Pub Date : 2020-03-03DOI: 10.1163/22244662-20191074
Gavin Stark, Rachel Schwarz, Shai Meiri
The majority of lizard clades are ancestrally and predominantly diurnal. The only major taxon in which most species are nocturnal is the Gekkota (geckos and pygopodids). As ectothermic thermoregulators, lizard metabolic rates are highly temperature dependent, and diurnal lizards therefore demonstrate higher metabolic rates than nocturnal ones. Furthermore, exposure to solar radiation is thought to reduce ectothermic longevity by increasing both metabolic costs and the rate of accumulating harmful mutations through UV radiation (UVC specifically). In being nocturnal, ectothermic species may reduce their intrinsic mortality rates and thus live longer. To test this hypothesis, we collected literature data on the maximum longevities of 740 lizard species, of which 185 are geckos. We examined whether geckos live longer than other lizards, and whether activity time affects gecko longevity. While geckos live relatively long for lizards of their size, their activity time was found to be unrelated to longevity, contradicting our predictions. We suggest that diurnal species may have evolved higher resistance to UV radiation via thicker, more keratinized skin. Elevated metabolic rates do not automatically equate with faster aging. Mortality through extrinsic causes (e.g., predation) may impose much stronger selective pressures than intrinsic causes.
{"title":"Does nocturnal activity prolong gecko longevity?","authors":"Gavin Stark, Rachel Schwarz, Shai Meiri","doi":"10.1163/22244662-20191074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191074","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of lizard clades are ancestrally and predominantly diurnal.\u0000The only major taxon in which most species are nocturnal is the Gekkota (geckos\u0000and pygopodids). As ectothermic thermoregulators, lizard metabolic rates are\u0000highly temperature dependent, and diurnal lizards therefore demonstrate higher metabolic\u0000rates than nocturnal ones. Furthermore, exposure to solar radiation is thought\u0000to reduce ectothermic longevity by increasing both metabolic costs and the rate of\u0000accumulating harmful mutations through UV radiation (UVC specifically). In being nocturnal, ectothermic species may reduce their intrinsic mortality rates and thus\u0000live longer. To test this hypothesis, we collected literature data on the maximum longevities of 740 lizard\u0000species, of which 185 are geckos. We examined whether geckos live longer than\u0000other lizards, and whether activity time affects gecko longevity. While geckos\u0000live relatively long for lizards of their size, their activity time was found to be unrelated to\u0000longevity, contradicting our predictions. We suggest that diurnal\u0000species may have evolved higher resistance to UV radiation via thicker, more\u0000keratinized skin. Elevated metabolic rates do not automatically equate with\u0000faster aging. Mortality through extrinsic causes (e.g., predation) may impose\u0000much stronger selective pressures than intrinsic causes.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"-1 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-20191074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42333303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-19DOI: 10.1163/22244662-20191089
P. Oliver, Rafe M. Brown, Benjamin R. Karin, L. Grismer
Historical and contemporary processes shaping striking variation in terrestrial biodiversity along elevational gradients have received much attention from evolutionary biologists, often by way of comparisons to latitudinal environmental gradients. Here we synthetically review what is known of the diversity and origin of upland endemic geckos across the Malesian region (south-east Asia and Melanesia). Approximately 20% of the regional gecko fauna is endemic to mountains, but only around 8% have distributions centred on what we consider true montane habitats over 1000 metres above sea level. A majority of upland lineages lack close relatives in surrounding lowlands (although there are many exceptions) and some are highly phylogenetically divergent (e.g., estimated divergence from all other gecko taxa dating to the mid-Miocene or earlier). In several cases upland radiations are allied to other taxa centred on small islands or in disturbed lowland habitats, but absent or exceptionally rare in most lowland rainforest areas. A number of other upland lineages may have originated on smaller islands that are now merged into larger landmasses such as Sumatra and New Guinea. Based on often deep phylogenetic divergences, low community diversity and disjunct distributions across uplands and islands, we suggest that at least some upland lineages are more limited by biotic interactions than they are by climate. As global climates continue to warm in coming decades, such taxa may be particularly affected by upslope shifts of competitors and predators from lower elevations.
{"title":"Mountain endemism in Malesian geckos: can biotic interactions push lizards up hills?","authors":"P. Oliver, Rafe M. Brown, Benjamin R. Karin, L. Grismer","doi":"10.1163/22244662-20191089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191089","url":null,"abstract":"Historical and contemporary processes shaping striking variation in terrestrial biodiversity along elevational gradients have received much attention from evolutionary biologists, often by way of comparisons to latitudinal environmental gradients. Here we synthetically review what is known of the diversity and origin of upland endemic geckos across the Malesian region (south-east Asia and Melanesia). Approximately 20% of the regional gecko fauna is endemic to mountains, but only around 8% have distributions centred on what we consider true montane habitats over 1000 metres above sea level. A majority of upland lineages lack close relatives in surrounding lowlands (although there are many exceptions) and some are highly phylogenetically divergent (e.g., estimated divergence from all other gecko taxa dating to the mid-Miocene or earlier). In several cases upland radiations are allied to other taxa centred on small islands or in disturbed lowland habitats, but absent or exceptionally rare in most lowland rainforest areas. A number of other upland lineages may have originated on smaller islands that are now merged into larger landmasses such as Sumatra and New Guinea. Based on often deep phylogenetic divergences, low community diversity and disjunct distributions across uplands and islands, we suggest that at least some upland lineages are more limited by biotic interactions than they are by climate. As global climates continue to warm in coming decades, such taxa may be particularly affected by upslope shifts of competitors and predators from lower elevations.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45569019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-22DOI: 10.1163/22244662-20191082
L. Lee Grismer, L. Perry, Marta S. Grismer, E. Quah, Myint Kyaw Thura, Jamie R. Oaks, Aung Lin, Diana Y. Lim
The historical accuracy of building taxonomies is improved when they are based on phylogenetic inference (i.e., the resultant classifications are less apt to misrepresent evolutionary history). In fact, taxonomies inferred from statistically significant diagnostic morphological characters in the absence of phylogenetic considerations, can contain non-monophyletic lineages. This is especially true at the species level where small amounts of gene flow may not preclude the evolution of localized adaptions in different geographic areas while underpinning the paraphyletic nature of each population with respect to the other. We illustrate this point by examining genetic and morphological variation among three putatively allopatric populations of the granite-dwelling Bent-toed Gecko Cyrtodactylus aequalis from hilly regions in southeastern Myanmar. In the absence of molecular phylogenetic inference, a compelling argument for three morphologically diagnosable species could be marshaled. However, when basing the morphological analyses of geographic variation on a molecular phylogeny, there is a more compelling argument that only one species should be recognized. We are cognizant of the fact however, that when dealing with rare species or specimens for which no molecular data are possible, judicious morphological analyses are the only option—and the desired option given the current worldwide biodiversity crisis.
{"title":"Integrative taxonomic and geographic variation analyses in Cyrtodactylus aequalis (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from southern Myanmar (Burma): one species, two different stories","authors":"L. Lee Grismer, L. Perry, Marta S. Grismer, E. Quah, Myint Kyaw Thura, Jamie R. Oaks, Aung Lin, Diana Y. Lim","doi":"10.1163/22244662-20191082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191082","url":null,"abstract":"The historical accuracy of building taxonomies is improved when they are based on phylogenetic inference (i.e., the resultant classifications are less apt to misrepresent evolutionary history). In fact, taxonomies inferred from statistically significant diagnostic morphological characters in the absence of phylogenetic considerations, can contain non-monophyletic lineages. This is especially true at the species level where small amounts of gene flow may not preclude the evolution of localized adaptions in different geographic areas while underpinning the paraphyletic nature of each population with respect to the other. We illustrate this point by examining genetic and morphological variation among three putatively allopatric populations of the granite-dwelling Bent-toed Gecko Cyrtodactylus aequalis from hilly regions in southeastern Myanmar. In the absence of molecular phylogenetic inference, a compelling argument for three morphologically diagnosable species could be marshaled. However, when basing the morphological analyses of geographic variation on a molecular phylogeny, there is a more compelling argument that only one species should be recognized. We are cognizant of the fact however, that when dealing with rare species or specimens for which no molecular data are possible, judicious morphological analyses are the only option—and the desired option given the current worldwide biodiversity crisis.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"-1 1","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-20191082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48955664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-19DOI: 10.1163/22244662-20191055
A. Farji-Brener, S. Amador‐Vargas
{"title":"Plasticity in extended phenotypes: how the antlion Myrmeleon crudelis adjusts the pit traps depending on biotic and abiotic conditions","authors":"A. Farji-Brener, S. Amador‐Vargas","doi":"10.1163/22244662-20191055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191055","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"66 1","pages":"41-47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-20191055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42241815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-19DOI: 10.1163/22244662-20191072
I. Scharf
{"title":"Introduction to the special issue on the ecology, evolution, and behavior of sit-and-wait predators","authors":"I. Scharf","doi":"10.1163/22244662-20191072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191072","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"66 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-20191072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42995922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-19DOI: 10.1163/22244662-20191066
A. Ellison
Carnivorous plants are pure sit-and-wait predators: they remain rooted to a single location and depend on the abundance and movement of their prey to obtain nutrients required for growth and reproduction. Yet carnivorous plants exhibit phenotypically plastic responses to prey availability that parallel those of non-carnivorous plants to changes in light levels or soil-nutrient concentrations. The latter have been considered to be foraging behaviors, but the former have not. Here, I review aspects of foraging theory that can be profitably applied to carnivorous plants considered as sit-and-wait predators. A discussion of different strategies by which carnivorous plants attract, capture, kill, and digest prey, and subsequently acquire nutrients from them suggests that optimal foraging theory can be applied to carnivorous plants as easily as it has been applied to animals. Carnivorous plants can vary their production, placement, and types of traps; switch between capturing nutrients from leaf-derived traps and roots; temporarily activate traps in response to external cues; or cease trap production altogether. Future research on foraging strategies by carnivorous plants will yield new insights into the physiology and ecology of what Darwin called “the most wonderful plants in the world”. At the same time, inclusion of carnivorous plants into models of animal foraging behavior could lead to the development of a more general and taxonomically inclusive foraging theory.
{"title":"Foraging modes of carnivorous plants","authors":"A. Ellison","doi":"10.1163/22244662-20191066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191066","url":null,"abstract":"Carnivorous plants are pure sit-and-wait predators: they remain rooted to a single location and depend on the abundance and movement of their prey to obtain nutrients required for growth and reproduction. Yet carnivorous plants exhibit phenotypically plastic responses to prey availability that parallel those of non-carnivorous plants to changes in light levels or soil-nutrient concentrations. The latter have been considered to be foraging behaviors, but the former have not. Here, I review aspects of foraging theory that can be profitably applied to carnivorous plants considered as sit-and-wait predators. A discussion of different strategies by which carnivorous plants attract, capture, kill, and digest prey, and subsequently acquire nutrients from them suggests that optimal foraging theory can be applied to carnivorous plants as easily as it has been applied to animals. Carnivorous plants can vary their production, placement, and types of traps; switch between capturing nutrients from leaf-derived traps and roots; temporarily activate traps in response to external cues; or cease trap production altogether. Future research on foraging strategies by carnivorous plants will yield new insights into the physiology and ecology of what Darwin called “the most wonderful plants in the world”. At the same time, inclusion of carnivorous plants into models of animal foraging behavior could lead to the development of a more general and taxonomically inclusive foraging theory.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"66 1","pages":"101-112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-20191066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43438251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-13DOI: 10.1163/22244662-20191057
Nitzan Segev, E. Gavish‐Regev, O. Berger‐Tal
Antlions (Neuroptera) are a group of sit-and-wait predator insects, with some species further specializing in digging conical pit-traps in the ground in order to catch prey. Studies on antlions’ predators are scarce with only few generalist predators known to feed on them. Here we report for the first time on field observations of antlions’ predation by three scorpion genera. We suggest that scorpions may be common predators of antlions, at least in the hyper-desert environment of southern Israel. The effects of predation risk on the behavior of sit-and-wait and particularly on trap-building predators received little attention in the literature. In light of our observations, we posit that predation risk must be taken into serious consideration in future research of antlions in particular, and sit-and-wait predators in general.
{"title":"Sit-and-wait prey: first field observations of scorpions preying on antlions (Neuroptera)","authors":"Nitzan Segev, E. Gavish‐Regev, O. Berger‐Tal","doi":"10.1163/22244662-20191057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191057","url":null,"abstract":"Antlions (Neuroptera) are a group of sit-and-wait predator insects, with some species further specializing in digging conical pit-traps in the ground in order to catch prey. Studies on antlions’ predators are scarce with only few generalist predators known to feed on them. Here we report for the first time on field observations of antlions’ predation by three scorpion genera. We suggest that scorpions may be common predators of antlions, at least in the hyper-desert environment of southern Israel. The effects of predation risk on the behavior of sit-and-wait and particularly on trap-building predators received little attention in the literature. In light of our observations, we posit that predation risk must be taken into serious consideration in future research of antlions in particular, and sit-and-wait predators in general.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-20191057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43589423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-07DOI: 10.1163/22244662-20191061
A. Subach
{"title":"Using animal tracks to decipher the foraging mode of species capable of altering between the sit-and-wait and widely foraging modes: a case study of the sand viper Cerastes vipera","authors":"A. Subach","doi":"10.1163/22244662-20191061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-20191061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46620616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-07DOI: 10.1163/22244662-20191059
M. Peryga, K. Miler
{"title":"A certain note on the wrestling behavior of Haemadipsa picta leeches","authors":"M. Peryga, K. Miler","doi":"10.1163/22244662-20191059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-20191059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44176293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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