Pub Date : 2020-10-21DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10009
Miłosława Sokół
A generalization of Moran model of evolution is created using object-oriented method of modelling. A population consists of individuals which have a genotype and a phenotype. The genotype is inherited by descendants and it can mutate. The phenotype is dependent on the genotype. Moreover, the phenotype causes changes in the fitness of the individuals (natural selection which four kinds are defined and analysed). Evolution of the population appears spontaneously. This model is used to analyse how population size influence the rate of evolution. Evolution is manifested by two processes: the increase of the phenotype size (morphological evolution) and number of mutations accumulated on genes (molecular evolution). The rate of evolution increases if population size increases. An adaptive natural selection causes nonlinear changes in the phenotype size and number of mutations accumulated on genes. A competitive natural selection causes linear evolution. A surviving natural selection causes the faster evolution than a reproductive natural selection.
{"title":"Impact of population size at a rate of morphological and molecular evolution – the use of an object-oriented model","authors":"Miłosława Sokół","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000A generalization of Moran model of evolution is created using object-oriented method of modelling. A population consists of individuals which have a genotype and a phenotype. The genotype is inherited by descendants and it can mutate. The phenotype is dependent on the genotype. Moreover, the phenotype causes changes in the fitness of the individuals (natural selection which four kinds are defined and analysed). Evolution of the population appears spontaneously. This model is used to analyse how population size influence the rate of evolution. Evolution is manifested by two processes: the increase of the phenotype size (morphological evolution) and number of mutations accumulated on genes (molecular evolution). The rate of evolution increases if population size increases. An adaptive natural selection causes nonlinear changes in the phenotype size and number of mutations accumulated on genes. A competitive natural selection causes linear evolution. A surviving natural selection causes the faster evolution than a reproductive natural selection.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-bja10009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42937053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-18DOI: 10.1163/22244662-BJA10013
L. Cong, Dong-Min Han
Around 6.000 plant species in China have ornamental uses. This study aims to identify new ornamental plant species that are able to survive in urban environments of China and not stand out from the landscaping plants growing in the local parks, gardens, and walkways. The list of ornamental plants includes exclusively open-ground plants. The study on 29 wild plant species commonly found across Southern China involved growing plants from 9.200 seeds and measuring their survival at the first (herbals) and the fifth 5 year of age (shrubs and trees). Of all study plants, 16 showed high germination and survival rates (over 50%) and can be used in park and city landscaping, whereas other specimens demonstrated survival rates lower than 50%. For lianas, the number of species suitable for landscaping is 3. Low germination rates did not determine a rapid decline in survival during the first and fifth years. Herbals turned out to have the highest germination rates (over 50% in 6 out of 7 specimens). Among trees, species that may be planted together along sidewalks to form groves and plantations include Ilex latifolia, Delavaya toxocarpa, and Vernicia fordii. Among vines, Trachelospermum jasminoides or star jasmine can be used as a tree climber. Among shrubs and herbals, Melastoma dodecandrum and Corydalis edulis can be planted in flower beds and rock gardens. This work examines plant species not only from the decorative prospective but also in terms of suitability for growing in urban conditions.
{"title":"Ecological characteristics of high quality wild ornamental plants in South China","authors":"L. Cong, Dong-Min Han","doi":"10.1163/22244662-BJA10013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-BJA10013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Around 6.000 plant species in China have ornamental uses. This study aims to identify new ornamental plant species that are able to survive in urban environments of China and not stand out from the landscaping plants growing in the local parks, gardens, and walkways. The list of ornamental plants includes exclusively open-ground plants. The study on 29 wild plant species commonly found across Southern China involved growing plants from 9.200 seeds and measuring their survival at the first (herbals) and the fifth 5 year of age (shrubs and trees). Of all study plants, 16 showed high germination and survival rates (over 50%) and can be used in park and city landscaping, whereas other specimens demonstrated survival rates lower than 50%. For lianas, the number of species suitable for landscaping is 3. Low germination rates did not determine a rapid decline in survival during the first and fifth years. Herbals turned out to have the highest germination rates (over 50% in 6 out of 7 specimens). Among trees, species that may be planted together along sidewalks to form groves and plantations include Ilex latifolia, Delavaya toxocarpa, and Vernicia fordii. Among vines, Trachelospermum jasminoides or star jasmine can be used as a tree climber. Among shrubs and herbals, Melastoma dodecandrum and Corydalis edulis can be planted in flower beds and rock gardens. This work examines plant species not only from the decorative prospective but also in terms of suitability for growing in urban conditions.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-BJA10013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46020027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-14DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10019
I. Warburg
According to central-place-foraging theory, selectivity of central-place foragers to larger or more profitable food items should increase as the distance from their nest to the food increases. In this research it was checked, if the selectivity of ants of the species Messor arenarius (Fabricius) to larger food items increases as a function of the distance from their nest entrance to the food site. In food choice experiments, whole wheat seeds and halves of wheat seeds cut longitudinally were offered to M. arenarius ants at the same points. These ants preferred halves of wheat seeds cut longitudinally over whole wheat seeds, in all the distances from nest entrance that were checked in this research - 1m, 5m or 10m from nest entrance. According to these findings, M. arenarius ants did not show increased selectivity to different wheat particles within a distance range of 1m – 10m from their nest entrance. It is possible that since the nutritional value of wheat is relatively high, these ants could not evaluate the nutritional value of wheat particles that were offered to them.
{"title":"Food choice by Messor arenarius ants in different distances from their nest: testing increased selectivity theory","authors":"I. Warburg","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000According to central-place-foraging theory, selectivity of central-place foragers to larger or more profitable food items should increase as the distance from their nest to the food increases. In this research it was checked, if the selectivity of ants of the species Messor arenarius (Fabricius) to larger food items increases as a function of the distance from their nest entrance to the food site. In food choice experiments, whole wheat seeds and halves of wheat seeds cut longitudinally were offered to M. arenarius ants at the same points. These ants preferred halves of wheat seeds cut longitudinally over whole wheat seeds, in all the distances from nest entrance that were checked in this research - 1m, 5m or 10m from nest entrance. According to these findings, M. arenarius ants did not show increased selectivity to different wheat particles within a distance range of 1m – 10m from their nest entrance. It is possible that since the nutritional value of wheat is relatively high, these ants could not evaluate the nutritional value of wheat particles that were offered to them.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"-1 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-bja10019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48498495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-29DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10016
A. Mikhaylov
Modern methods of lichen indication allow assessing the impact of climate change and air pollution on ecosystem health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the general state of atmospheric air in urban ecosystems of cities and towns using lichen indication methods. The objectives of the study included identifying lichen indicator species, as well as assessing the response of these species to various pollutants (e.g., lead, iron, manganese). The study was conducted in 2017 in the Bryansk region of the Russian Federation (9 settlements in total) and the Oryol region (1 settlement – the city of Oryol). Four hundred samples belonging to epiphytic lichens were collected. Additional 300 and 137 samples of epiphytic lichens were used for chemical and toxicological analyses, respectively. The following two generally accepted lichen indicator indices were calculated: poleotolerance index (PI) and atmospheric purity index (API). When calculating the latter, the lichen species Xanthoria parietina was used as the baseline. Epiphytic lichens in small settlements were represented by 50 species (28 genera, 8 families). In large cities, 55 (Bryansk) and 53 (Oryol) species of epiphytic lichens were detected. The number of species in small settlements was 1.5 times lower than that of large cities. There were 8-15 and 25-32 species of epiphytic lichens in the central region and in the periphery of Bryansk, respectively. The number of epiphytic lichen species detected in the parks was 41. Within the territory of large cities, 17 species of lichens were identified as potential indicators, since they were found in every second or fourth sample. Maximum concentrations of lead were recorded in industrial areas of cities, as well as near major roads with traffic intersection and bridges and in some dormitory suburbs. This is a distinctive feature of large cities – the predominance of lead in lichen thalli, which is primarily associated with vehicles. In small cities in which there are no specific industrial enterprises (metallurgical plants, etc.), other heavy metals – manganese and iron – prevail in the thalli of lichens. In this work, new methods are adopted – mapping pollution with the use of nitrophilous epiphytic lichens that reflect the ongoing macro processes of nitrification in urban areas. The authors have proposed and tested the following lichen indicator methods: the use of indicator species (epiphytes-nitrophytes) of various sensitivities and the study of their distribution within the territory. The mapping method has been substantiated, which takes into account the API and zoning of territories according to the level of general pollution. Among the indicator species, Xanthoria parietina turned out to be the most suitable one.
{"title":"Lichens as indicators of atmospheric pollution in urban ecosystems","authors":"A. Mikhaylov","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Modern methods of lichen indication allow assessing the impact of climate change and air pollution on ecosystem health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the general state of atmospheric air in urban ecosystems of cities and towns using lichen indication methods. The objectives of the study included identifying lichen indicator species, as well as assessing the response of these species to various pollutants (e.g., lead, iron, manganese). The study was conducted in 2017 in the Bryansk region of the Russian Federation (9 settlements in total) and the Oryol region (1 settlement – the city of Oryol). Four hundred samples belonging to epiphytic lichens were collected. Additional 300 and 137 samples of epiphytic lichens were used for chemical and toxicological analyses, respectively. The following two generally accepted lichen indicator indices were calculated: poleotolerance index (PI) and atmospheric purity index (API). When calculating the latter, the lichen species Xanthoria parietina was used as the baseline. Epiphytic lichens in small settlements were represented by 50 species (28 genera, 8 families). In large cities, 55 (Bryansk) and 53 (Oryol) species of epiphytic lichens were detected. The number of species in small settlements was 1.5 times lower than that of large cities. There were 8-15 and 25-32 species of epiphytic lichens in the central region and in the periphery of Bryansk, respectively. The number of epiphytic lichen species detected in the parks was 41. Within the territory of large cities, 17 species of lichens were identified as potential indicators, since they were found in every second or fourth sample. Maximum concentrations of lead were recorded in industrial areas of cities, as well as near major roads with traffic intersection and bridges and in some dormitory suburbs. This is a distinctive feature of large cities – the predominance of lead in lichen thalli, which is primarily associated with vehicles. In small cities in which there are no specific industrial enterprises (metallurgical plants, etc.), other heavy metals – manganese and iron – prevail in the thalli of lichens. In this work, new methods are adopted – mapping pollution with the use of nitrophilous epiphytic lichens that reflect the ongoing macro processes of nitrification in urban areas. The authors have proposed and tested the following lichen indicator methods: the use of indicator species (epiphytes-nitrophytes) of various sensitivities and the study of their distribution within the territory. The mapping method has been substantiated, which takes into account the API and zoning of territories according to the level of general pollution. Among the indicator species, Xanthoria parietina turned out to be the most suitable one.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"-1 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-bja10016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44121219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-24DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10010
Osarodion Ogiemwonyi, Amran Harun
Awareness can influence consumer judgment while making a decision, and thus can help to restore a positive image in the marketplace. The present study was based on 262 green consumer samples, considering awareness as a direct antecedent for green consumer behaviour, and treating the role of attitude as an intermediary construct. Notably, empirical findings for this link are inconsistent. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLSv3.0 was applied to analyze the data, while examining nine hypotheses. Despite discrepancies reported in past studies and although awareness was constantly essential but not sufficient for green behaviour, both green product awareness and green consumer behaviour were empirically significant. The study also confirmed the Attitude-Behaviour-Context (ABC) theory developed to interpret green behaviour on contextual variables, which were all empirically significant. Green attitude mediated the relationship between awareness and green behaviour. But it showed no path to the relationship between green value, green trust and green behaviour when examining indirect effects. This study provides new insights into the potential strategy that could be used to improve positive green behaviour. These findings can help policymaker formulate strategies to promote green behaviour in a circular economy like Malaysia.
{"title":"Green product awareness has the potential to promote green consumer behaviour: Evidence from Kuala-Lumpur","authors":"Osarodion Ogiemwonyi, Amran Harun","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Awareness can influence consumer judgment while making a decision, and thus can help to restore a positive image in the marketplace. The present study was based on 262 green consumer samples, considering awareness as a direct antecedent for green consumer behaviour, and treating the role of attitude as an intermediary construct. Notably, empirical findings for this link are inconsistent. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLSv3.0 was applied to analyze the data, while examining nine hypotheses. Despite discrepancies reported in past studies and although awareness was constantly essential but not sufficient for green behaviour, both green product awareness and green consumer behaviour were empirically significant. The study also confirmed the Attitude-Behaviour-Context (ABC) theory developed to interpret green behaviour on contextual variables, which were all empirically significant. Green attitude mediated the relationship between awareness and green behaviour. But it showed no path to the relationship between green value, green trust and green behaviour when examining indirect effects. This study provides new insights into the potential strategy that could be used to improve positive green behaviour. These findings can help policymaker formulate strategies to promote green behaviour in a circular economy like Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"-1 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-bja10010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44571882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-15DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10006
Li-bin Liu, J. Ni
Knowledge of the biodiversity and carbon (C) functions of karst forests is scarce. This study comprehensively compared the species diversity and floristic characteristics, biomass and its allocation, leaf and soil C and nitrogen (N) concentrations, and photosynthetic capacity of dominant tree species between peak clump depression (PCD)-type and plateau surface (PS)-type karst forests on the basis of two large plots (i.e., 1 and 2 ha, respectively) in southwestern China. Results showed that PCD-type karst forest exhibits higher biodiversity and more tropical family and genus types than PS-type karst forest. These two types of karst forest presented similar total biomass, but PCD-type karst forest allocated more biomass to supporting roots and less biomass to absorbing roots. PS-type karst forest had higher C/N ratios in leaves and soils than PCD-type karst forest. Deciduous tree species in PS-type karst forest had low net photosynthetic rates, resulting in lower net photosynthetic rate in PS-type karst forest than in PCD-type karst forest. Species richness and C storage in the karst morphologies would be considerably enhanced if degraded vegetation in different types of karst area could be successfully restored to forests according to respective morphological and vegetation features. A comprehensive understanding of the biodiversity and C functions of karst vegetation is essential to biodiversity conservation, regional C storage estimation, vegetation management and restoration, and potential global change mitigation.
{"title":"Variations of the biodiversity and carbon functions of karst forests in two morphologically different sites in southwestern China","authors":"Li-bin Liu, J. Ni","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Knowledge of the biodiversity and carbon (C) functions of karst forests is scarce. This study comprehensively compared the species diversity and floristic characteristics, biomass and its allocation, leaf and soil C and nitrogen (N) concentrations, and photosynthetic capacity of dominant tree species between peak clump depression (PCD)-type and plateau surface (PS)-type karst forests on the basis of two large plots (i.e., 1 and 2 ha, respectively) in southwestern China. Results showed that PCD-type karst forest exhibits higher biodiversity and more tropical family and genus types than PS-type karst forest. These two types of karst forest presented similar total biomass, but PCD-type karst forest allocated more biomass to supporting roots and less biomass to absorbing roots. PS-type karst forest had higher C/N ratios in leaves and soils than PCD-type karst forest. Deciduous tree species in PS-type karst forest had low net photosynthetic rates, resulting in lower net photosynthetic rate in PS-type karst forest than in PCD-type karst forest. Species richness and C storage in the karst morphologies would be considerably enhanced if degraded vegetation in different types of karst area could be successfully restored to forests according to respective morphological and vegetation features. A comprehensive understanding of the biodiversity and C functions of karst vegetation is essential to biodiversity conservation, regional C storage estimation, vegetation management and restoration, and potential global change mitigation.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-bja10006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43330744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-15DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10007
C. Battisti, G. Grosso, S. Ioni, F. Zullo, F. Cerfolli
Traditional fish farming carried out in wetland is declining in many countries of Mediterranean Europe. This decline can lead to a lack of management of the reeds that tend to age progressively. In this work we compared, through a wide temporal range (2001-2019), the densities of four habitat-specialized birds (warblers), strictly linked to Phragmites australis reed-beds in a coastal wetland on the Tyrrhenian central Italy. In this wetland, following the abandonment of fish farming, the average density of reeds significantly decreased, and both the average reed diameter and habitat heterogeneity showed a significant increase. Comparing 2001 to 2019, we observed an increase in the total density of breeding warblers. The two species of Acrocephalus (scirpaceus and arundinaceus), and Cettia cetti showed a marked increase in density, while Cisticola juncidis showed a clear decrease. More particularly, a significant increase in Cettia cetti (p < 0.001) and a decrease in Cisticola juncidis (p < 0.05) emerged when comparing bird biomasses. Species diversity and evenness were more high in 2019 than in 2001. Our data suggest that: (i) these species could be considered indicators of long-term reed-bed changes and (ii) their biomass may be used as a more effective metric when compared to abundance.
{"title":"Response of specialized birds to reed-bed aging in a Mediterranean wetland: Significant changes in bird biomass after two decades","authors":"C. Battisti, G. Grosso, S. Ioni, F. Zullo, F. Cerfolli","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Traditional fish farming carried out in wetland is declining in many countries of Mediterranean Europe. This decline can lead to a lack of management of the reeds that tend to age progressively. In this work we compared, through a wide temporal range (2001-2019), the densities of four habitat-specialized birds (warblers), strictly linked to Phragmites australis reed-beds in a coastal wetland on the Tyrrhenian central Italy. In this wetland, following the abandonment of fish farming, the average density of reeds significantly decreased, and both the average reed diameter and habitat heterogeneity showed a significant increase. Comparing 2001 to 2019, we observed an increase in the total density of breeding warblers. The two species of Acrocephalus (scirpaceus and arundinaceus), and Cettia cetti showed a marked increase in density, while Cisticola juncidis showed a clear decrease. More particularly, a significant increase in Cettia cetti (p < 0.001) and a decrease in Cisticola juncidis (p < 0.05) emerged when comparing bird biomasses. Species diversity and evenness were more high in 2019 than in 2001. Our data suggest that: (i) these species could be considered indicators of long-term reed-bed changes and (ii) their biomass may be used as a more effective metric when compared to abundance.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-bja10007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47140537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-30DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10004
J. Licht, N. Smith
Plants utilizing C3 physiology have a more difficult time establishing in rooftop environments than plants with more heat and drought adapted constitutions, such as species that employ crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). CAM species are much less susceptible to limitations of shallow, infertile soil-less media under abiotic and biotic stress. It is thought that soil amendments might improve rooftop media in a way that allows for C3 species to prosper in rooftop environments. While compost is typically added to media to achieve this goal, we hypothesized that the addition of an anthropogenic pyrogenic carbon (PyC) supplement, instead, would enable better organic and mineral sorption and water retention, resulting in improved physiological performance of C3 species. To test this, we grew a C3 legume species, wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria L R.Br. ex), in control compost-amended media and media amended by PyC on a rooftop in Massachusetts, USA. We found PyC-amended media had greater mean organic and mineral nutrient sorption. We also found 16% greater soil water holding capacity (GWL/ψg) than control media. In addition, wild indigo photosynthetic intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) was significantly increased by 19% when grown in PyC-amended as compared to control media. We conclude that amending green roof media with PyC provides greater benefits than compost amendments for colonization of a C3 legume, wild indigo. Our results gathered over seven years suggest that PyC from converted waste stream cardboard could be used to improve the rooftop performance of other leguminous species, including agricultural crops.
利用C3生理机能的植物比适应高温和干旱体质的植物(如利用天冬酰胺酸代谢(CAM)的物种)在屋顶环境中更难以建立。在非生物和生物胁迫下，CAM物种不太容易受到浅而贫瘠的无土介质的限制。据认为，土壤改良剂可能以某种方式改善屋顶介质，使C3物种在屋顶环境中茁壮成长。虽然通常将堆肥添加到培养基中以实现这一目标，但我们假设添加人为热原碳(PyC)补充剂可以更好地吸收有机和矿物质并保持水分，从而改善C3物种的生理性能。为了验证这一点，我们种植了一种C3豆科植物，野生靛蓝(Baptisia tinctoria L R.Br)。例如，在美国马萨诸塞州的一个屋顶上，控制堆肥修正的介质和PyC修正的介质。我们发现pyc修饰的培养基有更大的平均有机和矿物质营养吸附。土壤持水能力(GWL/ψg)比对照提高16%。此外，与对照培养基相比，添加pyc的野生靛蓝光合内在水分利用效率(iWUE)显著提高了19%。我们得出结论，用PyC修正绿色屋顶培养基比堆肥修正对C3豆科植物野生靛蓝的定殖有更大的好处。我们在7年多的时间里收集的结果表明，从废物流纸板中提取的PyC可以用来改善其他豆科植物的屋顶性能，包括农作物。
{"title":"Pyrogenic carbon improves the physiological performance of a C3 species planted on a green roof","authors":"J. Licht, N. Smith","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Plants utilizing C3 physiology have a more difficult time establishing in rooftop environments than plants with more heat and drought adapted constitutions, such as species that employ crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). CAM species are much less susceptible to limitations of shallow, infertile soil-less media under abiotic and biotic stress. It is thought that soil amendments might improve rooftop media in a way that allows for C3 species to prosper in rooftop environments. While compost is typically added to media to achieve this goal, we hypothesized that the addition of an anthropogenic pyrogenic carbon (PyC) supplement, instead, would enable better organic and mineral sorption and water retention, resulting in improved physiological performance of C3 species. To test this, we grew a C3 legume species, wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria L R.Br. ex), in control compost-amended media and media amended by PyC on a rooftop in Massachusetts, USA. We found PyC-amended media had greater mean organic and mineral nutrient sorption. We also found 16% greater soil water holding capacity (GWL/ψg) than control media. In addition, wild indigo photosynthetic intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) was significantly increased by 19% when grown in PyC-amended as compared to control media. We conclude that amending green roof media with PyC provides greater benefits than compost amendments for colonization of a C3 legume, wild indigo. Our results gathered over seven years suggest that PyC from converted waste stream cardboard could be used to improve the rooftop performance of other leguminous species, including agricultural crops.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-bja10004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44638363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-10DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10001
Denise Taimi Karkkainen, S. Richards, F. Kraus, Burhan Tjaturadi, Keliopas Krey, P. Oliver
We describe a new species of gecko in the Lepidodactylus novaeguineae Group from Salawati Island, West Papua Province, Indonesia. The new species can be distinguished from all congeners by a unique combination of aspects of body size, shape, colouration, and scalation. The holotype and only known specimen is a mature male with a snout-vent length of less than 33 mm, suggesting it is the smallest species of Lepidodactylus; however, to confirm that, larger sample sizes of the nominate species and other species are required. The Lepidodactylus novaeguineae Group has a wide distribution across the western, northern, and eastern margins of New Guinea, but it seems to be most often associated with islands (including land-bridge islands) or geological terranes derived from former island arcs.
{"title":"A new species of small Lepidodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Salawati Island, Indonesia","authors":"Denise Taimi Karkkainen, S. Richards, F. Kraus, Burhan Tjaturadi, Keliopas Krey, P. Oliver","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10001","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a new species of gecko in the Lepidodactylus novaeguineae Group from Salawati Island, West Papua Province, Indonesia. The new species can be distinguished from all congeners by a unique combination of aspects of body size, shape, colouration, and scalation. The holotype and only known specimen is a mature male with a snout-vent length of less than 33 mm, suggesting it is the smallest species of Lepidodactylus; however, to confirm that, larger sample sizes of the nominate species and other species are required. The Lepidodactylus novaeguineae Group has a wide distribution across the western, northern, and eastern margins of New Guinea, but it seems to be most often associated with islands (including land-bridge islands) or geological terranes derived from former island arcs.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"-1 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-bja10001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47463755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-14DOI: 10.1163/22244662-bja10002
Jendrian Riedel, Eric J. Nordberg, L. Schwarzkopf
Modern biological research often uses global datasets to answer broad-scale questions using various modelling techniques. But detailed information on species–habitat interactions are often only available for a few species. Australian geckos, a species-rich group of small nocturnal predators, are particularly data-deficient. For most species, information is available only as scattered, anecdotal, or descriptive entries in the taxonomic literature or in field guides. We surveyed gecko communities from 10 sites, and 15 locations across central and northern Queensland, Australia, to quantify ecological niche and habitat use of these communities. Our surveys included deserts, woodlands, and rainforests, examining 34 gecko species. We assigned species to habitat niche categories: arboreal (9 species), saxicoline (4), or terrestrial (13), if at least 75% of our observations fell in one microhabitat; otherwise we classified geckos as generalists (8). For arboreal species, we described perch height and perch diameter and assigned them to ecomorph categories, originally developed for Anolis lizards. There was lower species richness in rainforests than in habitats with lower relative humidity; the highest species richness occurred in woodlands. Most arboreal and generalist species fit the trunk-ground ecomorph, except those in the genus Strophurus, whose members preferred shrubs, twigs of small trees, or, in two cases, spinifex grass hummocks, thus occupying a perch space similar to that of grass-bush anoles. Habitat use by Pseudothecadactylus australis, Saltuarius cornutus, and Gehyra dubia fit the trunk-crown ecomorph. We provide quantified basic ecological data and habitat use for a large group of previously poorly documented species.
{"title":"Ecological niche and microhabitat use of Australian geckos","authors":"Jendrian Riedel, Eric J. Nordberg, L. Schwarzkopf","doi":"10.1163/22244662-bja10002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10002","url":null,"abstract":"Modern biological research often uses global datasets to answer broad-scale questions using various modelling techniques. But detailed information on species–habitat interactions are often only available for a few species. Australian geckos, a species-rich group of small nocturnal predators, are particularly data-deficient. For most species, information is available only as scattered, anecdotal, or descriptive entries in the taxonomic literature or in field guides. We surveyed gecko communities from 10 sites, and 15 locations across central and northern Queensland, Australia, to quantify ecological niche and habitat use of these communities. Our surveys included deserts, woodlands, and rainforests, examining 34 gecko species. We assigned species to habitat niche categories: arboreal (9 species), saxicoline (4), or terrestrial (13), if at least 75% of our observations fell in one microhabitat; otherwise we classified geckos as generalists (8). For arboreal species, we described perch height and perch diameter and assigned them to ecomorph categories, originally developed for Anolis lizards. There was lower species richness in rainforests than in habitats with lower relative humidity; the highest species richness occurred in woodlands. Most arboreal and generalist species fit the trunk-ground ecomorph, except those in the genus Strophurus, whose members preferred shrubs, twigs of small trees, or, in two cases, spinifex grass hummocks, thus occupying a perch space similar to that of grass-bush anoles. Habitat use by Pseudothecadactylus australis, Saltuarius cornutus, and Gehyra dubia fit the trunk-crown ecomorph. We provide quantified basic ecological data and habitat use for a large group of previously poorly documented species.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"-1 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45096075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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