Journal of Archaeological Science最新文献_第4页

Developments in chemical and biological detection of organic additives in Chinese historic mortar: A review

IF 2.6 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2024.106149

Ziqian Zhang , Bingjian Zhang , Yulan Hu , Zhengyu Wang

Mortar is the prevalent binding material in ancient construction, and its organic addition has been one of the hot topics for years. In the study of organic addition, historical literature can provide references for composition, while detection can examine and verify the accuracy of the historical records, complementing each other. Conventional detection techniques such as spectroscopy, chromatography, mass spectrometry, and optical microscopy have been used to detect organic components in the laboratory, but they may face challenges such as low organic content, and difficulty in completing quick batch detection on-site. Therefore, researchers from Zhejiang University Cultural Heritage Laboratory (ZJUL) developed chemical and biological detection techniques (CBT). These techniques offer advantages such as high sensitivity and specificity, strong interference resistance, and are suitable for rapid on-site batch detection. ZJU has applied CBT to over 500 samples, carefully selected from a collection of more than 1000 samples gathered across various regions of China, spanning a timeframe of over 4000 years. This study summarizes and analyze the characteristics of Chinese ancient mortar for the first time. Spatial, temporal and typological patterns were discussed. The findings suggest that mortar production techniques have been transmitted and refined across generations over millennia.

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引用次数: 0

Implementation of Red Ochre in Sinopia: Non-invasive characterization of the invisible frescos beneath Roman and Byzantine mosaics in Judea 红赭石在中国的应用：犹太罗马和拜占庭马赛克下看不见的壁画的非侵入性特征

IF 2.6 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2024-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2024.106146

Yotam Asscher , Giulia Ricci , Michela Reato , Abraham Leviant , Ilana Peters , Jacques Neguer , Mark Avrahami , Gilberto Artioli

Preparatory drawings in mortars have guided mosaicists in the placement of colored tesserae, as a form of blueprint for the style and content of the mosaic. These drawings are made by implementing pigments in the substrate mortars, following the fresco technique, and are commonly known as sinopia. This study analyzes the data from non-invasive techniques applied on red and pink sinopia that was found below Roman and Byzantine mosaics in Judea. The mineralogical and chemical characteristics show hematite as the main chromophore, with different implementation of the red ochre in lime to achieve pink colors. The shift from red to pink colors is quantified using non-invasive portable reflectance spectroscopy, showing a reduction in the red colorimetric values, which is correlated to lower Fe/Ca values as determined by a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Diffraction and electron microscopy support the notion that the artisans added an additional layer of lime plaster on top of the red ochre, about 200 μm thick, to lighten the hue from red to pink. This research underscores the importance of studying sinopia beneath floor mosaics to understand pigments and techniques, contributing to the understanding of how red ochre attenuates through lime mortars.

灰泥中的预备图指导了镶嵌者放置彩色镶嵌块，作为马赛克风格和内容的蓝图形式。这些画是根据壁画技术，在衬底灰浆中加入颜料制成的，通常被称为sinopia。这项研究分析了非侵入性技术在犹太罗马和拜占庭马赛克下发现的红色和粉红色色盲的数据。矿物学和化学特征表明，赤铁矿为主要发色团，用不同的红赭石在石灰中实现粉红色。从红色到粉红色的转变是用非侵入式便携式反射光谱进行量化的，显示出红色比色值的减少，这与便携式x射线荧光光谱仪测定的较低的Fe/Ca值相关。衍射和电子显微镜证实，工匠们在红赭石上额外添加了一层约200 μm厚的石灰灰泥，使色调从红色变为粉红色。这项研究强调了研究地板马赛克下的色盲对了解颜料和技术的重要性，有助于理解红赭石如何通过石灰灰浆衰减。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating the culinary significance of maize in the Araucanía, Southern Chile: Evidence from organic residue analysis of pre-colonial pottery 评估Araucanía，智利南部玉米的烹饪意义：来自前殖民时期陶器有机残留物分析的证据

IF 2.6 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2024.106118

Javier A. Montalvo-Cabrera , Roberto Campbell , André C. Colonese , Gabriela Palma , Alexandre Lucquin , Helen M. Talbot , Alejandro Serna , Constanza Roa Solís , Marjolein Admiraal , Oliver E. Craig

Maize, one of the primary crops cultivated in South America, has achieved significant interest in regional archaeology. However, the study of maize in regions considered peripheral to major centres of agricultural production, such as Southern Chile, has received minimal attention. Southern Chile is the southernmost point for the dispersal of maize cultivation in the Americas, with archaeological evidence dating back ca. 1000 CE. Despite the manifest presence of maize, our knowledge of its culinary and economic importance for pre-colonial societies from Southern Chile is scarce. In this study, we extracted and analysed organic residues from 188 pottery sherds to explore the potential significance of maize in local foodways over the transition from the Early (ECP: 400–1000 CE) to the Late (LCP: 1000–1550 CE) Ceramic Period. Biomolecular and carbon-stable isotope (δ¹³C) analyses of lipids indicate that maize was not a staple. Instead, our findings suggest that maize had a potentially prominent role in preparing fermented beverages consumed in important socio-political gatherings and feasts.

玉米是南美洲种植的主要作物之一，在区域考古学中引起了极大的兴趣。然而，在被认为是主要农业生产中心外围地区，如智利南部，对玉米的研究得到的关注很少。智利南部是美洲玉米种植的最南端，考古证据可以追溯到公元1000年左右。尽管玉米明显存在，但我们对其在智利南部前殖民社会的烹饪和经济重要性的了解很少。在这项研究中，我们从188块陶器碎片中提取并分析了有机残留物，以探索玉米在从早期（ECP: 400-1000 CE）到晚期（LCP: 1000-1550 CE）陶瓷时期过渡到当地食物方式中的潜在意义。生物分子和碳稳定同位素（δ13C）分析表明，玉米不是主食。相反，我们的研究结果表明，玉米在制备重要的社会政治聚会和宴会中消费的发酵饮料方面具有潜在的突出作用。

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引用次数: 0

The oldest dress of the Netherlands? Recovering a now-vanished, colour pattern from an early iron age fabric in an elite burial 荷兰最古老的服饰？从精英墓葬中的铁器时代早期织物中复原现已消失的彩色图案

IF 2.6 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2024.106109

Clémence Iacconi , Art Proaño Gaibor , Ilaria Degano , Sasja van der Vaart-Verschoof , Ineke Joosten , Karina Grömer , Loïc Bertrand

The Uden–Slabroek cemetery yielded one of the richest Early Iron Age burials found in the Netherlands: an inhumation grave of a person wearing elaborate bronze and iron ornaments (ca. 8th century BC). Exceptionally mineralised fragments of wool textiles were found inside the corrosion layer of the bronze anklets and bracelets. Advanced multidisciplinary analysis of these textiles identified them as the remains of the oldest garment of the Netherlands, made from a bright red and blue wool twill fabric woven in a shepherd’s check pattern. Advanced mass spectrometry analysis provided direct identification of dyes, including cochineal — the earliest evidence of a red dye for the entire region (especially the precious insect dye variant). Virtual synchrotron-based 3D analysis of the fragments documented the textile weave types and the morphometry of surface and buried layers. The correlation of the two approaches makes it possible to recover an entire, now-vanished, colour pattern from highly altered fabrics.

Uden-Slabroek 墓地出土了荷兰发现的最丰富的早期铁器时代墓葬之一：一个佩戴精美青铜和铁制饰品的人的掘墓（约公元前 8 世纪）。在青铜脚镯和手镯的腐蚀层内发现了矿化度极高的羊毛纺织品碎片。通过对这些纺织品进行先进的多学科分析，确定它们是荷兰最古老的服装遗存，由鲜红色和蓝色羊毛斜纹织物织成，图案为牧羊人格纹。先进的质谱分析提供了染料的直接鉴定，包括胭脂红--整个地区最早的红色染料证据（尤其是珍贵的昆虫染料变体）。基于虚拟同步加速器的碎片三维分析记录了纺织品的编织类型以及表层和埋藏层的形态。这两种方法的关联性使得从高度改变的织物中恢复整个现已消失的色彩图案成为可能。

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引用次数: 0

Cinnabar for Roman Ephesus: Material quality, processing and provenance 罗马以弗所的朱砂：材料质量、加工和出处

IF 2.6 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2024.106122

Alexandra Rodler-Rørbo , Anthony J. Baragona , Eliah J. Verbeemen , Lasse Vilien Sørensen , Berk Çakmakoğlu , Cahit Helvaci , Eduardo Bolea-Fernandez , Ana Rua-Ibarz , Frank Vanhaecke , Hilary Becker , Gilberto Artioli , Lilli Zabrana , Vinciane Debaille , Nadine Mattielli , Steven Goderis , Philippe Claeys

Ephesus was an important harbor city that flourished during the Roman period and ancient texts mention Almadén in Spain and the Cilbian fields of Ephesus as important cinnabar sources in antiquity. This work investigates whether imported cinnabar was used and whether this could be related to changes in painting activities over time. Microscopic analysis indicates a consistent preparation of cinnabar, hinting at a uniform source material quality or processing technique. However, the use of cinnabar varies among the architectural structures studied, indicating a plurality of painting techniques. A few of the analyzed cinnabar samples overlap with Turkish- and Balkan reference Pb isotope ratios; three samples from tabernas, however, deviate from this. The Hg isotope ratios reveal that cinnabar from carbonate-hosted deposits was likely used, and that processing of cinnabar included heating as suggested by ancient texts. Most notably, a correlation exists between the geochemical data and the painting technique – shifts in sourcing and cinnabar usage are potentially assignable to building chronology and/or usage. Through the lens of material provenance and processing, Ephesian cinnabar brings the organization of pigment trade into focus.

以弗所是罗马时期繁荣的重要港口城市，古籍中提到西班牙的阿尔马登（Almadén）和以弗所的西尔比安（Cilbian）田地是古代重要的朱砂产地。这项研究探讨了是否使用了进口朱砂，以及这是否与绘画活动随时间推移而发生的变化有关。显微分析表明，朱砂的制备方法是一致的，这暗示了来源材料的质量或加工技术是统一的。然而，在所研究的建筑结构中，朱砂的使用情况各不相同，这表明绘画技术多种多样。在分析的朱砂样本中，有几个与土耳其和巴尔干地区的参考铅同位素比值重叠；但有三个来自塔伯纳的样本却与之偏离。汞同位素比率显示，人们很可能使用了来自碳酸盐岩矿床的朱砂，而且根据古代文献的记载，朱砂的加工过程包括加热。最值得注意的是，地球化学数据与绘画技术之间存在相关性--来源和朱砂用量的变化可能与建筑年代和/或用途有关。从材料来源和加工的角度来看，以弗所朱砂使颜料贸易的组织成为焦点。

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引用次数: 0

Unravelling the threads of connectivity: A mutual information approach to tracing material networks in the late hellenistic and early roman mediterranean 揭开联系的线索：追溯希腊化晚期和罗马早期地中海物质网络的互信息方法

IF 2.6 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2024.106121

Dries Daems , Danai Kafetzaki

The study of connectivity and interaction in the Mediterranean world is a rich and vibrant topic. While most direct attestations of past interaction have been lost, we can use the ubiquity of material markers such as ceramic tablewares to trace the structures and underlying drivers of past networks. In this paper, we use an innovative combination of least cost path analysis and mutual information to explore the relative contributions of geographical proximity and potential social, economic, and political factors underlying the distributions of material culture. We apply this method to a case study using the ICRATES dataset of tablewares from the eastern Mediterranean in late Hellenistic and early Roman times (150 BCE – 50 CE). By exploring the multifaceted factors shaping these distributions, we enrich our understanding of ancient economies and trade networks, as well as provide further insight into broader questions of (cultural) exchange and power dynamics in the ancient world. Through this novel approach, we hope to pave the way for future research endeavours that seek to unravel the intricate threads of connectivity shaping past and present human societies.

地中海世界的联系与互动研究是一个丰富而充满活力的课题。虽然过去互动的大多数直接证据已经遗失，但我们可以利用无处不在的物质标记（如陶瓷餐具）来追溯过去网络的结构和内在驱动力。在本文中，我们创新性地将最小成本路径分析和互信息结合起来，探索物质文化分布背后的地理邻近性和潜在的社会、经济和政治因素的相对贡献。我们将这一方法应用于案例研究，使用的是希腊化晚期和罗马早期（公元前 150 年至公元前 50 年）东地中海地区餐具的 ICRATES 数据集。通过探索影响这些分布的多方面因素，我们丰富了对古代经济和贸易网络的理解，并进一步深入探讨了古代世界（文化）交流和权力动态等更广泛的问题。我们希望通过这种新颖的研究方法，为未来的研究工作铺平道路，从而揭开影响过去和现在人类社会的错综复杂的联系纽带。

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引用次数: 0

Virtual sampling: Archaeological implications of a new technique for elemental mapping of Mg/Ca ratios in marine mollusc shells 虚拟采样：海洋软体动物贝壳镁/钙比元素绘图新技术的考古学意义

IF 2.6 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2024.106123

Jesús Mirapeix , Rosa Arniz-Mateos , Asier García-Escárzaga , Igor Gutierrez-Zugasti , José Miguel López-Higuera , Adolfo Cobo

Marine mollusc shells hold significant potential for deciphering past environmental conditions and seasonality of hominin subsistence strategies. While stable oxygen isotope ratio values of shells are currently the gold standard, they have significant drawbacks, such as complex and time-consuming sampling procedures and assumptions on the oxygen isotope composition of seawater in the past. The analysis of shell elemental ratios offers an alternative with minimal sample preparation and no assumptions on water composition. Although elemental ratios have already shown a correlation with seawater temperatures, this relationship is also influenced by other environmental factors and endogenous physiological mechanisms, resulting in noisy ratio profiles that are dependent on the exact measurement path across the growth lines of the shell. This study introduces “virtual sampling” (VS), a novel technique enhancing the analysis of the Mg/Ca ratios of marine mollusc shells measured by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). It is based on the automatic detection of the isochronous -growth- lines and its employment for averaging the elemental ratios. This approach mitigates the noise inherent to linear scanning trajectories and improves the estimation accuracy of the elemental ratios. Our investigation focuses on analysing twenty-four modern and six archaeological Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758 shells and the effects derived from the application of this virtual sampling versus the traditional techniques. This advancement in elemental analysis provides a more robust basis for seasonal mollusc collection estimations than the linear LIBS scanning and analysis approach, contributing to a better understanding of human lifeways in archaeological studies.

海洋软体动物贝壳在解读过去的环境条件和类人生存策略的季节性方面具有巨大的潜力。虽然贝壳的稳定氧同位素比值是目前的黄金标准，但它也有明显的缺点，如复杂耗时的取样程序和对过去海水氧同位素组成的假设。贝壳元素比分析提供了一种替代方法，只需进行最少的样品制备，无需假设海水成分。虽然元素比率已经显示出与海水温度的相关性，但这一关系还受到其他环境因素和内源生理机制的影响，导致比率曲线产生噪声，而噪声又取决于穿过贝壳生长线的精确测量路径。本研究引入了 "虚拟采样"（VS）技术，这是一种新型技术，可提高通过激光诱导击穿光谱法（LIBS）测量海洋软体动物贝壳镁/钙比值的分析能力。它的基础是自动检测等时生长线，并将其用于平均元素比率。这种方法减轻了线性扫描轨迹固有的噪音，提高了元素比率的估计精度。我们的研究重点是分析 24 个现代贝壳和 6 个考古发现的林尼厄斯（Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758）贝壳，以及应用这种虚拟采样与传统技术相比所产生的效果。与线性 LIBS 扫描和分析方法相比，元素分析的这一进步为季节性软体动物采集估算提供了更坚实的基础，有助于在考古研究中更好地了解人类的生活方式。

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引用次数: 0

Mapping lateral stratigraphy at Palaeolithic surface sites: A case study from Dhofar, Oman 绘制旧石器时代地表遗址的横向地层图：阿曼佐法尔的案例研究

IF 2.6 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2024.106117

Jeffrey I. Rose , Yamandú H. Hilbert , Vitaly I. Usyk , Michelle R. Bebber , Amir Beshkani , Briggs Buchanan , João Cascalheira , Dominik Chlachula , Rudolf Dellmour , Metin I. Eren , Roman Garba , Emily Hallinan , Li Li , Robert S. Walker , Anthony E. Marks

Open-air accumulations of chipped stone debris are a common feature in arid landscapes, yet despite their prevalence, such archives are often dismissed as uninformative or unreliable. In the canyonlands of Dhofar, southern Oman, lithic surface scatters are nearly ubiquitous, including extensive, multi-component workshops associated with chert outcrops. These sites typically display chronologically diagnostic features that correspond to distinct taphonomic states, which in turn appear linked to spatial distribution, with more heavily weathered artifacts often found farther from the chert outcrops. We propose that post-depositional modifications and spatial distributions of chipped stone artifacts reflect site formation processes and, under certain conditions, may provide relative chronological information when absolute dating methods are unavailable. Our study tests this hypothesis by mapping artifact distribution and lithic taphonomy across a series of surface sites in southern Oman, spanning the Lower, Middle, and Upper/Late Palaeolithic periods. The results largely support our model, offering valuable insights into surface site formation and technological change over time. While these findings serve as broad predictive markers for age, their applicability for analyzing finer-scale assemblage variability remains to be determined. Future taphonomic recording systems should aim to quantify surface modifications to enhance replicability for such studies.

露天堆积的碎石瓦砾是干旱地貌的常见特征，然而，尽管它们普遍存在，这些档案却往往被认为没有信息价值或不可靠。在阿曼南部佐法尔的峡谷地带，石器表面散落物几乎无处不在，其中包括与石灰岩露头相关的大面积多成分作坊。这些遗址通常显示出与不同的岩石学状态相对应的年代诊断特征，而这些特征似乎又与空间分布有关，风化程度较高的人工制品通常在距离石灰岩露头较远的地方被发现。我们认为，碎石工艺品的沉积后改造和空间分布反映了遗址的形成过程，在某些条件下，当无法使用绝对的年代测定方法时，可以提供相对的年代信息。我们的研究通过绘制阿曼南部一系列地表遗址的文物分布图和石器堆积图来验证这一假设，这些遗址跨越了旧石器时代下、中和上/晚期。研究结果在很大程度上支持了我们的模型，为了解地表遗址的形成和随着时间推移的技术变化提供了宝贵的信息。虽然这些发现可以作为广泛的年代预测标记，但它们是否适用于分析更精细的组合变化仍有待确定。未来的出土记录系统应该以量化表面改造为目标，以提高此类研究的可复制性。

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引用次数: 0

Identification of laccol as a paint binder in Neolithic pottery from China 鉴定中国新石器时代陶器中作为涂料粘合剂的漆酚

IF 2.6 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2024.106119

Shuxuan Shi , Yu Xiao , Chao Ma , Yingchun Fu , Zifan Chen , Danshu Shi , Shuya Wei

Some precious painted pottery have been excavated from a late Neolithic site (6000-5300 BP) in China recently. The materials and technique of the paint were comprehensively studied. The analytical techniques conducted include optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and thermally assisted hydrolysis-methylation pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (THM-Py-GC/MS). The results revealed the painted pottery is lacquer-painted pottery, which is the earliest evidence of using laccol as binding media to paint pottery. Moreover, a two-layer structure of the paint technique was found. Cinnabar and a kind of yellow dye were detected in the first layer, while iron red was determined in the ground layer. Laccol, instead of urushiol as a binding medium, was identified in both two layers. Laccol is the maker compound from the tree of Toxicodendron (Rhus) succedanea, which mainly grows in Vietnam. Its presence in the painted pottery represents that the use of Toxicodendron (Rhus) succedanea resource can be as early as the late Neolithic period in China. The possibility of the origin of laccol was also discussed in the paper.

最近，在中国一处新石器时代晚期（公元前 6000-5300 年）遗址中出土了一些珍贵的彩陶。对彩绘的材料和工艺进行了全面研究。分析技术包括光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜/能量色散 X 射线光谱（SEM-EDS）、拉曼光谱、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）和热助水解-甲基化热解气相色谱/质谱（THM-Py-GC/MS）。结果表明，彩绘陶器为漆绘陶器，这是使用漆酚作为粘合介质绘制陶器的最早证据。此外，还发现了双层结构的涂漆技术。在第一层中检测到朱砂和一种黄色染料，而在底层中检测到铁红。在这两层中都发现了漆酚，而不是作为结合介质的脲醇。Laccol 是主要生长在越南的 Toxicodendron (Rhus) succedanea 树的制造者化合物。它在彩陶中的出现表明，中国早在新石器时代晚期就开始使用琥珀毒树资源。文中还讨论了漆酚起源的可能性。

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引用次数: 0

Minding the gap: The via Amerina and the Middle Tiber Valley 弥合差距：亚美利加之路和中台伯河谷

IF 2.6 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2024.106110

Matthew C. Harder

The landscape of the Middle Tiber Valley in Central Italy was an important crossroads for millennia thanks to the network of transhumance routes, Roman roads, and of course, the Tiber River. Despite this fact, our understanding of the exact routes and relationship with the surrounding landscape is limited. This paper seeks to fill this gap in our knowledge by reconstructing the ancient road network of the via Amerina through a combination of archaeological data with Least Cost Path analysis. Furthermore, this paper illustrates the efficacy of context-sensitive applications of GIS tools to reconstruct ancient transportation networks. Ultimately, this study concludes that experimentation with least cost path analysis in well-studied environments offers considerable insight into the routes and local impact of Roman roads on Central Italian communities.

千百年来，意大利中部台伯河中游河谷的景观一直是一个重要的十字路口，这要归功于放牧路线网络、罗马道路，当然还有台伯河。尽管如此，我们对其确切路线以及与周围景观关系的了解仍然有限。本文通过将考古数据与最小成本路径分析相结合，重建了亚美利加之路的古代道路网络，从而填补了我们在这方面的知识空白。此外，本文还说明了地理信息系统（GIS）工具在重建古代交通网络中的语境敏感应用的有效性。最后，本研究得出结论，在研究充分的环境中尝试使用最小成本路径分析，可以深入了解罗马道路的路线及其对意大利中部社区的影响。

引用次数: 0