Pub Date : 2017-08-31DOI: 10.1163/22244662-20181026
L. Baker
Compassionate Conservation seeks to merge the protection of animals and nature for improved conservation outcomes. Although Compassionate Conservation has broad disciplinary scope, its emergence at the interface of animal welfare science and conservation biology remains formative. Translocation biology offers an important opportunity to showcase the compassionate conservation approach because translocations encompass direct care and management of individual animals along with concerns for population and species health. Historically, a one-size-fits-all approach to translocations has proven to be misguided. Current advances in the field offer an important opportunity to apply the methodological focus that animal welfare science has on individuals and social groups for improved conservation outcomes. In particular, the evolutionary and behavioural science insights into the personality of individual animals highlights that the welfare of individual animals and the variation among them are integral to population and species recovery. In a review of translocation biology, animal personality and with the inclusion of a translocation case study, I show that translocation biology offers a clear case for the application of Compassionate Conservation principles.
{"title":"Translocation biology and the clear case for compassionate conservation","authors":"L. Baker","doi":"10.1163/22244662-20181026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20181026","url":null,"abstract":"Compassionate Conservation seeks to merge the protection of animals and nature for improved conservation outcomes. Although Compassionate Conservation has broad disciplinary scope, its emergence at the interface of animal welfare science and conservation biology remains formative. Translocation biology offers an important opportunity to showcase the compassionate conservation approach because translocations encompass direct care and management of individual animals along with concerns for population and species health. Historically, a one-size-fits-all approach to translocations has proven to be misguided. Current advances in the field offer an important opportunity to apply the methodological focus that animal welfare science has on individuals and social groups for improved conservation outcomes. In particular, the evolutionary and behavioural science insights into the personality of individual animals highlights that the welfare of individual animals and the variation among them are integral to population and species recovery. In a review of translocation biology, animal personality and with the inclusion of a translocation case study, I show that translocation biology offers a clear case for the application of Compassionate Conservation principles.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"63 1","pages":"52-60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-20181026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46959327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-31DOI: 10.1163/22244662-06303401
Dror Ben-Ami
The field of conservation, at its core, is based on a number of ethics (Nash, 1967) which include appreciating nature (Thoreau, 1854; Whitman, 1855), understanding there is a need to protect it (Muir, 1890), and a belief that land should be shared between humans and wilderness (Leopold, 1949). Therefore, contemporary practitioners of conservation are, in a sense, emissaries of a society that values protecting nature. Modern conservation biology has merged the intrinsic value of appreciating nature together with an understanding that, in the modern age ecosystems, habitats and wildlife populations need to be managed and protected from rapid changes primarily caused by human activity. In particular, invasion biology asserts that native ecosystems and the species that comprise them need to be protected from species/populations established recently by humans (Soulé, 1987), and that the collective (e.g. a species or population) is always more important than the individuals themselves. The need to protect ecosystems from change, safeguard certain wildlife species from harm by other species, and manage human-wildlife conflicts, coupled with a disregard for the individual wild animal, has given rise to conservation management practices that cause significant harm, in the form of death and pain, to wildlife by humans (Bekoff, 2013; Dubois et al., 2017). For example, nonnative wildlife are routinely shot and poisoned to dilute their numbers and the supposed impact on native wildlife and ecosystems; emergent (a positive term for the negative term “irruptive”) species are killed to lessen their impact on other wildlife; human-wildlife conflict in agricultural and urban contexts is usually resolved by killing wildlife; and, trophy hunting is supported by many conservationists as sustainable conservation. Whilst the aim is usually the removal of the offending wildlife, the methods used often cause much suffering in the form of acute stress and injury (Dubois et al., 2017). For example kangaroos in Australia, and boars and deer around the world are culled and often miss shot to die a slow and painful death. Millions of foxes and dingoes in Australia, and possums in New Zealand, are poisoned by 1080 every year causing severe pain before death. Coyotes and wolves are leg trapped in the US to suffer an inevitably painful death. Surviving young of all animals often die of dehydration, starvation and exposure. These are just a few examples that show the staggering extent of harm to wildlife in the name of conservation and conservation management. In the cases in which conservation practices cause harm to wildlife, there is a growing conflict between those who wish to protect nature and those who believe in the emerging ethic of animal protection (Bruskotter et al., 2017; van Eeden et al., 2017). Interestingly, this growing ethic of animal protection can often be seen expressed in a population’s dietary choices. In Israel, for example, an estimated 12–15 % of the pop
{"title":"Compassionate conservation, where to from here?","authors":"Dror Ben-Ami","doi":"10.1163/22244662-06303401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-06303401","url":null,"abstract":"The field of conservation, at its core, is based on a number of ethics (Nash, 1967) which include appreciating nature (Thoreau, 1854; Whitman, 1855), understanding there is a need to protect it (Muir, 1890), and a belief that land should be shared between humans and wilderness (Leopold, 1949). Therefore, contemporary practitioners of conservation are, in a sense, emissaries of a society that values protecting nature. Modern conservation biology has merged the intrinsic value of appreciating nature together with an understanding that, in the modern age ecosystems, habitats and wildlife populations need to be managed and protected from rapid changes primarily caused by human activity. In particular, invasion biology asserts that native ecosystems and the species that comprise them need to be protected from species/populations established recently by humans (Soulé, 1987), and that the collective (e.g. a species or population) is always more important than the individuals themselves. The need to protect ecosystems from change, safeguard certain wildlife species from harm by other species, and manage human-wildlife conflicts, coupled with a disregard for the individual wild animal, has given rise to conservation management practices that cause significant harm, in the form of death and pain, to wildlife by humans (Bekoff, 2013; Dubois et al., 2017). For example, nonnative wildlife are routinely shot and poisoned to dilute their numbers and the supposed impact on native wildlife and ecosystems; emergent (a positive term for the negative term “irruptive”) species are killed to lessen their impact on other wildlife; human-wildlife conflict in agricultural and urban contexts is usually resolved by killing wildlife; and, trophy hunting is supported by many conservationists as sustainable conservation. Whilst the aim is usually the removal of the offending wildlife, the methods used often cause much suffering in the form of acute stress and injury (Dubois et al., 2017). For example kangaroos in Australia, and boars and deer around the world are culled and often miss shot to die a slow and painful death. Millions of foxes and dingoes in Australia, and possums in New Zealand, are poisoned by 1080 every year causing severe pain before death. Coyotes and wolves are leg trapped in the US to suffer an inevitably painful death. Surviving young of all animals often die of dehydration, starvation and exposure. These are just a few examples that show the staggering extent of harm to wildlife in the name of conservation and conservation management. In the cases in which conservation practices cause harm to wildlife, there is a growing conflict between those who wish to protect nature and those who believe in the emerging ethic of animal protection (Bruskotter et al., 2017; van Eeden et al., 2017). Interestingly, this growing ethic of animal protection can often be seen expressed in a population’s dietary choices. In Israel, for example, an estimated 12–15 % of the pop","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"63 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-06303401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43194421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-31DOI: 10.1163/22244662-06303004
Shira Yashphe, S. L. Kubotera
Coyotes ( Canis latrans ) are native to North America and are frequently seen in and around urbanized areas. As human population grows and urban sprawl encroaches on coyote habitat, human-coyote conflicts increase. Faced with the need to find solutions, policy-makers, and conservationists are challenged with the task of designing coyote management programs that would ensure public safety while conserving the species. The need to consider the welfare of individual animals, as encompassed by the emerging field of Compassionate Conservation, adds an additional challenge. By examining two coyote management programs’ case studies in North America—one in Long Beach, California and another in Oakville, Ontario—the benefits of adopting compassionate solutions are illustrated. As exemplified by Oakville’s strategy, compassionate programs promote the moral treatment of animals while proving to be economically and socially superior to strategies employing lethal measures. Such strategies adopt proactive, rather than reactive responses to human-coyote encounters and invest heavily in public engagement and education. Through the development, implementation, and regulation of non-lethal wildlife management policies, more cities and towns will be able to meet the needs of the stakeholders involved in coyote-human conflict while sparing the life of the animal.
{"title":"Integrating animal welfare into wildlife policy: a comparative analysis of coyote management programs in California, United States and Ontario, Canada","authors":"Shira Yashphe, S. L. Kubotera","doi":"10.1163/22244662-06303004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-06303004","url":null,"abstract":"Coyotes ( Canis latrans ) are native to North America and are frequently seen in and around urbanized areas. As human population grows and urban sprawl encroaches on coyote habitat, human-coyote conflicts increase. Faced with the need to find solutions, policy-makers, and conservationists are challenged with the task of designing coyote management programs that would ensure public safety while conserving the species. The need to consider the welfare of individual animals, as encompassed by the emerging field of Compassionate Conservation, adds an additional challenge. By examining two coyote management programs’ case studies in North America—one in Long Beach, California and another in Oakville, Ontario—the benefits of adopting compassionate solutions are illustrated. As exemplified by Oakville’s strategy, compassionate programs promote the moral treatment of animals while proving to be economically and socially superior to strategies employing lethal measures. Such strategies adopt proactive, rather than reactive responses to human-coyote encounters and invest heavily in public engagement and education. Through the development, implementation, and regulation of non-lethal wildlife management policies, more cities and towns will be able to meet the needs of the stakeholders involved in coyote-human conflict while sparing the life of the animal.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"63 1","pages":"34-42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-06303004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64589697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-31DOI: 10.1163/22244662-06303001
L. Blaustein, O. Segev, V. Rovelli, S. Bar-David, L. Blank, Antonina Polevikov, N. Pezaro, T. Krugman, Simona Showstack, Avi Koplovich, Lital Ozeri, A. Templeton
The Near Eastern fire salamander, Salamandra infraimmaculata , is considered an endangered species in Israel and is near-threatened regionally. For 25 years, our laboratory has sought ethical sampling methods to protect individuals and populations of Salamandra . To “mark” individuals for estimating dispersal and population size, we use non-invasive individual-specific markings from photographs of larvae and adults. We demonstrated through mesocosm experiments (which are less mortality-driven than in nature) that exotic Gambusia affinis have extreme negative mortality effects on Salamandra larvae. From a compassionate conservation aspect, G. affinis should not be killed and placed in habitats where amphibians are not in danger and mosquitoes can be controlled. We identified breeding-site characteristics demonstrating that permanent breeding sites support larger adult populations than temporary breeding sites. For population genetics studies, we take minimal sized tail tips from adults (which have no adverse effects) for microsatellite data. For gene expression studies, rather than sacrifice entire bodies, we demonstrated that by taking only small larval tail tips, we could follow gene expression. We additionally demonstrated that tail tip removal does not affect survival, time to or size at metamorphosis. We documented high road kill rates at a specific breeding site. To prevent potential disease spread, we sterilize boots and sampling gear. We use results for implementing or recommending conservation of individuals and populations – e.g., identifying: movement corridors for breeding site dispersal; roadkill hotspots for under-road tunnels; suitable habitat for pool construction for more effective conservation; utilizing population genetics for recommending management units; information on demography and genetic diversity to identify hotspots for conservation; removal of Gambusia for amphibian protection.
{"title":"Compassionate approaches for the conservation and protection of fire salamanders","authors":"L. Blaustein, O. Segev, V. Rovelli, S. Bar-David, L. Blank, Antonina Polevikov, N. Pezaro, T. Krugman, Simona Showstack, Avi Koplovich, Lital Ozeri, A. Templeton","doi":"10.1163/22244662-06303001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-06303001","url":null,"abstract":"The Near Eastern fire salamander, Salamandra infraimmaculata , is considered an endangered species in Israel and is near-threatened regionally. For 25 years, our laboratory has sought ethical sampling methods to protect individuals and populations of Salamandra . To “mark” individuals for estimating dispersal and population size, we use non-invasive individual-specific markings from photographs of larvae and adults. We demonstrated through mesocosm experiments (which are less mortality-driven than in nature) that exotic Gambusia affinis have extreme negative mortality effects on Salamandra larvae. From a compassionate conservation aspect, G. affinis should not be killed and placed in habitats where amphibians are not in danger and mosquitoes can be controlled. We identified breeding-site characteristics demonstrating that permanent breeding sites support larger adult populations than temporary breeding sites. For population genetics studies, we take minimal sized tail tips from adults (which have no adverse effects) for microsatellite data. For gene expression studies, rather than sacrifice entire bodies, we demonstrated that by taking only small larval tail tips, we could follow gene expression. We additionally demonstrated that tail tip removal does not affect survival, time to or size at metamorphosis. We documented high road kill rates at a specific breeding site. To prevent potential disease spread, we sterilize boots and sampling gear. We use results for implementing or recommending conservation of individuals and populations – e.g., identifying: movement corridors for breeding site dispersal; roadkill hotspots for under-road tunnels; suitable habitat for pool construction for more effective conservation; utilizing population genetics for recommending management units; information on demography and genetic diversity to identify hotspots for conservation; removal of Gambusia for amphibian protection.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"63 1","pages":"43-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-06303001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44096906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-31DOI: 10.1163/22244662-06303002
Jacob Dembitzer
Drug lord Pablo Escobar imported 4 Hippopotamuses ( Hippopotamus amphibius ) onto his private estate in Colombia in the 1980s. Since his arrest and assassination, the hippos have escaped the confines of the property and have begun to reproduce in the wild of Colombia. They now number approximately 60 individuals. The presence of such a large, and possibly dangerous, species in a new habitat raises several moral and ecological questions and dilemmas. It is unknown what effect these animals may have on their new environment, or the threat that they pose to the people living near them. In an effort to mitigate possible risks to the environment and local populations the Colombian government initiated an effort to castrate all males in the herd. However, it is unlikely that these efforts will be very effective in curbing the population growth of the animals. South America lost most of its large species of animals during the Quaternary Extinction and it is possible that the hippos are filling a gap that still exists in the ecology of the continent. The rewilding efforts occurring around the world aim to restore and protect natural processes and habitats by introducing (or reintroducing) apex predators or keystone species. Perhaps further research could shed light on possible positive influences that the Hippos have on the South American environment and responsible ways to avoid risks to local populations.
{"title":"The Case for Hippos in Colombia","authors":"Jacob Dembitzer","doi":"10.1163/22244662-06303002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-06303002","url":null,"abstract":"Drug lord Pablo Escobar imported 4 Hippopotamuses ( Hippopotamus amphibius ) onto his private estate in Colombia in the 1980s. Since his arrest and assassination, the hippos have escaped the confines of the property and have begun to reproduce in the wild of Colombia. They now number approximately 60 individuals. The presence of such a large, and possibly dangerous, species in a new habitat raises several moral and ecological questions and dilemmas. It is unknown what effect these animals may have on their new environment, or the threat that they pose to the people living near them. In an effort to mitigate possible risks to the environment and local populations the Colombian government initiated an effort to castrate all males in the herd. However, it is unlikely that these efforts will be very effective in curbing the population growth of the animals. South America lost most of its large species of animals during the Quaternary Extinction and it is possible that the hippos are filling a gap that still exists in the ecology of the continent. The rewilding efforts occurring around the world aim to restore and protect natural processes and habitats by introducing (or reintroducing) apex predators or keystone species. Perhaps further research could shed light on possible positive influences that the Hippos have on the South American environment and responsible ways to avoid risks to local populations.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"63 1","pages":"5-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-06303002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47982988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-31DOI: 10.1163/22244662-20181018
Dror Ben-Ami, Ray Mjadwesch
Compassionate conservation is an emerging field in conservation that seeks to integrate animal protection and conservation to achieve either improved conservation outcomes, particularly where conservation priorities and human-wildlife conflict, or the same outcomes, but with less pain and suffering for wildlife. In the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ), Eastern Grey Kangaroos ( EGK s) are culled to reduce grazing pressure on threatened native grasslands and woodlands. We integrate decision-making criteria about animal protection into planning of wildlife-management to formulate a compassionate conservation management case study. The management criteria include a series of guiding questions: Is management necessary? Will intervention (management of EGK s) achieve the desired conservation outcomes? And, if intervention is necessary, is killing necessary? We found that kangaroos can be managed without culling. The conflict between conservation goals and kangaroo abundance is likely to be accentuated during extended drought. In the short-term, methods for improving rates of habitat recovery can include fencing of threatened grassland communities and reduction of kangaroo density via translocation. Human activity must also be monitored as multiple human-caused biotic and abiotic disturbances are known to have a strong impact on biodiversity of the native grassland habitats. In the medium to long-term, Eastern Grey Kangaroos have the potential for maintaining stable populations, and their herbivory is necessary for grassland function and nutrient cycling. Finally, we suggest that compassionate conservation and adaptive management can work well together as social values shift towards greater emphasis on animal protection.
{"title":"Integrating animal protection criteria into conservation management: a case study of the management of Eastern Grey Kangaroos in the ACT","authors":"Dror Ben-Ami, Ray Mjadwesch","doi":"10.1163/22244662-20181018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20181018","url":null,"abstract":"Compassionate conservation is an emerging field in conservation that seeks to integrate animal protection and conservation to achieve either improved conservation outcomes, particularly where conservation priorities and human-wildlife conflict, or the same outcomes, but with less pain and suffering for wildlife. In the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ), Eastern Grey Kangaroos ( EGK s) are culled to reduce grazing pressure on threatened native grasslands and woodlands. We integrate decision-making criteria about animal protection into planning of wildlife-management to formulate a compassionate conservation management case study. The management criteria include a series of guiding questions: Is management necessary? Will intervention (management of EGK s) achieve the desired conservation outcomes? And, if intervention is necessary, is killing necessary? We found that kangaroos can be managed without culling. The conflict between conservation goals and kangaroo abundance is likely to be accentuated during extended drought. In the short-term, methods for improving rates of habitat recovery can include fencing of threatened grassland communities and reduction of kangaroo density via translocation. Human activity must also be monitored as multiple human-caused biotic and abiotic disturbances are known to have a strong impact on biodiversity of the native grassland habitats. In the medium to long-term, Eastern Grey Kangaroos have the potential for maintaining stable populations, and their herbivory is necessary for grassland function and nutrient cycling. Finally, we suggest that compassionate conservation and adaptive management can work well together as social values shift towards greater emphasis on animal protection.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"63 1","pages":"23-33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-20181018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49433631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-09DOI: 10.1080/15659801.2017.1281201
Chang-ting Wang, Genxu Wang, Yong Wang, H. Zi, M. Lerdau, Wei Liu
Climate change is likely to alter the relative abundances of plant functional groups and the interactions between plants and soil microbes that maintain alpine meadow ecosystems. However, little is known about how warming-induced alterations to aboveground biomass (AGB) affect soil nutrients and microbial communities. We investigated plant community characteristics in 2002–2009 and analyzed soil properties and the soil microbial community in 2007–2009 to study the effects of warming in Qinghai Province, China. Sampling involved the use of warmed open top chambers, the monitoring of plant community characteristics, the quantification of total and available amounts of soil nutrients, and the evaluation of microbial community composition using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Experimental warming initially significantly increased the number of plant functional groups and plant community AGB; however, plant community diversity and species richness decreased. Nevertheless, all these variables stabilize...
{"title":"Effects of long-term experimental warming on plant community properties and soil microbial community composition in an alpine meadow","authors":"Chang-ting Wang, Genxu Wang, Yong Wang, H. Zi, M. Lerdau, Wei Liu","doi":"10.1080/15659801.2017.1281201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2017.1281201","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is likely to alter the relative abundances of plant functional groups and the interactions between plants and soil microbes that maintain alpine meadow ecosystems. However, little is known about how warming-induced alterations to aboveground biomass (AGB) affect soil nutrients and microbial communities. We investigated plant community characteristics in 2002–2009 and analyzed soil properties and the soil microbial community in 2007–2009 to study the effects of warming in Qinghai Province, China. Sampling involved the use of warmed open top chambers, the monitoring of plant community characteristics, the quantification of total and available amounts of soil nutrients, and the evaluation of microbial community composition using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Experimental warming initially significantly increased the number of plant functional groups and plant community AGB; however, plant community diversity and species richness decreased. Nevertheless, all these variables stabilize...","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"63 1","pages":"85-96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15659801.2017.1281201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49606733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-07DOI: 10.1163/22244662-06301005
Mao Wang, Pengcheng Wan, Jiangchao Guo, Jinshi Xu, Yongfu Chai, M. Yue
Leaves, stems and roots as the main plant organs have specific functions and together modulate survival, growth and reproduction. The relationships between these organs are high research priority, and there have been many hypotheses about the trade-offs between them. However, the results of these hypotheses are inconsistent and confusing. In this study, we examined 15 core traits of leaves, stems and woody roots of 27 dominant shrub species and further tested the hypotheses about the relationships between these organs. Measurements were made for shrubs across 9 sites including desert, steppe, temperate forest and subtropical forest in Shaanxi Province of China. Many significant correlations of different organ traits were found, e.g. nitrogen and phosphorus content showed a significant positive correlation, either within or across organs. Also, representatives of structural traits (carbon content and dry matter content) and mineral nutrient traits (nitrogen and phosphorus content) showed significant positive correlations among the leaves, stems and roots. The results of this study supported the hypotheses that there were significant correlations between leaf and root and between stem and root. Similarly, we found that trade-off between leaf and stem-plus-root showed a significant correlation. Thus, root traits, which are difficult to measure, are coordinated with those of the leaf and stem. We conclude that the leaf component of shrubs is a good proxy for the whole-plant in studying trade-offs and it could provide a convenient way to understand the whole-plant economic spectrum by focusing on the leaf economic spectrum.
{"title":"Relationships among Leaf, Stem and Root Traits of the Dominant Shrubs from Four Vegetation Zones in Shaanxi Province, China","authors":"Mao Wang, Pengcheng Wan, Jiangchao Guo, Jinshi Xu, Yongfu Chai, M. Yue","doi":"10.1163/22244662-06301005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-06301005","url":null,"abstract":"Leaves, stems and roots as the main plant organs have specific functions and together modulate survival, growth and reproduction. The relationships between these organs are high research priority, and there have been many hypotheses about the trade-offs between them. However, the results of these hypotheses are inconsistent and confusing. In this study, we examined 15 core traits of leaves, stems and woody roots of 27 dominant shrub species and further tested the hypotheses about the relationships between these organs. Measurements were made for shrubs across 9 sites including desert, steppe, temperate forest and subtropical forest in Shaanxi Province of China. Many significant correlations of different organ traits were found, e.g. nitrogen and phosphorus content showed a significant positive correlation, either within or across organs. Also, representatives of structural traits (carbon content and dry matter content) and mineral nutrient traits (nitrogen and phosphorus content) showed significant positive correlations among the leaves, stems and roots. The results of this study supported the hypotheses that there were significant correlations between leaf and root and between stem and root. Similarly, we found that trade-off between leaf and stem-plus-root showed a significant correlation. Thus, root traits, which are difficult to measure, are coordinated with those of the leaf and stem. We conclude that the leaf component of shrubs is a good proxy for the whole-plant in studying trade-offs and it could provide a convenient way to understand the whole-plant economic spectrum by focusing on the leaf economic spectrum.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"63 1","pages":"25-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-06301005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46966698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-07DOI: 10.1163/22244662-06301003
Muhsin Çoğal, M. Sözen
Gazella gazella was discovered recently in a restricted area in the Hatay province, Southern Turkey, which constitutes the northern most point of the distribution of this species in the world. To determine the distribution of the population of mountain gazelles in the Hatay region, 17 camera-traps were set along 45 km, on a line from the south to north along the Syrian border. The traps were in the field for about five months from late May to mid-October in 2016. Field observations and conversations with local people, wildlife officers and researchers were performed to gain more information about the habits and distribution of the gazelles. Two isolated sub-populations were found: The northern one in the Kirikhan region; about 520 gazelles in an area of about 100 km 2 , and separated by 18 km to the south, and some 20 gazelles in an area of about 25 km 2 in the Reyhanli region. This southern sub-population was first discovered in this research. Fourteen species of mammals were recorded with photo-traps. Hemiechinus auritus is a new record for the Hatay region. The conservation efforts after the discovery of the northern mountain gazelle sub-population, assisted an increasing trend in its size, and resulted in finding the additional sub-population in the Reyhanli region.
{"title":"The status and distribution of Gazella gazella (Artiodactyla: Mammalia), and other mammals of the Hatay province in southern Turkey","authors":"Muhsin Çoğal, M. Sözen","doi":"10.1163/22244662-06301003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-06301003","url":null,"abstract":"Gazella gazella was discovered recently in a restricted area in the Hatay province, Southern Turkey, which constitutes the northern most point of the distribution of this species in the world. To determine the distribution of the population of mountain gazelles in the Hatay region, 17 camera-traps were set along 45 km, on a line from the south to north along the Syrian border. The traps were in the field for about five months from late May to mid-October in 2016. Field observations and conversations with local people, wildlife officers and researchers were performed to gain more information about the habits and distribution of the gazelles. Two isolated sub-populations were found: The northern one in the Kirikhan region; about 520 gazelles in an area of about 100 km 2 , and separated by 18 km to the south, and some 20 gazelles in an area of about 25 km 2 in the Reyhanli region. This southern sub-population was first discovered in this research. Fourteen species of mammals were recorded with photo-traps. Hemiechinus auritus is a new record for the Hatay region. The conservation efforts after the discovery of the northern mountain gazelle sub-population, assisted an increasing trend in its size, and resulted in finding the additional sub-population in the Reyhanli region.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"63 1","pages":"44-49"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-06301003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43307092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-07DOI: 10.1163/22244662-06301009
C. Battisti, M. Giardini, F. Marini, L. Rocco, G. Dodaro, L. Vignoli
We reported a study on breeding birds occurring inside an 80 m-deep karst sinkhole, with the characterization of the assemblages recorded along its semi-vertical slopes from the upper edge until the bottom. The internal sides of the sinkhole have been vertically subdivided in four belts about 20 m high. The highest belt (at the upper edge of the cenote) showed the highest values in mean number of bird detections, mean and normalized species richness, and Shannon diversity index. The averaged values of number of detections and species richness significantly differ among belts. Species turnover (Cody’s β-diversity) was maximum between the highest belts. Whittaker plots showed a marked difference among assemblages shaping from broken-stick model to geometric series, and explicited a spatial progressive stress with a disruption in evenness towards the deepest belts. Bird assemblages evidenced a nested subset structure with deeper belts containing successive subsets of the species occurring in the upper belts. We hypothesize that, at least during the daytime in breeding season, the observed non-random distribution of species along the vertical stratification is likely due to (i) the progressive simplification both of the floristic composition and vegetation structure, and (ii) the paucity of sunlight as resources from the upper edge to the inner side of the cenote.
{"title":"Diversity metrics, species turnovers and nestedness of bird assemblages in a deep karst sinkhole","authors":"C. Battisti, M. Giardini, F. Marini, L. Rocco, G. Dodaro, L. Vignoli","doi":"10.1163/22244662-06301009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-06301009","url":null,"abstract":"We reported a study on breeding birds occurring inside an 80 m-deep karst sinkhole, with the characterization of the assemblages recorded along its semi-vertical slopes from the upper edge until the bottom. The internal sides of the sinkhole have been vertically subdivided in four belts about 20 m high. The highest belt (at the upper edge of the cenote) showed the highest values in mean number of bird detections, mean and normalized species richness, and Shannon diversity index. The averaged values of number of detections and species richness significantly differ among belts. Species turnover (Cody’s β-diversity) was maximum between the highest belts. Whittaker plots showed a marked difference among assemblages shaping from broken-stick model to geometric series, and explicited a spatial progressive stress with a disruption in evenness towards the deepest belts. Bird assemblages evidenced a nested subset structure with deeper belts containing successive subsets of the species occurring in the upper belts. We hypothesize that, at least during the daytime in breeding season, the observed non-random distribution of species along the vertical stratification is likely due to (i) the progressive simplification both of the floristic composition and vegetation structure, and (ii) the paucity of sunlight as resources from the upper edge to the inner side of the cenote.","PeriodicalId":50267,"journal":{"name":"Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution","volume":"63 1","pages":"8-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22244662-06301009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41419590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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