form clearly distinct groups, indicating that the two methods are not interchangeable for harvesting tools. The differences introduced by the moulding process follow a consistent pattern, rather than resulting from random variation. Based on this, we developed a silicone-based experimental model capable of distinguishing between tools used for harvesting different plant types. Applying this model to Pre-Pottery Neolithic glossy tools from Cheikh Hassan confirms a gradual shift from green to ripe cereal harvesting in the Middle Euphrates, in line with findings from neighbouring sites based on direct surface measurements.

在过去的十年中，共聚焦显微镜与定量纹理分析相结合，为研究史前工具的使用开辟了新的可能性。然而，一个关键的挑战仍然是确定不同的获取方法-直接表面测量与硅胶模具-对原始表面的纹理特性的影响程度。本研究评估了高精度聚乙烯硅氧烷是否可以可靠地用于鉴定西南亚农业初始阶段用石器工具收获的植物类型。我们比较了8种用于切割各种植物（国内、野生和野生栽培谷物和芦苇）的实验工具的原始表面和模具的纹理参数。我们的研究结果表明，直接测量的纹理和来自模具的纹理形成了明显不同的群体，表明这两种方法不能互换用于收获工具。由成型过程引入的差异遵循一致的模式，而不是随机变化的结果。在此基础上，我们开发了一个基于硅的实验模型，能够区分用于收获不同植物类型的工具。将这一模型应用到谢赫·哈桑的前陶器新石器时代光滑工具上，证实了幼发拉底河中部从绿色到成熟谷物收割的逐渐转变，这与邻近遗址基于直接表面测量的发现一致。

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引用次数: 0

Overlooking environmental context causes misidentification of ancient Mediterranean plant oil in organic residues 忽视环境背景导致有机残留物中古地中海植物油的错误识别

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106426

R.F. Gerdes , H. Wiandt , M. Abuhashim , A. Williams , J.M. Regenstein , S.W. Manning , J.L. Goldfarb

Despite the monumental importance of olive oil to the Mediterranean, tracing its early history archaeologically is challenging. Biomolecular methods can recover plant oil traces from ancient pottery, but similar chemical compositions between plant oils used in the Mediterranean complicate taxonomic differentiation. Moreover, as plant oils go rancid their water soluble and volatile products are easily lost – a process that progressively degrades residues in ancient potsherds. We present experimental evidence of a key additional issue: a calcareous Mediterranean burial environment alters both the amount and composition of olive oil residue preserved in ceramics. We observed both lower yields and a preferential loss of dicarboxylic acid plant oil biomarkers in experimental ceramic samples degraded for 1 year at 50 °C in a calcareous, alkaline soil from Cyprus compared with samples buried in a mildly acidic soil from New York (USA). Our results suggest a need to adapt the biomarker criteria used to recognize plant oil residues to a site's environmental context in the Mediterranean, where calcareous soils are common. We highlight the impact of our results on efforts to trace the economic importance of plant oils in the Late Bronze Age eastern Mediterranean.

尽管橄榄油对地中海有着巨大的重要性，但从考古学角度追溯其早期历史仍是一项挑战。生物分子方法可以从古代陶器中恢复植物油的痕迹，但地中海地区使用的植物油之间相似的化学成分使分类区分复杂化。此外，当植物油变质时，它们的水溶性和挥发性产物很容易丢失——这一过程会逐渐降解古代陶器碎片中的残留物。我们提出了一个关键的附加问题的实验证据：石灰质地中海埋葬环境改变了保存在陶瓷中的橄榄油残留物的数量和组成。我们观察到，与埋在纽约（美国）温和酸性土壤中的样品相比，在塞浦路斯石灰性碱性土壤中50°C降解1年的陶瓷样品的产量更低，二羧酸植物油生物标志物的优先损失。我们的研究结果表明，需要调整用于识别植物油残留物的生物标志物标准，以适应地中海地区的环境背景，那里的钙质土壤很常见。我们强调了我们的结果对追踪青铜器时代晚期东地中海植物油经济重要性的努力的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond formal implements: How expedient bone tools shaped winter survival strategies at Shuidonggou Locality 12 在正式工具之外：水洞沟地区的权宜之计骨工具如何形成冬季生存策略

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106431

Shuwen Ma , Yue Zhang , Xing Gao , Fuyou Chen , Huimin Wang , Shuangquan Zhang , Luc Doyon

Human cultural adaptations in prehistory are typically investigated through lithic and fully shaped bone technologies, leaving out the role of rudimentary bone tools in past technological systems. Yet, these unmodified or partially modified tools can provide essential and reliable evidence for reconstructing past subsistence strategies. Here, we report 46 expedient bone tools found in layers dated to 10,700–10,200 cal BP at Shuidonggou Locality 12 (SDG 12), North China. The majority of these tools derive from Procapra przewalskii femora, with a small proportion sourced from other skeletal elements, such as medium to small size herbivore tibiae, radii and ribs. Qualitative and quantitative use wear comparisons were undertaken between the archaeological tools and experimental replicas used in hide working, meat cutting, poaceae processing, wood working, and tuber digging. Functional attribution was further refined using bootstrap aggregating combined with flexible discriminant analysis (BagFDA), which reduces experimental noise and isolates diagnostic use wear signatures, thus improving the reliability of identifying the tools’ primary functions. Qualitative observations exclude the possibility that the SDG 12 tools were used for meat cutting and digging activities. Quantitative surface texture analysis suggests a primary use for hide working, with occasional plant and wood processing. Thus far, the cultural remains found at SDG 12 documented a diversity of subsistence activities undertaken at the site in preparation for the winter season. Our findings reveal the essential role of expedient bone tools in this complex cultural adaptation. They highlight the relevance of integrating quantitative surface texture analysis with traditional use wear methods to enhance our understanding of human adaptive strategies. Future research should explore the complementarity between fully shaped and expedient tools in relation with climatic fluctuations during the Late Pleistocene to Holocene transition.

史前人类的文化适应通常是通过石器和完全成形的骨骼技术来研究的，而忽略了过去技术系统中原始骨骼工具的作用。然而，这些未经修改或部分修改的工具可以为重建过去的生存策略提供重要和可靠的证据。在这里，我们报告了在中国北方水洞沟第12地区（SDG 12）的地层中发现的46个权宜之计骨工具，其年代为10,700-10,200 cal BP。这些工具大部分来自普氏原龙股骨，一小部分来自其他骨骼元素，如中小型食草动物的胫骨、桡骨和肋骨。在兽皮加工、肉类切割、豆科加工、木材加工和块茎挖掘中使用的考古工具和实验复制品之间进行了定性和定量的使用磨损比较。使用自引导聚合结合灵活判别分析（BagFDA）进一步细化功能属性，减少实验噪声并分离诊断使用磨损特征，从而提高识别工具主要功能的可靠性。定性观察排除了可持续发展目标12工具用于切肉和挖掘活动的可能性。定量表面纹理分析表明，皮革加工的主要用途，偶尔植物和木材加工。到目前为止，在可持续发展目标12中发现的文化遗迹记录了该遗址为准备冬季而进行的各种生存活动。我们的发现揭示了权宜之计骨工具在这种复杂的文化适应中的重要作用。他们强调了将定量表面纹理分析与传统使用磨损方法相结合的相关性，以增强我们对人类适应策略的理解。未来的研究应探讨在晚更新世到全新世过渡期间，完全成形工具和权宜工具之间的互补性。

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引用次数: 0

Application of remote sensing and machine learning algorithms for shipwreck susceptibility mapping in China 遥感与机器学习算法在中国海难易感度制图中的应用

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106429

Junhui Chen , Fei Tang , Heshan Lin , Yong Chen , Yuyue Chen , Peiru Lin , Bo Huang , Xueping Lin

Shipwrecks hold dual significance as cultural time capsules and ecological refugia that enhance marine biodiversity. However, systematic, large-scale methods for locating them are still limited. This study presents an innovative approach to map shipwreck susceptibility in Chinese adjacent seas by integrating remote sensing data with machine learning techniques. We assembled a historical shipwreck inventory and analyzed 16 conditioning factors, grouped into geospatial, hydrodynamic, and depositional categories. These factors were processed using Frequency Ratio (FR) values, which served as inputs for three ensemble models: Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP-FR), Random Forest (RF-FR), and Support Vector Machine (SVM-FR). Model performance was evaluated through statistical metrics and ROC-AUC curves, with the RF-FR model outperforming others, achieving an AUC of 0.995 for training and 0.901 for validation. The resulting susceptibility maps identify priority areas for archaeological exploration. Feature importance analysis revealed proximity to the coastline, chlorophyll concentration, and oceanographic conditions as the primary factors influencing shipwreck occurrence. This scalable, cost-effective framework offers a valuable tool for directing underwater heritage surveys and has potential applications in marine conservation and tourism planning.

沉船既是文化的时间胶囊，又是海洋生物多样性的生态避难所，具有双重意义。然而，系统的、大规模的定位它们的方法仍然有限。本研究提出了一种将遥感数据与机器学习技术相结合的中国邻近海域沉船易感性地图的创新方法。我们收集了一份历史沉船清单，并分析了16个影响因素，分为地理空间、水动力和沉积类别。这些因素使用频率比（FR）值进行处理，并作为三种集成模型的输入：多层感知器（MLP-FR）、随机森林（RF-FR）和支持向量机（SVM-FR）。通过统计指标和ROC-AUC曲线对模型性能进行评价，RF-FR模型的训练AUC为0.995，验证AUC为0.901，优于其他模型。由此产生的易感性地图确定了考古勘探的优先区域。特征重要性分析显示，靠近海岸线、叶绿素浓度和海洋条件是影响海难发生的主要因素。这种可扩展的、具有成本效益的框架为指导水下遗产调查提供了宝贵的工具，并在海洋保护和旅游规划中具有潜在的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Sacrificial pit or not? — Deposition history of Pit K4 at the Sanxingdui site 是不是祭祀坑？——三星堆遗址K4坑沉积史

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106391

Junna Zhang , Honglin Ran , Songhan Li , Danyang Xu , Xiaohu Zhang , Jiaxin Kong , Zinan Han , Zongyue Rao , Huiru Lian , Zhengkai Xia

The Sanxingdui site, renowned for the extraordinary assemblage of artifacts recovered from its multiple pits, documents a distinct and enigmatic cultural tradition that flourished in southwestern China approximately 4000−3000 years ago. Nevertheless, the precise ritual or functional nature of these pits remains a topic of ongoing debate. Following the resumption of excavations at Sanxingdui in 2019, we launched a geoarchaeological investigation of the newly exposed Pit K4. By integrating magnetic-susceptibility measurements, chromaticity, elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and soil micromorphology, we examined the combustion residues inside Pit K4 and reconstructed the process of its infill sequence. The results indicate that the combustion residues within Pit K4 were introduced from an external source rather than produced by in situ burning, thereby confirming the pit's function as a “ritual objects-burial pit”. A three-stage depositional sequence is therefore proposed: ritual deposits-addition of external ash/charcoal and soil-post-depositional compaction, staining, leaching, and bioturbation. This study elucidates the accumulation processes of Pit K4 and establishes a geoarchaeological baseline for interpreting the burial and ritual practices of the Sanxingdui civilization, while offering empirical support for understanding the Shang dynasty's control over southern China-particularly its southwestern periphery.

三星堆遗址以其从多个坑中发现的非凡的文物组合而闻名，它记录了大约4000至3000年前在中国西南部繁荣的独特而神秘的文化传统。然而，这些坑的确切仪式或功能性质仍然是一个持续争论的话题。随着2019年三星堆恢复挖掘，我们对新暴露的K4坑进行了地质考古调查。通过磁化率、色度、元素分析、红外光谱和土壤微观形貌等综合手段，研究了K4坑内的燃烧残留物，并重建了其充填序列过程。结果表明，K4坑内的燃烧残留物是由外部来源引入的，而不是由原位燃烧产生的，从而证实了该坑作为“仪式物品-埋葬坑”的功能。因此，提出了一个三阶段的沉积序列：仪式沉积-添加外部灰/木炭和土壤-沉积后压实，染色，浸出和生物扰动。本研究阐明了K4坑的堆积过程，为解释三星堆文明的埋葬和仪式习俗建立了地质考古基线，同时为了解商朝对中国南部特别是西南周边地区的控制提供了经验支持。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced functional data retrieval from Palaeolithic stone tools by lipid analysis 通过脂质分析增强旧石器时代石器工具的功能数据检索

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106427

Javier Davara , Cristo M. Hernández , Daniel Carrizo , Antonio V. Herrera-Herrera , Eneko Iriarte , Carolina Mallol

Despite the great potential of lipid biomarkers in archaeological science, their analysis in stone tools has been overlooked. The lipid retention capacity of Palaeolithic stone tools, along with the potential utility of the biomarkers they may harbour as a functional proxy, remains largely unknown. Here, we extracted lipid biomarkers from flint flakes and limestone pebbles from the Middle Palaeolithic site of El Salt (SE Spain) and analysed them using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). Adjacent sediments were also analysed for comparison. We provide evidence that Palaeolithic stone tools preserve a diverse array of lipid biomarkers including fatty acids, n-alkanols, sterols and terpenoids, the analysis of which allowed us to determine whether the tools were used and/or hafted. The isotopic characterization of individual fatty acids preserved on tools’ working edges enabled us to identify lithic residues as fats resulting from the processing of ruminant animal species, or as lipids from non-ruminant animal and/or plant taxa. This introduces into functional studies a novel approach that adds taxonomic resolution and complements current techniques such as use-wear and micro-residue analyses. Our findings highlight the remarkable preservation potential of biomolecular remains within the Palaeolithic record and underscore the importance of exploring them in different kinds of materials and contexts.

尽管脂质生物标志物在考古科学中具有巨大的潜力，但它们在石器工具中的分析却被忽视了。旧石器时代石器的脂质保留能力，以及它们可能作为功能代理的生物标志物的潜在效用，在很大程度上仍然未知。本文采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）和气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比值质谱联用技术（GC-C-IRMS）对西班牙El Salt中旧石器时代遗址的燧石薄片和石灰石卵石进行了脂质生物标志物的提取。邻近沉积物也进行了分析比较。我们提供的证据表明，旧石器时代的石器工具保存了多种脂质生物标志物，包括脂肪酸、正烷醇、甾醇和萜类，对这些生物标志物的分析使我们能够确定这些工具是否被使用和/或使用过。保存在工具工作边缘上的单个脂肪酸的同位素特征使我们能够将岩屑残留物识别为反刍动物物种加工产生的脂肪，或者是非反刍动物和/或植物分类群的脂质。这为功能研究引入了一种新的方法，增加了分类分辨率，并补充了现有的技术，如使用磨损和微残留分析。我们的发现突出了旧石器时代记录中生物分子遗骸的显著保存潜力，并强调了在不同材料和背景下探索它们的重要性。

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引用次数: 0