Journal of Archaeological Science最新文献_第9页

Mitochondrial DNA diversity in northeast Iberians during the Iron Age 铁器时代东北伊比利亚人线粒体DNA的多样性

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106390

Daniel R. Cuesta-Aguirre , M. Rosa Campoy-Caballero , Carolina Sandoval-Ávila , Cesc Busquets i Costa , Marta Fàbregas i Espadaler , Alejandro G. Sinner , Gabriel de Prado , Nuria Molist Capella , Montserrat Duran i Caixal , Imma Mestres Santacreu , Natalia Alonso , Maria Pilar Aluja , Assumpció Malgosa , Cristina Santos

Iberian culture emerged along the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula between the 8th and 6th century BCE, flourishing during the 5th-3rd BCE until the Roman conquest. Iberians engaged in metallurgy, agriculture, and livestock, and actively participated in Mediterranean commercial trade networks. Despite cremation being the predominant funerary practice, advances in ancient DNA techniques have enabled the recovery of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from an increasing number of Iberian individuals. Here, we analyzed the remains of 31 newborns, successfully obtaining mtDNA profiles for 21 individuals (20 Iberians and 1 Late Roman). These data were merged with 41 previously published mtDNA profiles from unrelated Iberians across different tribes of the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Additional prehistoric data were compiled to contextualize Iberian haplogroups. We investigated maternal lineage diversity between tribes, temporal shifts in haplogroup composition, and signatures of long-distance female mobility. Our results revealed subtle differences in mtDNA haplogroup frequencies between groups, although genetic differentiation was not statistically significant. Mitochondrial diversity remained relatively high across all tribes, consistent with patrilocal mating systems and small-distance female migration that may have prevented strong matrilineal differentiation among tribes. A predominance of haplogroups H, J, K, HV0, and U was observed, most of which were already present in the Iberian Peninsula before the Iron Age. Haplogroup diversity remained stable over time, without population differentiation, suggesting maternal genetic continuity from the Bronze Age. However, the presence of some haplogroups pointed to occasional female-mediated gene flow from North Africa, the Near East, and Central Europe. Overall, this study provides the most comprehensive NGS-based assessment of maternal ancestry in Iron Age Iberians to date, revealing a genetic landscape shaped by local continuity alongside some long-distance female mobility linked to commercial trade and cultural interaction.

伊比利亚文化在公元前8世纪到6世纪之间出现在伊比利亚半岛的地中海沿岸，在公元前5世纪到公元前3世纪之间蓬勃发展，直到罗马人征服。伊比利亚人从事冶金、农业和畜牧业，并积极参与地中海商业贸易网络。尽管火葬是主要的丧葬方式，但古代DNA技术的进步使得从越来越多的伊比利亚人身上恢复线粒体DNA （mtDNA）成为可能。在这里，我们分析了31个新生儿的遗骸，成功地获得了21个个体（20个伊比利亚人和1个晚罗马人）的mtDNA图谱。这些数据与先前发表的41个来自伊比利亚半岛东北部不同部落的无血缘关系的伊比利亚人的mtDNA图谱合并。另外的史前数据被汇编以确定伊比利亚单倍群的背景。我们研究了部落间的母系多样性、单倍群组成的时间变化以及女性远距离迁移的特征。我们的研究结果显示，尽管遗传分化没有统计学意义，但两组之间mtDNA单倍群频率存在细微差异。所有部落的线粒体多样性仍然相对较高，这与父系交配制度和小距离的雌性迁徙相一致，这可能阻止了部落之间强烈的母系分化。单倍群H、J、K、HV0和U占优势，其中大部分在铁器时代之前就已经存在于伊比利亚半岛。随着时间的推移，单倍群多样性保持稳定，没有种群分化，表明母系遗传从青铜时代开始延续。然而，一些单倍群的存在表明，偶尔有来自北非、近东和中欧的女性介导的基因流。总的来说，这项研究提供了迄今为止对铁器时代伊比利亚人母系祖先最全面的基于ngs的评估，揭示了由当地连续性和一些与商业贸易和文化互动有关的远距离女性流动形成的遗传景观。

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引用次数: 0

Determination of burning environment and temperature by colour and magnetic susceptibility based on heating simulation experiments and its application in Sanxingdui site in Sichuan, China 基于加热模拟实验的颜色和磁化率测定燃烧环境和温度及其在四川三星堆遗址的应用

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106399

Qian Wu , Fang Xiang , Yuming Guo , Ming Huang , Jiancheng Liu , Xin Sun

Magnetic susceptibility and colour are essential physical indicators for identifying traces of ancient fire use and are widely applied in archaeological research to reconstruct fire-related activities. The Sanxingdui site (4.8–2.8 ka) in Southwest China stands as one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of the 20th century. In this study, heating simulation experiments were conducted on Guanghan clay–widely distributed across the site–under both air and argon atmospheres, to investigate how its colour and magnetic parameters changed with temperature. Burnt soil from Pit K4 was used as a case study to infer the burning temperature and environment. The results indicated that changes in magnetic susceptibility and colour were closely tied to the phase transitions of magnetic minerals. Elevated magnetic susceptibility results from the formation of ferromagnetic minerals during high-temperature heating, whereas increased redness was attributed to the formation of hematite. The bluish-gray colour observed in an anaerobic environment was associated with the abundant formation of ferrous oxide. By comparing the colour and magnetic data of burnt soil from Pit K4 with those of Guanghan clay, combined with magnetic analysis and previous research, we inferred that fire rituals at the Sanxingdui site reached temperatures of approximately 850 °C and were likely conducted in open, well-ventilated settings. The method developed in this study, based on heating simulation experiments, for determining burning temperatures and environments using colour and magnetic susceptibility, can provide a reference for preliminary estimation of firing temperature ranges of burnt soil formed by human fire use or wildfires at numerous ancient Shu sites distributed on the Guanghan clay layer. It also provides insights into studying ancient fire-related behaviours at other archaeological sites.

磁化率和颜色是识别古代火使用痕迹的重要物理指标，在重建火相关活动的考古研究中得到了广泛的应用。中国西南部的三星堆遗址（4.8-2.8 ka）是20世纪最重要的考古发现之一。在本研究中，对广泛分布于现场的广汉粘土在空气和氩气气氛下进行了加热模拟实验，以研究其颜色和磁性参数随温度的变化。以K4坑的燃烧土壤为例，对燃烧温度和环境进行了分析。结果表明，磁化率和颜色的变化与磁性矿物的相变密切相关。磁化率的升高是由于高温加热过程中铁磁性矿物的形成，而赤铁矿的形成则导致了赤铁矿的形成。在厌氧环境中观察到的蓝灰色与大量氧化亚铁的形成有关。通过比较K4坑燃烧土壤与广汉粘土的颜色和磁性数据，结合磁性分析和先前的研究，我们推断三星堆遗址的点火仪式温度约为850°C，可能是在开放、通风良好的环境中进行的。本研究基于加热模拟实验，利用颜色和磁化率确定燃烧温度和环境的方法，可以为初步估计分布在广汉粘土层上的众多古蜀遗址中人类使用火或野火形成的燃烧土壤的燃烧温度范围提供参考。它还为研究其他考古遗址的古代火相关行为提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Crafting excellence: reconstructing the mould technology of Shang period bronze ritual vessels at Anyang, China 工艺精湛：重建中国安阳商代青铜礼器的模具技术

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106382

Shirui Lin , Patrick Sean Quinn , Deming Kong , Weipeng Kong , Jianli Chen

The renowned Anyang moulds from the late Shang period represent the pinnacle of piece-mould technology in ancient China. This research examines recently excavated mould materials from the Xindian site in Anyang. A combination of archaeological, geological, and targeted experimental samples has been used to systematically reconstruct the chaîne opératoire using OM, SEM-EDS, micro-CT scanning, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Ancient craftspeople intentionally prepared four distinct pastes for specific components of the mould assembly, employing varied raw material selection and processing strategies. Diverse finishing techniques were used to refine the decoration on outer moulds. Outer moulds and inner cores were fired at different temperatures and then reassembled, possibly undergoing preheating before casting. Coatings serving as releasing agents and sealing materials were identified. The technological choices made by ancient craftspeople indicate extensive knowledge and expertise, balancing stringent performance requirements with efficient production. The high level of craftsmanship applied to the Anyang moulds provided a foundation for the extraordinary artistic and stylistic achievements in bronze production during the late Shang period.

商代晚期著名的安阳模具代表了中国古代单件模具技术的巅峰。本研究考察了安阳新店遗址最近出土的模具材料。结合考古、地质和目标实验样品，利用OM、SEM-EDS、micro-CT扫描、FTIR和拉曼光谱系统地重建了cha ne opsamatoire。古代工匠特意为模具组装的特定组件准备了四种不同的浆料，采用不同的原材料选择和加工策略。不同的精加工技术被用来完善外部模具的装饰。外模和内芯在不同的温度下烧制，然后重新组装，可能在铸造前进行预热。确定了作为脱模剂和密封材料的涂料。古代工匠所做的技术选择表明了广泛的知识和专业知识，平衡了严格的性能要求和高效的生产。安阳模具的高水平工艺为商代后期青铜器生产的非凡艺术和风格成就奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

From periphery to borderland: Yelang metallurgy and Han imperial governance of Southwest China 从周边到边疆：夜郎冶金与汉朝西南帝国统治

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106368

Dongyi Yang , Xiaotong Wu , Herong Zhang , Kui Li , Li Tao , Xingxiang Zhang

The Bronze Age cultures of Southwest China were marked by remarkable diversity and vibrancy. As the Han Empire (202 BCE–220 CE) expanded into the region and established governance, indigenous polities gradually disintegrated. Existing research paradigms that interpret archaeological materials primarily through historical texts are limited in explanatory power. Studies on the interactions between the Han Empire and its southwestern periphery must now prioritize the cultural agency of indigenous groups. By integrating archaeometallurgical data with historical textual evidence, this study explores the subtle process by which the Han Empire gradually infiltrated Guizhou.

Metallurgical analyses indicate that western Guizhou, the core of the Yelang culture, experienced a technological evolution from unalloyed copper to tin bronze and then to lead-tin bronze between the 5th and 1st centuries BCE. Lead isotope data from Hezhang suggest four distinct lead sources. Copper and Type B lead were likely local to the Yunnan–Guizhou region. Type C lead may have come from northern China, and Type D appears to be a mixture of common local lead and highly radiogenic lead from northeastern Yunnan. Type A lead, matching isotopic signatures from Xiaoqinling in western Henan, was introduced into northwestern Guizhou under Han cultural influence.

These findings suggest that Han influence reached northwestern Guizhou before the mid-Western Han. Even prior to Emperor Wu's campaigns, Han artifacts, technologies, and mineral resources had already permeated the region. Resource exploitation drove Han expansion into the southwest, while both local and external forces shaped the integration of Yelang. Subjected to multifaceted cultural influences, Yelang underwent gradual transformation, accelerating the Sinicization process in the Guizhou region. In its early engagement with the Southwest, the Han empire adopted a low resistance strategy of infiltration and control rather than outright replacement. Through the gradual introduction of goods, technology, and raw materials, it steadily penetrated Guizhou, reflecting the power structure when the Han Empire initially encountered the highlands of Southwest China.

中国西南青铜器时代的文化具有显著的多样性和活力。随着汉帝国（公元前202年-公元220年）向该地区扩张并建立治理，土著政治逐渐瓦解。现有的主要通过历史文本解释考古材料的研究范式在解释力上是有限的。研究汉帝国及其西南周边地区之间的互动，现在必须优先考虑土著群体的文化代理。本研究将考古冶金资料与历史文字证据相结合，探索汉帝国逐渐渗透贵州的微妙过程。冶金学分析表明，在公元前5世纪至公元前1世纪，作为Yelang文化核心的贵州西部经历了从纯铜到锡青铜再到铅锡青铜的技术演变。河张地区铅同位素数据表明铅有四个不同的来源。铜和B型铅可能产于云贵地区。C型铅可能来自中国北方，而D型铅似乎是当地常见铅和云南东北部高放射性成因铅的混合物。A型铅的同位素特征与豫西小秦岭的同位素特征相符，是受汉族文化影响传入贵州西北部的。这些发现表明，汉人的影响早于西汉中期就已到达贵州西北部。甚至在武帝出征之前，汉人的文物、技术和矿产资源就已经渗透到这一地区。资源开发推动汉朝向西南扩张，而本地和外部力量共同塑造了夜郎的一体化。由于受到多方面的文化影响，夜郎逐渐转型，加速了贵州地区的汉化进程。在与西南地区的早期接触中，汉帝国采取了渗透和控制的低抵抗策略，而不是彻底取代。通过商品、技术和原材料的逐步引进，它稳步渗透到贵州，反映了汉帝国最初遇到中国西南高地时的权力结构。

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引用次数: 0

Points, patterns, and predictions in archaeological settlement data: site-environment relationships of Paracas and Nasca communities in the Peruvian Andes 考古定居数据中的点、模式和预测：秘鲁安第斯山脉帕拉卡斯和纳斯卡社区的遗址-环境关系

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106385

Giacomo Bilotti , Markus Reindel , Johny Isla , Christian Mader

This paper provides a framework for studying settlement patterns during pre-Inka times in the western Andes, using Point Pattern Analysis (PPA). The technique has found limited application in the Andean region, partly due to data availability and historical research trajectories. This study aims to fill this gap and employs PPA to analyze settlement patterns and site-environment relationships in the Palpa valleys of the western Andes during the Paracas (800–160 BCE) and Nasca (160 BCE–620 CE) periods. Our analysis examines the spatial structure of prehispanic settlements in relation to landscape features, identifying factors influencing site location choices and their evolution over time. Furthermore, we use the results from PPA to predict site intensity in nearby regions that were only marginally investigated archaeologically in order to identify the most relevant areas for future research activity. The performance of the model proposed here is tested at different levels in order to improve our knowledge and increase the fit of the final model. The results show changes over time in the occupation of the landscape, most of which were directed towards optimizing agricultural production. However, we have also detected a strong impact of mobility during certain periods and inter-site interaction.

本文利用点模式分析（PPA）为研究前印卡时期西安第斯地区的聚落模式提供了一个框架。该技术在安第斯地区的应用有限，部分原因是数据可用性和历史研究轨迹。本研究旨在填补这一空白，并利用PPA分析了帕拉卡斯（Paracas，公元前800-160年）和纳斯卡（Nasca，公元前160 - 620年）时期西安第斯山脉帕尔帕山谷的聚落模式和遗址环境关系。我们的分析考察了前西班牙人住区的空间结构与景观特征的关系，确定了影响选址的因素及其随时间的演变。此外，我们使用PPA的结果来预测附近只有少量考古调查的地区的遗址强度，以便为未来的研究活动确定最相关的地区。为了提高我们的知识水平，提高最终模型的拟合度，本文对模型的性能进行了不同层次的测试。结果显示，随着时间的推移，景观的占用发生了变化，其中大部分是为了优化农业生产。然而，我们也发现了在某些时期和站点间交互的流动性的强烈影响。

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引用次数: 0

Ochre use during the Upper Palaeolithic: a continuous record from Finca Doña Martina and Abrigo de la Boja rock-shelters, Mula, Murcia, Spain 旧石器时代晚期赭石的使用：Finca Doña Martina和Abrigo de la Boja岩石庇护所的连续记录，穆拉，穆尔西亚，西班牙

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106342

Daniela Eugenia Rosso , Àfrica Pitarch Martí , François Orange , Josefina Zapata , João Zilhão

The use of colour is a common feature in Upper Palaeolithic sites. However, the analysis of ochre assemblages recovered in residential contexts is rarely the object of systematic analyses. Here we analyse two ochre assemblages, recovered in the Upper Palaeolithic levels of two sites, Abrigo de la Boja and Finca Doña Martina, located in Mula, Spain: 407 and 35 ochre pieces respectively, spanning the entire Upper Palaeolithic. We combined a technological analysis with an elemental and mineralogical characterisation of the archaeological ochre and natural ochre pieces collected in nearby outcrops. Our findings suggest that the inhabitants of the sites collected ochre of different compositions, from different proveniences. They consistently processed ochre using the same techniques throughout, probably to produce large quantities of powder and for a variety of purposes of a symbolic or functional nature.

色彩的使用是旧石器时代晚期遗址的一个共同特征。然而，对居住环境中发现的赭石组合的分析很少是系统分析的对象。在这里，我们分析了两个赭石组合，分别在位于西班牙穆拉的Abrigo de la Boja和Finca Doña Martina两个遗址的旧石器时代晚期发现：407块和35块赭石，跨越了整个旧石器时代晚期。我们将技术分析与在附近露头收集的考古赭石和天然赭石的元素和矿物学特征相结合。我们的发现表明，这些遗址的居民从不同的产地收集了不同成分的赭石。他们始终如一地使用相同的技术加工赭石，可能是为了生产大量的粉末，并出于各种象征性或功能性的目的。

引用次数: 0

A comprehensive dataset of key domesticated faunal remains from China spanning the early Neolithic to the Han Dynasty 从新石器时代早期到汉代的中国主要驯化动物遗骸的综合数据集

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106395

Litong Liu , Caihui Wang , Yutian Yang, Yue Zhou, Jie Yang, Xue Ling, Ming Zhang

As one of the earliest domestication centers of plants and animals globally, zooarchaeological studies in China provide key insights into the relationship between domestication processes and socioeconomic development. Despite recent growth in Chinese zooarchaeological research, a comprehensive synthesis is lacking. To address this gap, we systematically compiled a dataset of 2,913 zooarchaeological records from published literature and archaeological reports across China, covering the early Neolithic to the Han Dynasty (approximately 12-1.8 thousand years before present). The dataset reveals significant spatial disparities in the distribution of six key domesticated species (pigs, dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, and horses), with 87.68 % of the total faunal remains concentrated in Northern China and 12.32 % in Southern China. Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), both native to East Asia, constituted the most abundant species. This dataset provides a comprehensive overview of Chinese zooarchaeological research, enhances its international visibility, and establishes a foundation for future integrated studies.

作为全球最早的动植物驯化中心之一，中国的动物考古研究为人类驯化过程与社会经济发展之间的关系提供了重要的见解。尽管近年来中国动物考古研究有所发展，但缺乏全面的综合研究。为了解决这一差距，我们系统地编制了一个数据集，其中包括2,913个动物考古记录，这些记录来自中国各地已发表的文献和考古报告，涵盖了新石器时代早期到汉代（距今约1.2 -1.8千年）。结果表明，猪、狗、牛、羊、山羊和马6种主要家养动物的分布存在显著的空间差异，其中华北地区集中了87.68%，华南地区集中了12.32%。原产于东亚的猪（Sus scrofa domesticus）和狗（Canis lupus familiaris）是最丰富的物种。该数据集提供了中国动物考古研究的全面概述，提高了其国际知名度，并为未来的综合研究奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

The methodological centrality of geo-archaeological surveys in ceramic provenance analysis: A re-assessment of El Argar pottery production and circulation 地质考古调查在陶瓷物源分析中的方法论中心地位：对El Argar陶器生产和流通的再评价

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106394

Carla Garrido-García , David Gómez-Gras , Marta Roigé , Adrià Moreno Gil , Roberto Risch

The abundance and variety of clay sources found in many parts of the world make the issue of prehistoric pottery provenance and circulation more complex than what purely petrographic characterisation studies often suggest. In this study we use a specific combination of petrographic analysis, geoarchaeological survey, and spatial analysis to determine the origin of the clays used in pottery production. Specifically, we focus on pottery production within the core area of El Argar, an archaeological entity that developed during the Early Bronze Age (2200-1550 BCE) in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Following the analysis of the natural conditions under which the identified El Argar clays had formed, an archaeological survey was conducted, locating the raw materials within geographically confined sedimentary deposits of the Inner Betic mountain range. By examining the distance between clay deposits and Early Bronze Age settlements, we conclude that the majority of El Argar ceramics were not produced locally. The spatial analysis strongly supports the idea of a specialized production, likely concentrated around specific clay deposits, with a high degree of productive standardisation. These patterns align more with regional and supra-regional political systems and exchange networks, than with a domestic mode of production. The proposed investigation shows how the combination of petrographic optical microscope analysis, systematic geological and geomorphological survey, and spatial modeling aided by GIS provides a powerful tool for identifying forms of economic and political organization of pottery manufacture and circulation.

在世界上许多地方发现的丰富多样的粘土来源使得史前陶器的来源和流通问题比单纯的岩石学特征研究所表明的要复杂得多。在这项研究中，我们使用岩石学分析、地质考古调查和空间分析的具体组合来确定陶器生产中使用的粘土的来源。具体来说，我们关注的是El Argar核心地区的陶器生产，这是一个在早期青铜时代（公元前2200-1550年）在伊比利亚半岛东南部发展起来的考古实体。在分析了确定的埃尔阿尔加尔粘土形成的自然条件之后，进行了一次考古调查，将原料定位在地理上受限制的内贝提山脉沉积物中。通过检查粘土沉积物和早期青铜时代定居点之间的距离，我们得出结论，大多数阿尔加尔陶瓷不是在当地生产的。空间分析强烈支持专业化生产的想法，可能集中在特定的粘土矿床周围，具有高度的生产标准化。这些模式更符合区域和超区域政治制度和交换网络，而不是国内生产方式。该研究表明，岩石光学显微镜分析、系统地质地貌调查和GIS辅助下的空间建模相结合，为识别陶器制造和流通的经济和政治组织形式提供了有力的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Iron in copper metallurgy at the dawn of the Iron Age: Insights on iron invention from a mining and smelting site in the Caucasus 铁器时代初期的铜冶金中的铁：高加索地区采矿和冶炼现场对铁发明的见解

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106338

Nathaniel L. Erb-Satullo, Bobbi W. Klymchuk

Despite enormous interest in the origins of the iron, the world's quintessential industrial metal, the technological foundations of the invention and innovation of extractive iron metallurgy remain unclear. While fundamental aspects of geology and thermodynamics favor a model for the invention of iron by copper smelters, empirical archaeological evidence to support this model is lacking. Reanalysis of the smelting workshop at Kvemo Bolnisi, originally published as an iron smelting site in the 1960s and dated to the late 2nd millennium BC, offers insights by which copper smelters recognized and experimented with iron oxides. Chemical and microscopic analysis of slags and minerals samples via optical microscopy and SEM-EDS conclusively shows that metalworkers at the site were smelting copper rather than iron. However, our analyses, coupled with a reassessment of the excavation report, show that iron oxides were deliberately stockpiled and added to the furnace as a separate component of the charge to flux the silica-rich host rock. These discoveries make Kvemo Bolnisi arguably the earliest unequivocal example of the deliberate use iron oxide fluxes in copper metallurgy. The knowledge and behaviors reflected in the Kvemo Bolnisi copper smelting technology have important implications for theories about the invention of iron metallurgy by copper smelters.

尽管人们对世界上最重要的工业金属铁的起源有着极大的兴趣，但炼铁术的发明和创新的技术基础仍不清楚。虽然地质学和热力学的基本方面倾向于铜冶炼厂发明铁的模型，但缺乏支持这一模型的经验考古证据。对Kvemo Bolnisi冶炼车间的重新分析提供了铜冶炼厂认识和试验氧化铁的见解，该车间最初是在20世纪60年代作为铁冶炼现场发表的，可追溯到公元前2000年后期。通过光学显微镜和SEM-EDS对矿渣和矿物样品进行化学和微观分析，最终表明现场的金属工人正在冶炼铜而不是铁。然而，我们的分析，再加上对挖掘报告的重新评估，表明氧化铁是故意储存的，并作为装料的一个单独组成部分添加到熔炉中，以熔炼富含硅的宿主岩石。这些发现使得Kvemo Bolnisi可以说是在铜冶金中故意使用氧化铁助熔剂的最早的明确例子。Kvemo Bolnisi铜冶炼技术所反映的知识和行为，对铜冶炼厂发明炼铁的理论具有重要的启示意义。

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引用次数: 0

Testing the use of southern France and Cyprus mouflons as a reference to reconstruct birth season in sheep from oxygen isotope analysis in teeth 测试使用法国南部和塞浦路斯mouflons作为参考，通过牙齿中的氧同位素分析重建绵羊的出生季节

IF 2.5 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106381

Eléa Gutierrez , Angelos Hadjikoumis , Eleftherios Hadjisterkotis , Jean-Denis Vigne , Fabien Dewilde , Denis Fiorillo , Lionel Gourichon , Marie Balasse

Reconstructing past sheep birth seasons relies on oxygen isotope analysis in dental enamel, using modern reference datasets with known birth seasons for comparison. However, the comparability of dental growth calendar between modern and ancient sheep remains uncertain. The current mouflons in Europe, descended from Neolithic domestic sheep that later became feral in Corsica, Sardinia, and Cyprus, are amongst the closest living relatives of Neolithic sheep. Their suitability as references for the estimation of the birth season was explored by analysing the third molar of individuals from two populations giving birth in the spring: Cyprus mouflons (n = 7) and Mediterranean mouflons from southern France (n = 10). Results from oxygen isotope analysis of dental enamel reflect environmental and management differences (e.g., wild vs. captive conditions, local climate and seasonal temperature fluctuations). Isotopic sequence modelling indicated a good agreement between the Mediterranean mouflons from southern France and previously published western European sheep references. However, a radical shift in the record of the δ¹⁸O values of the seasonal cycle between the Cyprus mouflon and the sheep references has been observed.

This divergence suggests distinct dental growth calendars between the Cyprus mouflons and the remaining Ovis included in the study, which may be attributed to a different genetic lineage, reduced genetic diversity in Cyprus mouflons due to one or more founder events—potentially leading to the expression of traits not present or rarely present in the source population—and/or long-term isolation resulting in phylogenetic drift.

These findings suggest that Mediterranean mouflons from southern France are as suitable as modern sheep breeds as references for reconstructing past birth seasons in Western Europe. In contrast, the use of the Cyprus mouflons as a reference requires further investigation, both in the context of Cyprus and more broadly across the Near East.

重建过去的绵羊出生季节依赖于牙釉质中的氧同位素分析，使用已知出生季节的现代参考数据集进行比较。然而，现代和古代绵羊牙齿生长日历的可比性仍然不确定。现在欧洲的摩弗伦羊是新石器时代家羊的后裔，后来在科西嘉岛、撒丁岛和塞浦路斯变成了野生的，是新石器时代羊的近亲之一。它们作为估计出生季节参考的适用性通过分析两个种群的第三臼齿个体在春季分娩来探索：塞浦路斯摩夫伦（n = 7）和来自法国南部的地中海摩夫伦（n = 10）。牙釉质氧同位素分析结果反映了环境和管理差异（例如野生与圈养条件、当地气候和季节性温度波动）。同位素序列模拟表明，来自法国南部的地中海摩弗伦与先前发表的西欧羊类文献之间有很好的一致性。然而，在塞浦路斯mouflon和绵羊参考资料之间的季节周期δ18O值的记录发生了根本性的变化。这一差异表明，塞浦路斯摩弗伦人和研究中剩余的奥维斯人之间的牙齿生长日历不同，这可能归因于不同的遗传谱系，由于一个或多个创始事件，塞浦路斯摩弗伦人的遗传多样性减少——可能导致源人群中不存在或很少存在的特征的表达——和/或长期隔离导致系统发育漂变。这些发现表明，来自法国南部的地中海摩夫伦羊和现代绵羊品种一样适合作为重建西欧过去出生季节的参考。相比之下，使用塞浦路斯mouflons作为参考需要进一步调查，无论是在塞浦路斯的背景下，还是在整个近东更广泛的情况下。

{"title":"Testing the use of southern France and Cyprus mouflons as a reference to reconstruct birth season in sheep from oxygen isotope analysis in teeth","authors":"Eléa Gutierrez , Angelos Hadjikoumis , Eleftherios Hadjisterkotis , Jean-Denis Vigne , Fabien Dewilde , Denis Fiorillo , Lionel Gourichon , Marie Balasse","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reconstructing past sheep birth seasons relies on oxygen isotope analysis in dental enamel, using modern reference datasets with known birth seasons for comparison. However, the comparability of dental growth calendar between modern and ancient sheep remains uncertain. The current mouflons in Europe, descended from Neolithic domestic sheep that later became feral in Corsica, Sardinia, and Cyprus, are amongst the closest living relatives of Neolithic sheep. Their suitability as references for the estimation of the birth season was explored by analysing the third molar of individuals from two populations giving birth in the spring: Cyprus mouflons (<em>n</em> = 7) and Mediterranean mouflons from southern France (<em>n</em> = 10). Results from oxygen isotope analysis of dental enamel reflect environmental and management differences (e.g., wild <em>vs.</em> captive conditions, local climate and seasonal temperature fluctuations). Isotopic sequence modelling indicated a good agreement between the Mediterranean mouflons from southern France and previously published western European sheep references. However, a radical shift in the record of the <em>δ</em><sup>18</sup>O values of the seasonal cycle between the Cyprus mouflon and the sheep references has been observed.</div><div>This divergence suggests distinct dental growth calendars between the Cyprus mouflons and the remaining <em>Ovis</em> included in the study, which may be attributed to a different genetic lineage, reduced genetic diversity in Cyprus mouflons due to one or more founder events—potentially leading to the expression of traits not present or rarely present in the source population—and/or long-term isolation resulting in phylogenetic drift.</div><div>These findings suggest that Mediterranean mouflons from southern France are as suitable as modern sheep breeds as references for reconstructing past birth seasons in Western Europe. In contrast, the use of the Cyprus mouflons as a reference requires further investigation, both in the context of Cyprus and more broadly across the Near East.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106381"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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